This concise textbook covers the full spectrum of spine surgery-related topics in a comprehensive yet easy-to-follow, readily accessible format. Addressing trauma, deformity, degeneration, oncology and infections, both in pediatric and adult patients, it provides a broad overview of this complex surgical discipline.
Subdivided into four parts, each chapter exhaustively addresses a clinical problem, ranging from signs and symptoms, physical examination through differential diagnoses and classification to treatment options, possible complications and follow-ups. In appendix the reader will find relevant classifications, indexes, questionnaires and quality of life assessments. Didactical videos complement the book illustrating essential basic spine surgery techniques in the daily practice.Written by an international panel of experts this practical and handy guide is an invaluable tool for trainees of both orthopedic surgery and neurosurgery, spine fellows, and junior spine surgeons.
Author(s): Alpaslan Şenköylü, Federico Canavese
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 449
City: Cham
Foreword
Preface
Contents
List of Videos
Part I: Pediatric Spine Trauma
1: Pediatric Cervical Injuries
1.1 Definition
1.2 Natural History
1.3 Physical Examination
1.4 Imaging
1.4.1 Anatomical Considerations
1.5 Differential Diagnosis
1.6 Treatment Options and Expected Outcomes
1.7 What Family and Patients Should Know?
Further Readings
2: Thoracolumbar Spine Injuries in Children
2.1 Definition
2.1.1 Mechanism of Injury
2.2 Physical Examination
2.3 Imaging
2.4 Treatment Options
2.5 Expected Outcomes
2.6 What Should Patient and Family Know?
Further Readings
3: Atlanto-Axial (C1–C2) Subluxation and Dislocation
3.1 Definition
3.2 Natural History
3.3 Physical Examination
3.4 Imaging
3.5 Differential Diagnosis
3.6 Treatment Options
3.7 Expected Outcomes
3.8 Potential Complications
3.9 What Should Patient and Family Know?
Further Readings
4: Spinal Cord Injury Without Radiographic Abnormality
4.1 Definition
4.2 Natural History
4.3 Physical Examination
4.4 Imaging
4.5 Differential Diagnosis
4.6 Treatment Options
4.7 Expected Outcomes
4.8 Potential Complications
4.9 What Should Patient and Family Know?
Further Readings
Part II: Adult Spine Trauma
5: Upper Cervical Spine Injuries
5.1 Occipital Condyle and Cranio-Cervical Junction Injury
5.1.1 Physical Examination
5.1.2 Imaging
5.2 Occipital Condyle and Cranio-Cervical Junction Injury
5.2.1 Occipital Condyle Fractures (AO Type A)
5.2.1.1 Treatment Options
5.2.2 Atlanto-Occipital Injury (AO Type B and C)
5.2.2.1 Treatment Options
Operative Treatment
Conservative Treatment
5.2.2.2 Expected Outcomes
5.3 C1 Ring and C1–C2 Joint Injuries
5.3.1 Definition
5.3.2 Treatment Options
5.3.3 Expected Outcomes
5.4 C2 and C2–C3 Injuries
5.4.1 Imaging
5.4.2 Odontoid Fractures
5.5 Traumatic Spondylolisthesis of the Axis (Hangman’s Fracture)
5.5.1 Other C2 Fractures
5.5.2 Combined C1–C2 Injuries
5.5.2.1 Treatment Options
Further Readings
6: Sub-axial Cervical Spine Injuries
6.1 Definition
6.2 Natural History
6.3 Physical Examination
6.4 Imaging
6.5 Classification
6.6 Differential Diagnosis
6.7 Treatment Options
6.8 Expected Outcomes
6.9 Potential Complications
6.10 What Should Patient and Family Know?
Further Readings
7: Thoracolumbar Injuries
7.1 Definition
7.2 Natural History
7.3 Physical Examination
7.4 Imaging
7.5 Differential Diagnosis
7.6 Treatment Options
7.7 Expected Outcomes
7.8 Potential Complications
7.9 What Should Patient and Family Know?
Further Readings
8: Sacral Injuries
8.1 Definition
8.2 Natural History
8.3 Physical Examination
8.4 Imaging
8.5 Classification
8.6 Differential Diagnosis
8.7 Treatment Options
8.8 Expected Outcomes
8.9 Potential Complications
8.10 What Should Patient and Family Know?
Further Readings
9: Spinal Cord Injury and Related Conditions
9.1 Definition
9.2 Natural History
9.3 Physical Examination
9.4 Radiographic Examination
9.5 Differential Diagnosis
9.6 Neurogenic Shock
9.7 Treatment Options
9.8 Expected Outcome
9.9 Potential Complications
9.10 What Should Patient and Family Know?
Further Readings
10: Osteoporotic Fractures
10.1 Definition
10.2 Natural History
10.3 Physical Examination
10.4 Imaging
10.5 Differential Diagnosis
10.6 Classification
10.7 Treatment Options
10.8 Expected Outcomes
10.9 Potential Complications
10.10 What Should Patient and Family Know?
Further Readings
Part III: Pediatric Spine Pathology
11: Back Pain in Children
11.1 Definition
11.2 Natural History
11.3 Physical Examination
11.4 Imaging
11.4.1 Laboratory Tests
11.5 Differential Diagnosis
11.6 Treatment Options
11.7 Expected Outcomes
11.8 Potential Complications
11.9 What Should Patient and Family Know?
Further Readings
12: Congenital Scoliosis
12.1 Definition
12.2 Natural History
12.3 Physical Examination
12.4 Imaging
12.5 Treatment Options
12.6 Expected Outcomes
12.7 Potential Complications
12.8 What Patient and Family Should Know?
Further Readings
13: Early Onset Idiopathic Scoliosis
13.1 Definition
13.2 Natural History
13.3 Physical Examination
13.4 Imaging
13.5 Differential Diagnosis
13.6 Treatment Options
13.7 Expected Outcomes
13.8 Potential Complications
13.9 What Should Patient and Family Know?
Further Readings
14: Syndromic Scoliosis
14.1 Definition
14.2 Natural History
14.3 Presenting Signs
14.4 Physical Examination
14.5 Radiographic Examination
14.6 Treatment Options
14.7 Expected Outcomes
14.8 What Should Patient and Family Know?
Further Readings
15: Early Onset Neuromuscular Scoliosis
15.1 Definition
15.2 Natural History
15.3 Physical Examination
15.4 Imaging
15.5 Treatment Options
15.6 Expected Outcomes
Further Readings
16: Idiopathic Scoliosis
16.1 Definition
16.2 Natural History
16.3 Imaging
16.4 Treatment Options
16.5 Potential Complications
16.6 What Should Patient and Family Know?
Further Readings
17: Progression Risk of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis During Puberty and Natural History
17.1 Definition
17.2 Natural History
17.3 Physical Examination
17.4 The Pubertal Cycle
17.5 Radiographic Examination
17.6 The Scoliotic Risk: Anticipation Is the Key to an Effective Strategy
17.7 Treatment Options
17.8 Expected Outcomes
17.9 What Should Patient and Family Know?
Further Readings
18: Conservative Treatment for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis
18.1 Definition
18.2 Treatment Options
18.2.1 Orthotic (Brace) Treatment
18.2.2 Physiotherapy Scoliosis-Specific Exercises
18.2.3 Other Conservative Treatments
18.3 Expected Outcomes
18.4 Potential Complications
18.5 What Should Patient and Family Know?
Further Readings
19: Determination of the Fusion Levels in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis
19.1 Definition
19.2 Imaging
19.3 Treatment Options
Further Readings
20: Late Onset Neuromuscular Scoliosis
20.1 Definition
20.2 Natural History
20.3 Physical Examination
20.4 Imaging
20.5 Differential Diagnosis
20.6 Treatment Options
20.7 Expected Outcomes
20.8 Potential Complications
20.9 What Should Patient and Family Know?
Further Readings
21: Postural Kyphosis
21.1 Definition
21.2 Natural History
21.3 Physical Examination
21.4 Imaging
21.5 Differential Diagnosis
21.6 Treatment Options
21.7 Expected Outcomes
21.8 Potential Complications
21.9 What Should Patient and Family Know?
Further Readings
22: Scheuermann’s Disease
22.1 Definition
22.2 Natural History
22.3 Physical Examination
22.4 Radiographic Examination Including Advanced Imaging and Classification
22.5 Differential Diagnosis
22.6 Treatment Options
22.7 Expected Outcomes
22.8 Potential Complications
22.9 What Should Patient and Family Know?
Further Readings
23: Cervical Kyphosis in Neurofibromatosis Type I
23.1 Definition
23.2 Natural History
23.3 Physical Examination
23.4 Imaging
23.5 Differential Diagnosis
23.6 Treatment Options
23.7 Expected Outcomes
23.8 Potential Complications
23.9 What Should Patient and Family Know?
Further Readings
24: Congenital Kyphosis
24.1 Definition
24.2 Natural History
24.3 Physical Examination
24.4 Imaging
24.5 Treatment Options
24.6 Expected Outcomes
24.7 Potential Complications
24.8 What Should Patient and Family Know?
Further Readings
25: Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis
25.1 Definition
25.2 Natural History
25.3 Physical Examination
25.4 Imaging
25.5 Differential Diagnosis
25.6 Treatment Options
25.7 Expected Outcomes
25.8 Potential Complications
25.9 What Should Patient and Family Know?
Further Readings
26: Disc Bulging and Herniation in Children and Adolescents
26.1 Definition
26.2 Natural History
26.3 Physical Examination
26.4 Imaging
26.5 Differential Diagnosis
26.6 Treatment Options
26.7 Expected Outcomes
26.8 Potential Complications
26.9 What Should Patient and Family Know?
Further Readings
27: Schmorl’s Nodes
27.1 Definition
27.2 Natural History
27.3 Physical Examination
27.4 Imaging
27.5 Differential Diagnosis
27.6 Treatment Options
27.7 Expected Outcomes
27.8 Potential Complications
27.9 What Should Patient and Family Know?
Further Readings
28: Congenital Torticollis (Torticollis Not Related to Trauma)
28.1 Definition
28.2 Natural History
28.3 Physical Examination
28.4 Imaging
28.5 Differential Diagnosis
28.6 Treatment Options
28.7 Expected Outcomes
28.8 Potential Complications
28.9 What Should Patient and Family Know?
Further Readings
29: Klippel-Feil Syndrome
29.1 Definition
29.2 Natural History
29.3 Physical Examination
29.4 Imaging
29.5 Differential Diagnosis
29.6 Treatment Options
29.7 Expected Outcomes
29.8 Potential Complications
29.9 What Should Patient and Family Know?
Further Readings
30: Chiari Malformations
30.1 Definition
30.2 Physical Examination
30.3 Imaging
30.4 Differential Diagnosis
30.5 Treatment Options
30.6 Expected Outcomes
30.7 Potential Complications
30.8 What Should Patient and Family Know?
Further Readings
31: Spinal Dysraphism
31.1 Definition
31.2 Physical Examination
31.3 Imaging
31.4 Treatment Options
31.5 Expected Outcomes
31.6 Potential Complications
31.7 What Should Patient and Family Know?
Further Readings
32: Sacralization of the fifth Lumbar Vertebra
32.1 Definition
32.2 Natural History
32.3 Physical Examination
32.4 Imaging
32.5 Differential Diagnosis
32.6 Treatment Options
32.7 Expected Outcomes
32.8 Potential Complications
32.9 What Should Patient and Family Know?
Further Readings
33: Osteoid Osteoma and Osteoblastoma
33.1 Definition
33.2 Natural History
33.3 Physical Examination
33.4 Imaging
33.5 Differential Diagnosis
33.6 Treatment Options
33.7 Expected Outcomes
33.8 Potential Complications
33.9 What Should Patient and Family Know?
Further Readings
34: Osteochondroma and Multiple Hereditary Exostosis
34.1 Definition
34.2 Natural History
34.3 Physical Examination
34.4 Imaging
34.5 Differential Diagnosis
34.6 Treatment Options
34.7 Expected Outcomes
34.8 Potential Complications
34.9 What Should Patient and Family Know?
Further Readings
35: Eosinophilic Granuloma (Vertebra Plana)
35.1 Definition
35.2 Natural History
35.3 Physical Examination
35.4 Imaging
35.5 Differential Diagnosis
35.6 Treatment Options
35.7 Expected Outcomes
35.8 Potential Complications
35.9 What Should Patient and Family Know?
Further Readings
36: Medulloblastoma and Other Seeding Tumors
36.1 Definition
36.2 Natural History
36.3 Physical Examination
36.4 Imaging
36.5 Differential Diagnosis
36.6 Treatment Options
36.7 Expected Outcomes
36.8 Potential Complications
36.9 What Should Patient and Family Know?
Further Readings
37: Spinal Astrocytoma
37.1 Definition
37.2 Natural History
37.3 Physical Examination
37.4 Imaging
37.5 Differential Diagnosis
37.6 Treatment Options
37.7 Expected Outcomes
37.8 Potential Complications
37.9 What Should Patient and Family Know?
Further Readings
38: Osteosarcoma
38.1 Definition
38.2 Natural History
38.3 Physical Examination
38.4 Imaging
38.5 Differential Diagnosis
38.6 Treatment Options
38.7 Expected Outcomes
38.8 Potential Complications
38.9 What Should Patient and Family Know?
Further Readings
39: Ewing’s Sarcoma
39.1 Definition
39.2 Natural History
39.3 Physical Examination
39.4 Imaging
39.5 Differential Diagnosis
39.6 Treatment Options
39.7 Expected Outcomes
39.8 Potential Complications
39.9 What Should Patient and Family Know?
Further Readings
40: Discitis in Pediatric Spine
40.1 Definition
40.2 Natural History
40.3 Physical Examination
40.4 Imaging
40.5 Differential Diagnosis
40.6 Treatment Options
40.7 Expected Outcome
40.8 Potential Complications
40.9 What Should Patient and Family Know?
Further Readings
Part IV: Adult Spine Pathology
41: Back Pain and Its Generators
41.1 Definition
41.2 Physical Examination
41.3 Imaging
41.4 Differential Diagnosis
41.5 Treatment Options, Expected Outcomes, and Potential Complications
41.6 What Should Patient and Family Know?
Further Readings
42: Cervical Degenerative Disc Disease (Including Cervical Disc Herniation)
42.1 Definition
42.2 Natural History
42.3 Physical Examination
42.4 Imaging
42.5 Treatment Options
42.6 Expected Outcomes and Potential Complications
42.7 What Should Patient and Family Know?
Further Reading
43: Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy
43.1 Definition
43.2 Natural History
43.3 Physical Examination
43.4 Imaging
43.5 Differential Diagnosis
43.6 Treatment Options
43.7 Expected Outcomes
43.8 Potential Complications
43.9 What Should Patient and Family Know?
Further Readings
44: Thoracic Disk Herniation
44.1 Definition
44.2 Natural History
44.3 Physical Examination
44.4 Imaging
44.5 Differential Diagnosis
44.6 Treatment Options
44.7 Expected Outcomes
44.8 Potential Complications
44.9 What Should Patient and Family Know?
Further Readings
45: Lumbar Degenerative Disc Disease and Lumbar Disc Herniation
45.1 Definition
45.2 Natural History
45.3 Physical Examination
45.4 Imaging
45.5 Differential Diagnosis
45.6 Treatment Options
45.7 Expected Outcomes
45.8 Potential Complications
45.9 What Should Patient and Family Know?
Further Readings
46: Lumbar Spinal Stenosis
46.1 Definition
46.2 Natural History
46.3 Physical Examination
46.4 Imaging
46.5 Differential Diagnosis
46.6 Treatment Options
46.7 Expected Outcomes
46.8 Potential Complications
46.9 What Should Patient and Family Know?
Further Readings
47: Degenerative Instability
47.1 Definition
47.2 Natural History
47.3 Physical Examination
47.4 Imaging
47.5 Differential Diagnosis
47.6 Treatment Options
47.7 Expected Outcome
47.8 Potential Complications
47.9 What Patient and Family Should Know?
Further Reading
48: Adult Idiopathic Scoliosis
48.1 Definition
48.2 Natural History
48.3 Physical Examination
48.4 Imaging
48.5 Differential Diagnosis
48.6 Treatment Options
48.7 Expected Outcomes
48.8 Potential Complications
48.9 What Patient and Family Should Know?
Further Readings
49: De Novo Deformity
49.1 Definition
49.2 Natural History
49.3 Physical Examination
49.4 Imaging
49.5 Differential Diagnosis
49.6 Treatment Options
49.7 Expected Outcomes
49.8 Potential Complications
49.9 What Patient and Family Should Know?
Further Readings
50: Sagittal Plane Malalignment
50.1 Definition
50.2 Natural History
50.3 Treatment Options
50.3.1 SRS-Schwab Classification
50.3.2 Roussouly Back Types
50.3.3 GAP Score
50.4 Expected Outcomes
50.5 What Should Patient and Family Know?
Further Readings
51: Post-Traumatic Kyhphosis
51.1 Definition
51.2 Natural History
51.3 Physical Examination
51.4 Imaging
51.5 Differential Diagnosis
51.6 Treatment Options
51.6.1 Correction Technique for Rigid Sharp Angular Kyphosis Following PVCR
51.7 Expected Outcomes
51.8 Potential Complications
51.9 What Should Patient and Family Know?
Further Readings
52: Post-Infectious Deformity
52.1 Definition
52.2 Natural History
52.3 Physical Examination
52.4 Imaging
52.5 Differential Diagnosis
52.6 Treatment Options
52.7 Expected Outcomes
52.8 Potential Complications
52.9 What Should Patient and Family Know?
Further Readings
53: Paget’s Disease
53.1 Definition
53.2 Natural History
53.3 Physical Examination
53.4 Imaging
53.5 Differential Diagnosis
53.6 Treatment Options
53.7 Expected Outcomes
53.8 Potential Complications
53.9 What Should Patient and Family Know?
Further Readings
54: Ankylosing Disorders of the Spine: AS and DISH
54.1 Definition
54.2 Natural History
54.3 Physical Examination
54.3.1 Imaging
54.4 Differential Diagnosis
54.5 Treatment Options
54.6 Expected Outcomes
54.7 Potential Complications
54.8 What Should Patient and Family Know?
Further Readings
55: Vertebral Hemangioma
55.1 Definition
55.2 Natural History
55.3 Physical Examination
55.4 Imaging
55.5 Differential Diagnosis
55.6 Treatment Options
55.7 Potential Complications
55.8 What Should Patient and Family Know?
Further Readings
56: Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
56.1 Definition
56.2 Natural History
56.3 Physical Examination
56.4 Imaging
56.5 Differential Diagnosis
56.6 Treatment Options
56.7 Expected Outcomes
56.8 Potential Complications
56.9 What Should Patient and Family Know?
Further Readings
57: Giant Cell Tumor
57.1 Definition
57.2 Natural History
57.3 Physical Examination
57.4 Imaging
57.5 Differential Diagnosis
57.6 Treatment Options
57.6.1 Surgery
57.6.2 Embolization
57.6.3 Denosumab
57.7 Expected Outcomes
57.8 Potential Complications
57.9 What Should Patient and Family Know?
Further Readings
58: Spinal Meningioma
58.1 Definition
58.2 Natural History
58.3 Physical Examination
58.4 Imaging
58.5 Differential Diagnosis
58.6 Treatment Options
58.7 Expected Outcomes
58.8 Potential Complications
58.9 What Should Patient and Family Know?
Further Readings
59: Spinal Nerve Sheath Tumors (NST): Schwannoma and Neurofibroma
59.1 Definition
59.2 Natural History
59.3 Physical Examination
59.4 Imaging
59.5 Differential Diagnosis
59.6 Treatment Options
59.7 Expected Outcomes
59.8 Potential Complications
59.9 What Should Patient and Family Know?
Further Readings
60: Spinal Ependymoma
60.1 Definition
60.2 Natural History
60.3 Physical Examination
60.4 Imaging
60.5 Differential Diagnosis
60.6 Treatment Options
60.7 Potential Complications
60.8 Expected Outcomes
60.9 What Should Patient and Family Know?
Further Readings
61: Plasmacytoma
61.1 Definition
61.2 Natural History
61.3 Physical Examination
61.4 Imaging
61.5 Differential Diagnosis
61.6 Treatment Options
61.7 Expected Outcomes
61.8 Potential Complications
61.9 What Should Patient and Family Know?
Further Readings
62: Chordoma
62.1 Definition
62.2 Natural History
62.3 Physical Examination
62.4 Imaging
62.5 Differential Diagnosis
62.6 Treatment
62.7 Expected Outcomes
62.8 What Should Patient and Family Know?
Further Readings
63: Metastatic Lesions of the Spine
63.1 Definition
63.2 Natural History
63.3 Physical Examination
63.4 Imaging
63.5 Differential Diagnosis
63.6 Treatment Options
63.7 Expected Outcomes
63.8 Potential Complications
63.9 What Should Patient and Family Know?
Further Readings
64: Tuberculosis of Spine
64.1 Definition
64.2 Natural History
64.3 Physical Examination
64.3.1 Imaging
64.4 Differential Diagnosis
64.5 Treatment Options
64.6 Expected Outcomes
64.7 Potential Complications
64.8 What Should Patient and Family Know?
Further Readings
65: Pyogenic Spondylodiscitis
65.1 Definition
65.2 Natural History
65.3 Physical Examination
65.4 Imaging
65.5 Differential Diagnosis
65.6 Treatment Options
65.7 Expected Outcomes
65.8 Potential Complications
65.9 What Should Patient and Family Know?
Further Reading
66: Postsurgical Spinal Infection
66.1 Definition
66.2 Natural History
66.3 Physical Examination
66.4 Imaging
66.5 Differential Diagnosis
66.6 Treatment Options
66.7 Expected Outcomes
66.8 Potential Complications
66.9 What Should Patient and Family Know?
Further Readings
Appendix A: Classification of Upper Cervical Injuries
Occipital Condyle and Occipitocervical Junction
C1 Ring and C1–C2 Joint
C2 and C2–C3
Appendix B: Subaxial Cervical Spine Classification
Appendix C: AO Spine Thoracolumbar Fracture Classification
Appendix D: Sacral Fractures (AO Spine Classification System)
Appendix E: Osteoporotic Vertebra Fracture Classification
Further Reading
Appendix F: Glasgow Coma Scale
Further Reading
Appendix G: ASIA Scale
Further Readings
Appendix H: King et al. Classification System of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis
Further Reading
Appendix I: Lenke et al. Classification System of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis
Further Reading
Appendix J: Early Onset Scoliosis Classification (C-EOS)
Further Readings
Appendix K: Classification Systems for Spondylolisthesis
Meyerding Classification for Spondylolisthesis
Spinal Deformity Study Group (SDSS) Classification
Further Readings
Appendix L: Castellvi Classification of Lumbosacral Transitional Vertebrae
Further Reading
Appendix M: Bone Age—Ossification of Hand, Olecranon, and Iliac Apophysis
Ossification of Hand (Sanders et al.) and Ossification of the Olecranon (Dimeglio et al.)
Ossification of the Hand
Ossification of the Olecranon
Ossification of the Iliac Apophysis (Risser Sign)
Further Readings
Appendix N: Oswestry Disability Questionnaire (ODI)
Definition
Scoring Instructions
Interpretation of Scores
Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire
Further Readings
Appendix O: SRS-22 Questionnaire
Further Readings
Appendix P: Early-Onset Scoliosis Questionnaire
Further Reading
Appendix Q: Post-Infectious Kyphosis Classification
Further Reading
