Written by radiographers for radiographers, Essentials of Radiographic Physics and Imaging, 2nd Edition follows the ASRT recommended curriculum and focuses on what the radiographer needs to understand to safely and competently perform radiographic examinations. This comprehensive radiologic physics and imaging text links the two subjects together so that you understand how they relate to each other — and to clinical practice. Prepare for success on the ARRT exam and the job with just the right amount of information on radiation production and characteristics, imaging equipment, film screen image acquisition and processing, digital image acquisition and display, image analysis, and the basic principles of computed tomography.
345 photos and line drawings encourage you to visualize important concepts.
Strong pedagogy, including chapter objectives, key terms, outlines, bulleted chapter summaries, and specialty boxes, help you organize information and focus on what is most important in each chapter.
Make the Physics Connection and Make the Imaging Connection boxes link physics and imaging concepts so you fully appreciate the importance of both subjects.
Educator resources on Evolve, including lesson plans, an image collection, PowerPointpresentations, and a test bank, provide additional resources for instructors to teach the topics presented in the text.
Theory to Practice boxes succinctly explain the application of concepts and describe how to use the information in clinical practice.
Critical Concept boxes further explain and emphasize key points in the chapters.
Math Application boxes use examples to show how mathematical concepts and formulas are applied in the clinical setting.
An emphasis on the practical information highlights just what you need to know to ace the ARRT exam and become a competent practitioner.
Numerous critique exercises teach you how to evaluate the quality of radiographic images and determine which factors produce poor images.
A glossary of key terms serves as a handy reference.
Author(s): James N. Johnston, Terri L. Fauber
Edition: 2
Publisher: Mosby Elsevier
Year: 2015
Language: English
Commentary: TRUE PDF
Tags: Radiographic Physics; Medical Imaging; Computed Tomography
Front cover
Essentials of Radiographic Physics and Imaging
Copyright
Dedication
Contributor and reviewers
Preface
Purpose
Unique features
Acknowledgments
Table of contents
1 Introduction to the imaging sciences
Objectives
Key terms
Discovery and use of X-rays
Dr. roentgen’s discovery
Overview of X-ray evolution and use
General principles
Units of measure
Radiographic equipment
The fundamentals of radiation protection
Summary
Critical thinking questions
Review questions
I Principles of Radiation Physics
2 Structure of the atom
Objectives
Key terms
Introduction
Basic atomic structure
Historical overview
Modern theory
Classification and bonding
Classification
Bonding
Summary
Critical thinking questions
Review questions
3 Electromagnetic and particulate radiation
Objectives
Key terms
Introduction
Electromagnetic radiation
Nature and characteristics
X-rays and gamma rays
The rest of the spectrum
Particulate radiation
Summary
Critical thinking questions
Review questions
4 The X-ray circuit
Objectives
Key terms
Introduction
Nature of electricity
Electric potential, current, and resistance
Conductors, insulators, and electronic devices
Electromagnetism and electromagnetic induction
Magnetism
Electromagnetism
Generators, motors, and transformers
General X-ray circuit
Primary circuit
At the console.
Secondary circuit
At the console.
Filament circuit
At the console.
Principles of circuit operation
Summary
Critical thinking questions
Review questions
5 The X-ray tube
Objectives
Key terms
Introduction
General tube construction
Housing
X-ray tube
Anode
Cathode
Principles of operation
Quality control and extending tube life
Summary
Critical thinking questions
Review questions
6 X-ray production
Objectives
Key terms
Introduction
Photons (target interactions)
Heat production
Characteristic interactions
Bremsstrahlung interactions
Properties of the x-ray beam
Beam quantity
Beam quality
Emission spectrum
Summary
Critical thinking questions
Review questions
7 X-ray interactions with matter
Objectives
Key terms
Introduction
Classical interactions
Compton interactions
Photoelectric interactions
Pair production
Photodisintegration
Differential absorption
Summary
Critical thinking questions
Review questions
II Image Production and Evaluation
8 Image production
Objectives
Key terms
Introduction
Differential absorption
Beam attenuation
Absorption
Scattering
Transmission
Factors affecting beam attenuation
Tissue thickness.
Type of tissue.
Tissue density.
X-ray beam quality.
Imaging effect.
Image receptors
Digital image receptors
Film-screen image receptors
Dynamic imaging: Fluoroscopy
Image intensification.
Brightness gain.
Summary
Critical thinking questions
Review questions
9 Image quality and characteristics
Objectives
Key terms
Introduction
Image quality
Brightness or density
Contrast
Spatial resolution or recorded detail
Distortion
Size distortion (magnification).
Shape distortion.
Scatter
Quantum noise
Image artifacts
Digital image characteristics
Brightness
Contrast
Spatial resolution
Image noise
Film-screen characteristics
Density
Optical density.
Diagnostic range.
Radiographic contrast
Sensitometry
Sensitometric equipment.
Penetrometer.
Sensitometer.
Log relative exposure.
Regions.
Toe region.
Straight-line region.
Shoulder region.
Film characteristics.
Speed.
Speed point.
Speed exposure point.
Contrast.
Average gradient.
Exposure latitude.
Recorded detail
Summary
Critical thinking questions
Review questions
10 Radiographic exposure technique
Objectives
Key terms
Introduction
Primary factors
Milliamperage and exposure time
Kilovoltage
Secondary factors
Focal spot size
Source-to-image receptor distance
Object-to-image receptor distance
Calculating magnification
Central ray alignment
Grids
Beam restriction
Generator output
Tube filtration
Film-screen relative speed (RS)
Compensating filters
Patient factors
Body habitus
Part thickness
Pediatric patients
Radiation protection review
KVp and mAs
Beam restriction
Grid selection
Film-screen speed
Excessive radiation exposure and digital imaging
Summary
Critical thinking questions
Review questions
11 Scatter control
Objectives
Key terms
Introduction
Beam restriction
Beam restriction and scatter radiation
Collimation and contrast
Compensating for collimation
Types of beam-restricting devices
Aperture diaphragms.
Cones and cylinders.
Collimators.
Automatic collimators.
Radiographic grids
Grid construction
Grid pattern.
Grid focus.
Types of grids
Stationary and reciprocating grids.
Long- versus short-dimension grids.
Grid performance
Grid cutoff
Upside-down focused.
Off-level.
Off-center.
Off-focus.
Moiré effect
Grid usage
Radiation protection
The air gap technique
Shielding accessories
Summary
Critical thinking questions
Review questions
12 Image receptors
Objectives
Key terms
Introduction
Digital receptors
Detector types
Computed radiography systems.
Direct radiography systems.
Image acquisition, extraction and processing, and display
Acquisition
Extraction and processing
Display
Using digital receptors
Quality assurance and quality control
Daily
Monthly or quarterly
Picture archiving and communication systems
Radiographic film
Film construction
Latent image formation
Film characteristics
Film speed.
Film contrast and film latitude.
Spectral sensitivity.
Intensifying screen characteristics
Screen speed.
Screen maintenance.
Automatic film processing
Components
Developing.
Fixing.
Washing.
Drying.
Systems
Quality control
Silver recovery
Summary
Critical thinking questions
Review questions
13 Exposure technique selection
Objectives
Key terms
Introduction
Radiation detectors
Phototimers
Ionization chamber systems
Milliamperage/second readout
Kilovoltage peak and milliamperage/second selection
Minimum response time
Backup time
Density adjustment
Alignment and positioning considerations
Detector selection
Patient centering
Detector size
Compensating issues
Patient considerations
Collimation
Image receptor variations
Anatomically programmed radiography
Quality control
Calibration
Quality control testing
Exposure technique charts
Conditions
Design characteristics
Types of technique charts
Variable kvp–fixed mas technique chart.
Fixed kvp–variable mas technique chart.
Exposure technique chart development
Special considerations
Projections and positions.
Casts and splints.
Casts.
Splints.
Pathologic conditions.
Soft tissue.
Contrast media.
Summary
Critical thinking questions
Review questions
III Specialized Radiographic Equipment
14 Image-intensified fluoroscopy
Objectives
Key terms
Introduction
Construction
Intensification principles
Viewing and recording systems
Viewing systems
Camera tube.
Charge-coupled device.
Coupling of devices to the image intensifier.
Television monitor.
Liquid crystal display monitors.
Plasma monitors.
Recording systems
Cassette spot film.
Film cameras.
Digital fluoroscopy
Fluoroscopic controls and settings
Quality control
Summary
Critical thinking questions
Review questions
15 Additional equipment
Objectives
Key terms
Introduction
Mobile equipment
Radiographic units
Fluoroscopic units
Dedicated units
Chest
Panoramic X-ray
Bone densitometry
Mammography
Unique features.
Linear tomography
Tomographic angle
Fulcrum
Focal plane
Exposure technique
Summary
Critical thinking questions
Review questions
16 Computed tomography
Objectives
Key terms
Introduction
Development
Generations
Additional advancements
Image data production
Image reconstruction
Computed tomography image characteristics
Reconstruction process
Imaging controls and data storage
Equipment
Protocols
Postprocessing
Multiple options
Windowing
Image quality
Noise
Spatial resolution
Contrast resolution
Artifacts
Quality control
Radiation protection
Dose notification and alerts
Summary
Critical thinking questions
Review questions
Appendix A answers to review questions
Glossary
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Z
Endsheet
Endsheet
Inside front cover
