Essentials of Clinical Psychology: An Indian Perspective

Cover
Half Title
Title
Copyright
Contents
Preface
About the Authors
1 Clinical Psychology—Meaning, Nature, and Scope
Clinical Psychology: Meaning and Definition
Nature of Clinical Psychology
Relationship of Clinical Psychology to Other Related Fields or Disciplines
Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry
Clinical Psychology and Counseling Psychology
Clinical Psychology and School Psychology
Clinical Psychology and Social Work
The Scope of Clinical Psychology
What is Included in the Study of Clinical Psychology?
Specializations Available for Students in Clinical Psychology
Forensic Psychology
Clinical Child Psychology
Health Psychology
Clinical Neuropsychology
Clinical Geropsychology
The Use and Applications of Clinical Psychology
1. Applications in the Field of Mental Health and Illness
2. Applications in Terms of Performing the Task of Overall Well-Being
3. Applications in the Field of Community and Social Services
4. Applications in the Field of Guidance and Counseling
5. Applications in the Field of Business and Industries
6. Applications in the Field of School Education and University Teaching
7. Applications in the Field of Research and Innovations
8. Applications in the Field of Crime and Legality
9. Applications in the Field and Areas of Rehabilitation
Review Questions
2 Clinical Psychologists—Functions and Training
Who are Clinical Psychologists?
Where Do Clinical Psychologists Work?
Aspects in which Clinical Psychologists Differ from Other Mental Health Professionals
Distinguishing Clinical Psychologists from Psychiatrists
Distinguishing Clinical Psychologists from Counseling Psychologists
Distinguishing Clinical Psychologists from School Psychologists
Distinguishing Clinical Psychologists from Social Workers
The Functions Performed by Clinical Psychologists
1. Carrying Out the Task of Assessment and Diagnosis
2. Carrying Out the Task of Providing Treatment
3. Engaging in the Task of Teaching and Training
4. Conducting Research and Engaging in Writing Work
5. Providing Consultancy Services
6. Providing Assistance and Collaborating with Other Mental Health Professionals
7. Doing Necessary Supervision, Performing Administrative Duties, and Participating in Clinical Conferences
The Education and Training of Clinical Psychologists
The Education and Training of Prospective Clinical Psychologists in the United States
The Task of Getting Licensed as a Professional Clinical Psychologist in the United States
How to Become a Licensed Clinical Psychologist in Our Country?
List of RCI-Approved Institutions offering MPhil Clinical Psychology Course
List of RCI Approved Institutions Running PsyD Clinical Psychology Courses
Review Questions
3 Clinical Psychology—Historical Perspectives and Present Position
Introduction
A. The Historical Past and Earlier Roots of Clinical Psychology
B. The Birth of Clinical Psychology and Development in the Earlier Half of the 20th Century
1. Development of the Ways of Classifying Mental Illnesses and Disorders
2. Developments in the Field of Assessment and Diagnosis Intelligence Testing
Personality Assessment
3. Development in the Field of Psychotherapeutic Treatment
4. Professional Development of the Field and Preparation of Clinical Psychologists
Professional Development of Clinical Psychology
Preparation of Clinical Psychologist Professionals
C. Development in Clinical Psychology from 1951 Onwards
1. Development in the Systems of Classifying Mental Illnesses and Disorders
2. Development in the Field of Assessment and Diagnosis
Intelligence Testing
Personality Assessment
3. Development in the Field of Psychotherapeutic Treatment
4. Professional Development of the Field and Preparation of Clinical Psychologists
Professional Development of Clinical Psychology
Preparation of Clinical Psychologist Professionals
The Present Position and Developmental Status of Clinical Psychology
Development of Clinical Psychology in India—Historical Perspective
The Past and the Roots of Clinical Psychology in India
The Development of Clinical Psychology in British and Independent India
Clinical Psychology Associations (Working in India and Abroad)
Review Questions
4 Research and Methods of Investigation in Clinical Psychology
What is Research or Investigation?
Goals of Clinical Psychology Research or Investigation
The Types or Kinds of Research Undertaken in Clinical Psychology
Methods Used in Clinical Psychology Research or Investigation
Experimental Method
Experimental Designs Used in Clinical Studies
Single-Group or Within-Subjects Design
True Experimental or Between-Subjects Design
Design Involving Rotation
Quasi-Experimental Design
The Suitability of the Employment of Experimental Method
Systematic or Naturalistic Observation Method
Styles and Ways of Carrying Out Observation
Survey Method
How to Make Use of the Survey Method
Correlational Method
How to Make Use of the Correlational Method
Case Study or Case History Method
The Use of Meta-Analysis in Clinical Psychology Research
What is Meta-Analysis?
Characteristic Features of Meta-Analysis
How to Make Use of Meta-Analysis in Clinical Psychology Research
Significance and Importance of Meta-Analysis
Ethical Issues in Clinical Psychology Research
Review Questions
5 Mental Health, Hygiene and Clinical Psychologists
Meaning of the Term Mental Hygiene
Aims and Purposes of Mental Hygiene
Meaning of the Term Mental Health
Understanding the Concept of Mental Health
Characteristics of a Mentally Healthy Individual (Symptoms of Good Mental Health)
Characteristics of a Mentally Unhealthy Individual (Symptoms of Poor Mental Health)
Importance of Mental Health
Principles of Mental Health
Principles Seeking Adjustment with One's Self
The Principle of Knowing the Self
The Principle of Accepting One's Self
The Principle of Balancing the Level of Aspiration
The Principle of Balancing One's Development
The Principle of Integrating the Self
The Principle of Self-Drive and Shaping
The Principle of Self Control
The Principles Seeking Adjustment with Environment
The Principle of Understanding Others
The Principle of Accepting and Respecting Other’s Individualities
The Principle of Socializing One's Self
The Principle of Adequate Satisfaction of Needs
The Principle of Training the Emotions
The Principle of Adjustment to the World of Work
The Principle of a Positive Attitude Toward Life
The Principle of Bearing the Stresses and Strains of Life
The Principle of Good Physical Health
The Principle of Having Faith in God and Nature
Role of Clinical Psychologists in the Maintenance of People’s Mental Health
Preservation and Promotion of Mental Health
Prevention of Mental Health Problems and Ailments
Identification and Diagnosis of Mental Health Problems and Disorders
Treatment of Mental Health Problems and Disorders
Review Questions
6 Normality and Abnormality of Behavior
Meaning of the Terms Normal and Abnormal Behavior
Normality and Abnormality Criteria
A. Descriptive Criteria
B. Explanatory Criterion
Conclusion Regarding Different Criteria
Causes or Factors Responsible for Abnormality in Behavior
Hereditary Factors
The Role of Chromosomes
The Role of Genes
Physiological or Biological Factors
Psychological Factors
Sociological Factors
Review Questions
7 Classification of Mental Disorders
Introduction
Development of the Classification System
DSM-IV-TR
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders—Fifth Edition (DSM-5)
DSM-5-TR (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fifth Edition-Text Revised)
The Ways in which Classification System of the DSM-5-TR Stands Distinguished from the DSM-5
ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioral Disorders
ICD-11 Classification of Mental and Behavioral Disorders
The Necessity and Purposes of Classification
Review Questions
8 Psycho-Physiological or Psychosomatic Disorders
What are Psycho-Physiological or Psychosomatic Disorders?
The Main Psycho-Physiological or Psychosomatic Disorders
The Other Psychosomatic Related Disorders Appearing in the DSM-5 and DSM-TR
Somatic Symptom Disorder
Illness Anxiety Disorder
Conversion Disorder
Factitious Disorder
Causes Underlying the Psycho-Physiological Disorders
Prevention and Treatment of the Psycho-Physiological Disorders
Review Questions
9 Neuroses or Psychoneurotic Disorders
Neuroses or Psychoneurotic Disorders-Meaning and Definition
Distinguishing Neurotic Behavior from Psychotic Behavior
Specific Forms or Types of Neuroses or Psychoneurotic Disorders
Anxiety Disorders
The Overall Symptoms Displayed in the Anxiety Disorders
Examples of Anxiety Neurosis
Phobic Disorders
Causes of Phobias
Trauma-and Stressor-Related Disorders
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Acute Stress Disorder (ASD)
Adjustment Disorder
Prolonged Grief Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
Some Examples of Obsessive-Compulsive Behavior
A Few New Varieties of Obsessive-Compulsive Behavior Brought to Light in DSM-5
Hoarding Disorder
Trichotillomania (Hair-Pulling Disorder)
Excoriation (Skin-Picking) Disorder
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
The Causation of Obsessive-Compulsive Neurosis
Depressive Disorders
Conversion Disorders
Dissociative Disorders
Causes and Treatment of Psycho-Neurotic Disorders
Review Questions
10 Psychoses or Psychotic Disorders
What are Psychoses or Psychotic Disorders?
The Major Mental Disorders Falling in the Category of Psychoses or Psychotic Disorders
Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Related Disorders
Etiology of Schizophrenia (Causation)
Treatment of Schizophrenia
Bipolar and Related Disorders (Mood or Affective Disorders)
Schizophrenic and Affective Disorders
Classification of Affective Disorders
Review Questions
11 Neurodevelopmental Disorders
What are Neurodevelopmental Disorders?
Mental Retardation
Meaning and Definition
Classification of Mental Retardation or Mental Deficiency
Common Clinical Types of Mental Retardation
Causes of Mental Retardation
A. Organic or Biological Factors
B. Socio-Psychological Factors
Treatment Measures for Mental Retardation
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
What is Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)?
Diagnosis of ADHD
Causes of ADHD
Treatment of ADHD
Autism
Meaning and Definitions of the Term "Autism"
How do Autistics Behave in Their Environment?
Criterion for the Diagnosis and Identification of Autism
Causes of Autism
Treatment Measures for Autism
Learning Disorders or Disabilities
Meaning and Concept of Learning Disorders or Disabilities
The Common Learning Disabilities Found In Children
Dyslexia
Meaning and Definition of the Term Dyslexia
Case I
Case II
Various Forms and Types of Dyslexia
A. Classification Based on the Degree of Severity
B. Classification Based on the Nature of the Effect on Functioning
Treatment of Dyslexia
Dyscalculia
Meaning and Definition
Treatment Measures for Dyscalculia
Review Questions
12 Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders
What are Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders?
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Intermittent Explosive Disorder
Conduct Disorders
Antisocial Behavior and Antisocial Personality
Delinquency
Concept and Meaning
Causes of Delinquency
(a) Home Environment and Delinquency
(b) Uncongenial Environment Outside the Home
(c) Maladjustment in School
Prevention and Treatment
Preventive Measures
Treatment or Curative Measures
Crime
Causes Underlying Crime
Prevention and Treatment
Prevention
Treatment and Rehabilitation
Review Questions
13 Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders
What are the Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders?
Psychoactive Substances—Types and Effects
A. Depressants or Sedatives
Depressants Drugs
B. Stimulant Drugs
C. Deliriant or Mind-Blowing Drugs
Hallucinogens or Hallucinogenic Drugs
Cannabis
The Causes, Prevention, and Treatment of Substance-Related Addictive Disorders
Causation of Alcoholism—What Turns One an Alcohol Addict?
Stages Reached in Becoming Hardened Alcoholics or Alcohol Addicts
Causation of Drug Addiction—What Turns One into a Drug Addict?
Treatment of Alcohol Addicts
Duration of Treatment and Follow-Up
Treatment of Drug Addiction
Preventive Measures for Drug Addiction
Review Questions
14 Sexual Deviations and Disorders
Introduction
Sexual Deviations
Sexual Deviation and Sexual Offense
Sexual Deviation and Sexual Disorder
Forms or Types of Sexual Deviations
Causes of Sexual Deviation
Treatment of Sexual Deviations
Sexual Disorders
Impotence
Frigidity
Causes of Impotence and Frigidity
Prevention of Sexual Disorders
Treatment
Review Questions
15 Elimination and Eating Disorders
Introduction
Elimination Disorders
What are Elimination Disorders?
Types of Elimination Disorders
Enuresis
Identification and Diagnosis of Enuresis
Causes Behind the Development of Enuresis
Treatment of Enuresis
Encopresis
Symptoms of Encopresis
Identification and Diagnosis of Encopresis
Causes Behind the Development of Encopresis
Treatment of Encopresis
Feeding and Eating Disorders
What are Feeding and Eating Disorders?
Types of Feeding and Eating Disorders
Anorexia Nervosa
Identification and Diagnosis of Anorexia Nervosa
Bulimia Nervosa
Identification and Diagnosis of Bulimia Nervosa
Binge Eating Disorder
Identification and Diagnosis of Binge Eating Disorder
What Causes Eating Disorders?
Biological Factors
Psychological Factors
Sociocultural Factors
Treatment of Eating Disorders
Treatments for Anorexia Nervosa
Treatments for Bulimia Nervosa
Treatment for Binge Eating Disorder
Review Questions
16 Sleep Disorders
Introduction
Our Sleeping Behavior
The Types and Stages of Our Sleep
Sleep Disorders-Concept and Types
Primary Insomnia
Identification and Diagnosis of Primary Insomnia
Primary Hypersomnia
Identification and Diagnosis of Primary Hypersomnia
Narcolepsy
Identification and Diagnosis of Narcolepsy
Breathing-Related Sleep Disorders
Identification and Diagnosis of Breathing-Related Sleep Disorders
Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders
Identification and Diagnosis of Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders
Parasomnia Sleep Disorders
Nightmares
Identification and Diagnosis of Nightmares
Night Sleep Terrors
Identification and Diagnosis of Sleep Terrors
Sleepwalking or Somnambulism
Identification and Diagnosis of Sleepwalking Disorder
The Underlying Causes of Sleeping Disorders (Dyssomnias and Parasomnias)
Treatment Measures for the Sleep Disorders (Dyssomnias and Parasomnias)
The Treatment of Dyssomnias
Medical Measures
Environmental Measures
Psychological Measures
The Treatment of Parasomnias
Review Questions
17 Old Age or Degenerative Disorders
Introduction
Delirium
Identification and Diagnosis of Delirium
Causes of Delirium
Treatment of Delirium
Dementia
Identification and Diagnosis of Dementia
Distinction Between Delirium and Dementia
Types of Dementia
Causes of Dementia
Alzheimer's Disease
Identification and Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease Disorder
Factors Responsible for Causing Alzheimer's Disease
The Role of Genetic Factors
The Role of Environmental Factors
Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease
Medication or Drug Therapy
Cognitive Therapy
Behavioral Therapy
Sociocultural Therapy
Vascular Dementia
Pick’s Disease
Parkinson's Disease
Huntington's Disease
Review Questions
18 Clinical Assessment (Non-Testing Devices)
What is Clinical Assessment?
Needs and Purposes Served by Clinical Assessment
Ways and Methods of Clinical Assessment
Observation as a Method of Clinical Assessment
How to Make Use of Observation as a Method of Behavioral Assessment?
Case History as a Method of Clinical Assessment
How to Make Use of Case History as a Method of Clinical Assessment
Interview as a Method of Clinical Assessment
A. The Competency of the Clinical Psychologist as an Interviewer
The Skill of Establishing Rapport with the Client
The Skill of Being Self-Aware and Making Good Impressions on the Clients
The Skill of Questioning and Interacting in the Right Way
The Skill of Active Listening and Paying Attention to the Client
The Skill of Verbal Tracking
The Skill of Drawing Conclusions from the Responses of the Clients
B. The Appropriateness of the Format of the Interview
Structured Format
Unstructured Format
The Decision About the Use of a Particular Format
C. The Appropriateness of the Interview Setting and Way of Conducting the Interview
Review Questions
19 Clinical Assessment—Psychological and Neurological Testing
Psychological Testing as a Method of Clinical Assessment
Competency to be Acquired by Clinical Psychologists for Psychological Testing
Availability and Utilization of the Various Types of Psychological Tests
Achievement Tests as a Method for Clinical Assessment
Wechsler Individual Achievement Test—Third Edition
Intelligence Tests as a Method of Clinical Assessment
9. Indian Adaptation of Simon-Binet Intelligence Tests
Personality Tests as a Method of Clinical Assessment
The Description of Some Popular Contemporary Personality Inventories Used for Clinical Assessment
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2)
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent (MMPI-A)
The MMPI-2 Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF)
Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI)
Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-IV (MCMI-IV)
NEO Personality Inventory-3
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ-R)
The Objective Psychological Tests for Measuring a Specific Single Aspect of One's Personality
Measures for the Assessment of the Client’s Adjustment
Bell Adjustment Inventory
Measures for the Assessment of Depression
The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II)
Measures for the Assessment of Anxiety
The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI)
Measures for Assessing Self-Esteem
Projective Personality Tests
What are Projective Tests?
The Rorschach Ink Blot Test
TAT or Thematic Apperception Test
CAT (Children Apperception Test)
The Other Picture Story Tests Available for Clinical Assessment
Word Association Tests
Sentence-Completion Tests
Figure Drawing Tests
Neuropsychological Testing as a Method of Clinical Assessment
Review Questions
20 Clinical Intervention or Therapeutic Approaches
Introduction
Use of Somatic or Medical Therapies
Drug or Chemotherapy
Shock Therapy
Psychosurgery
Use of Psychotherapies
Psychoanalytical or Psychodynamic Therapy
Assessing or Uncovering One's Unconscious
Client-Centered Psychotherapy
Humanistic-Existential Therapy
Behavior Therapies
Cognitive Therapies
The Basic Assumptions Lying Behind Cognitive Therapy
The Types of Popular Cognitive Therapies Used by Clinical Psychologists
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)
The Main Assumptions Underlying the Use of REBT
The Procedure and Steps Adopted for Treatment in REBT
Step 1: Employment of ABC (Antecedent-Belief-Consequence) Analysis
Step 2: Providing Therapeutic Treatment
Beck's Cognitive Therapy
Causation of Mental Health Problems
Treatment of Mental Health Problems
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Other Alternative Therapies
Group Therapy
Family Therapy
Dramatic Therapy
Meditation Therapy
Procedural Steps
Rehabilitation of the Mentally Ill
Assessment Questions
Bibliography
Index