Essential Practical NMR for Organic Chemistry A hands-on resource advocating an ordered approach to gathering and interpreting NMR data
The second edition of Essential Practical NMR for Organic Chemistry delivers a pragmatic and accessible text demonstrating an ordered approach to gathering and interpreting NMR data. In this informal guide, you’ll learn to make sense of the high density of NMR information through the authors’ problem-solving strategies and interpretations.
The book also discusses critical aspects of NMR theory, as well as data acquisition and processing strategy. It explains the use of NMR spectroscopy for dealing with problems of small organic molecule structural elucidation and includes a brand-new chapter on Nitrogen-15 NMR. Readers will also find:
- Strategies for preparing a sample, spectrum acquisition, processing, and interpreting your spectrum
- Fulsome discussions of Carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy
- Practical treatments of quantification, safety procedures, and relevant software
An ideal handbook for anyone involved in using NMR to solve structural problems, this latest edition of Essential Practical NMR for Organic Chemistry will be particularly useful for chemists running and looking at their own NMR spectra, as well as those who work in small molecule NMR. It will also earn a place in the libraries of undergraduate and post-graduate organic chemistry students.
Author(s): S. A. Richards, J. C. Hollerton
Edition: 2
Publisher: Wiley
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 288
City: Hoboken
Essential Practical NMR for Organic Chemistry
Contents
Preface
1 Getting Started
1.1 The Technique
1.2 Instrumentation
1.2.1 CW Systems
1.2.2 FT Systems
1.2.3 Probes
1.2.4 Shims
1.3 Origin of the Chemical Shift
1.4 Origin of ‘Splitting’
1.5 Integration
2 Preparing the Sample
2.1 How Much Sample Do I Need?
2.2 Solvent Selection
2.2.1 Deutero Chloroform (CDCl3)
2.2.2 Deutero Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO)
2.2.3 Deutero Methanol (CD3OD)
2.2.4 Deutero Water (D2O)
2.2.5 Deutero Benzene (C6D6)
2.2.6 Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4)
2.2.7 Trifluoroacetic Acid (CF3COOH)
2.2.8 Using Mixed Solvents
2.3 Spectrum Referencing (Proton NMR)
2.4 Sample Preparation
2.4.1 Filtration
3 Spectrum Acquisition
3.1 Number of Transients
3.2 Number of Points
3.3 Spectral Width
3.4 Acquisition Time
3.5 Pulse Width/Pulse Angle
3.6 Relaxation Delay
3.7 Number of Increments
3.8 Non-Uniform Sampling (NUS)
3.9 Shimming
3.10 Tuning and Matching
3.11 Frequency Lock
3.11.1 Run Unlocked
3.11.2 Internal Lock
3.11.3 External Lock
3.12 To Spin or Not to Spin?
4 Processing
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Zero-Filling and Linear Prediction
4.3 Apodization
4.4 Fourier Transformation
4.5 Phase Correction
4.6 Baseline Correction
4.7 Integration
4.8 Referencing
4.9 Peak Picking
5 Interpreting Your Spectrum
5.1 Common Solvents and Impurities
5.2 Group 1 – Exchangeables and Aldehydes
5.3 Group 2 – Aromatic and Heterocyclic Protons
5.3.1 Monosubstituted Benzene Rings
5.3.2 Multi-substituted Benzene Rings
5.3.3 Heterocyclic Ring Systems (Unsaturated) and Polycyclic Aromatic Systems
5.4 Group 3 – Double and Triple Bonds
5.5 Group 4 – Alkyl Protons
6 Delving Deeper
6.1 Chiral Centres
6.2 Enantiotopic and Diastereotopic Protons
6.3 Molecular Anisotropy
6.4 Accidental Equivalence
6.5 Restricted Rotation
6.6 Heteronuclear Coupling
6.6.1 Coupling between Protons and 13C
6.6.2 Coupling between Protons and 19F
6.6.3 Coupling between Protons and 31P
6.6.4 Coupling between 1H and Other Heteroatoms
6.7 Cyclic Compounds and the Karplus Curve
6.8 Salts, Free Bases and Zwitterions
6.9 Zwitterionic Compounds Are Worthy of Special Mention
7 Further Elucidation Techniques – Part 1
7.1 Chemical Techniques
7.1.1 Deuteration
7.1.2 Basification and Acidification
7.1.3 Changing Solvents
7.1.4 Trifluoroacetylation
7.1.5 Lanthanide Shift Reagents
7.1.6 Chiral Resolving Agents
8 Further Elucidation Techniques – Part 2
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Spin-Decoupling (Homonuclear, 1-D)
8.3 Correlated Spectroscopy (COSY)
8.4 Total Correlation Spectroscopy (TOCSY) 1- and 2-D
8.5 The Nuclear Overhauser Effect (NOE) and Associated Techniques
9 Carbon-13 NMR Spectroscopy
9.1 General Principles and 1-D 13C
9.2 2-D Proton–Carbon (Single Bond) Correlated Spectroscopy
9.3 2-D Proton–Carbon (Multiple Bond) Correlated Spectroscopy
9.4 Piecing It All Together
9.5 Choosing the Right Tool
10 Nitrogen-15 NMR Spectroscopy
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Referencing
10.3 Using 15N Data
10.4 Amines
10.4.1 Alkyl
10.4.2 Aryl
10.5 Conjugated Amines
10.6 Amides
10.7 Amidines
10.8 Azides
10.9 Carbamates
10.10 Cyanates and Thiocyanates
10.11 Diazo Compounds
10.12 Formamides
10.13 Hydrazines
10.14 Hydroxamic Acids
10.15 Hydroxylamines
10.16 Imides (Alkyl and Aryl)
10.17 Imines
10.18 Isocyanates and Isothiocyanates
10.19 Nitrogen-Bearing Heterocycles
10.20 Nitriles
10.21 Nitro Compounds
10.22 Nitroso and N-Nitroso Compounds
10.23 N-Oxides
10.24 Oximes
10.25 Sulfonamides
10.26 Ureas and Thioureas
10.27 Other Unusual Compounds
10.28 15N Topics
10.28.1 1-, 2-, 3- and 4-bond Correlations
10.28.2 ‘Through-Space’ Correlations
10.28.3 Tautomerism in 15N NMR
10.28.4 Restricted Rotation
10.28.5 Protonation and Zwitterions
11 Some Other Techniques and Nuclei
11.1 HPLC-NMR
11.2 Flow NMR
11.3 Solvent Suppression
11.4 MAS (Magic Angle Spinning) NMR
11.5 Pure Shift NMR
11.6 Other 2-D Techniques
11.6.1 INADEQUATE
11.6.2 J-Resolved
11.6.3 DOSY
11.7 3-D Techniques
11.8 Fluorine (19F) NMR
11.9 Phosphorus (31P) NMR
12 Dynamics
12.1 Linewidths
12.2 Chemical Shifts
12.3 Splittings
12.4 Relaxation Pathways
12.5 Experimental Techniques
12.6 In Practice
12.7 In Conclusion
13 Quantification
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Different Approaches to Quantification
13.2.1 Relative Quantification
13.2.2 Absolute Quantification
13.2.3 Internal Standards
13.2.4 External Standards
13.2.5 Electronic Reference (ERETIC)
13.2.6 QUANTAS
13.2.7 ERETIC2
13.3 Things to Watch Out For
13.4 Quantification of Other Nuclei
13.5 Conclusion
14 Safety
14.1 Magnetic Fields
14.2 Cryogens
14.3 Sample-Related Injuries
15 Software
15.1 Acquisition Software
15.2 Processing Software
15.3 Prediction and Simulation Software
15.3.1 13C Prediction
15.3.2 1H Prediction
15.3.3 Incremental Approaches
15.3.4 HOSE Code Databases
15.3.5 Semi-Empirical Approaches
15.3.6 Ab Initio Approaches
15.3.7 Neural Networks
15.5.8 Hybrid Approaches
15.5.9 Simulation
15.6 Structural Verification Software
15.7 Structural Elucidation Software
15.8 Summary
16 Problems
16.1 Questions
16.2 Hints
16.3 Answers
16.4 A Closing Footnote
17 Raising Your Game
17.1 Spotting the Pitfalls
17.2 The Wrong Solvent
17.3 Choosing the Right Experiment
Appendix A
Glossary
Index
EULA
