Esophageal Disease and the Role of the Microbiome

Front Cover
Esophageal Disease and the Role of the Microbiome
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
Introduction
Chapter 1: Is acid the cornerstone factor in gastroesophageal reflux disease and its related complications?
Introduction-A brief history of gastric acid
Evidence that acid causes esophageal injury
Acid and heartburn
Bile acids, esophageal injury, and heartburn
Conclusions
Future directions
Conflict of interest disclosures
References
Chapter 2: Cytokines and immune modulators-Effects on esophageal inflammation
Introduction
Esophageal mucosal defense systems
Immune-mediated response in animal models and humans with acute reflux esophagitis
Cytokines: Initiators of the immune-mediated response in acute reflux esophagitis
Cytokines: Initiators of epithelial repair responses in acute reflux esophagitis
Cytokines: Potential disruptors of the physical epithelial barrier in acute reflux esophagitis
Hypoxia-inducible factor-2α: Central role in the squamous cell cytokine response in acute reflux esophagitis
Role of the immune system in reflux esophagitis
Esophageal innate immunity and toll-like receptors
Activation of the innate immune system during reflux esophagitis
TLR2 signaling in esophageal squamous mucosa
TLR4 signaling in esophageal squamous mucosa
Esophageal adaptive immunity and T cell phenotypes
Conclusions
Future directions
COI disclosures
References
Chapter 3: Acid suppression and effects on the gastrointestinal microbiome
Introduction
Animal studies
Human studies
Salivary microbiome
Esophageal microbiome
Gastric microbiome
Small and large bowel
Fecal microbiome studies
Limitations of currently available data
Disease associations
Summary
Future priorities
References
Chapter 4: Esophageal dysbiosis and pathogenesis of gastroesophageal reflux disease
Introduction
Traditional view of GERD progression
Anatomic factors
Nonanatomic factors
Revised mechanism for GERD pathogenesis
Microbiome changes
Overall composition
Microgeographic changes
Biofilm
Intestinal microbiome
Inflammatory pathway
Conclusions
Future directions
Author contributions
References
Chapter 5: Gastroesophageal reflux disease and the role of Helicobacter pylori
Introduction
Pathogenesis of GERD
Biologic links/plausibility
Epidemiology/outcomes
Conclusions
Future directions
Conflict of interest disclosure
References
Chapter 6: Esophageal dysbiosis and neoplasia: Moving from Barrett's esophagus to adenocarcinoma
Introduction
Development of microbiome research contributes to a new concept of health and disease
Risk and environmental factors altering the risk of EAC-progression
Microbial alterations in the esophagus linked to histopathological changes
Microbes influencing BE- and EAC-pathogenesis
Esophageal microbiome: current techniques of sampling and analysis need to be improved
Conclusion
Future directions
COI disclosures
References
Chapter 7: Esophageal dysbiosis and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Introduction
Esophageal dysbiosis in Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
P. gingivalis
F. nucleatum
Esophageal microbiome: Environmental exposures and carcinogen metabolism
Oral microbiome, Oral health, and Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Role of the gastric microenvironment in Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Limitations of current research
Conclusions
Future directions
COI disclosures
References
Chapter 8: Esophageal dysbiosis and eosinophilic esophagitis-Bacteria to blame?
Introduction
Normal esophageal microbiome
Potential modulators of the Esophageal microbiome in eosinophilic esophagitis
Sampling methods used to study the microbiome in EoE
EoE microbiome
Data summary and pathophysiologic significance
Conclusions
Future directions
COI
References
Chapter 9: Laryngopharyngeal reflux and dysbiosis
Introduction-The gut microbiota and its influence
Mechanisms for defense against laryngopharyngeal reflux
Diagnosis of LPR
Lifestyle factors
Hypersensitivity
Acid and nonacid esophageal reflux
Esophageal and gastric adenocarcinoma
Microbiota and bacterial overgrowth
Treatment and proton pump inhibitors
Conclusions
Future directions
COI and disclosures
References
Chapter 10: Esophageal dysbiosis and esophageal motility disorders
Introduction
Achalasia
Chagas disease and megaesophagus
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in the setting of achalasia
Esophageal hypermotility disorders
Esophageal hypomotility disorders
Future research
Conflicts of interest
References
Chapter 11: Gastrointestinal microbiome: Evaluation of testing technologies
Bacteria in the foregut: From assumed sterility to the exploration of complex microbial communities
Culture-dependent identification of microbial communities
Culture-independent methods of studying the microbiome
Sampling and nucleic acid isolation
Capturing the microbial genome
Conclusions
Future directions
Conflict of interest disclosures
References
Chapter 12: Esophagogastric microbiome-Internal and external influences effecting variance
Introduction
Internal factors (Fig. 1)
Age
Oral and dental health
Obesity
External factors (Fig. 2)
Diet
Antibiotics
Prebiotics and probiotics
Proton pump inhibitors
Tobacco and alcohol
Conclusions
Future directions
Author contributions
Conflict of interest
References
Chapter 13: Esophageal dysbiosis-Correcting the paradox: Prebiotics, probiotics, or antibiotics?
Introduction
Prebiotics
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Barrett's esophagus (BE), and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC)
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE)
Limitations to the use and study of prebiotics
Probiotics
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
Barrett's esophagus
Cancer
Candidiasis
Eosinophilic esophagitis
Antibiotics
Bacteriocins
Conclusions
Future directions
Author contributions
References
Index
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