This book is a complete guide to epoxidized natural rubber covering from the epoxidation chemistry, production process, raw rubber and compound properties, mixing recommendations as its applications in tire, engineering, general and industrial rubber goods, latex based products such as adhesive, foam and paint as well as sustainability or life cycle analysis of ENR rubber. Hence, it is useful for readers either from the industry which looking for specific product application and properties, or scientists and academicians working on their research using the ENR in their study for reference and guidance.
Author(s): Siti Salina Sarkawi, Fatimah Rubaizah Mohd Rasdi, Veronica Charlotte
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 326
City: Singapore
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgement
Contents
About the Editors
List of Figures
List of Tables
Epoxidised Natural Rubber and Its Chemistry
1 Introduction
2 Epoxidised Natural Rubber
3 Method to Epoxidise Natural Rubber
4 Chemistry of Epoxidised Natural Rubber
5 Conclusion
References
The Processing Technology of Epoxidised Natural Rubber
1 Introduction
2 Process Flow of Epoxidised Natural Rubber
3 Reaction of Epoxidised Natural Rubber from Latex Concentrate
3.1 Low Ammonia Preserved NR Latex Concentrate (LATZ)
3.2 Preparation of Epoxidised Natural Rubber Latex from LATZ Concentrate
4 Reaction of Epoxidised Natural Rubber from Field Latex
4.1 Preparation of Epoxidised Natural Rubber Latex from Natural Rubber Field Latex
5 Concentration of Epoxidised Natural Rubber Latex
6 Liquid Epoxidised Natural Rubber (LENR)
6.1 The Degradation of ENR
6.2 Processing of LENR
7 Conclusion
References
The Properties of Materials from Raw Epoxidised Natural Rubber
1 Introduction
2 Properties of ENR Rubber
3 Techniques for Determination of ENR Epoxidation Levels
3.1 Elemental Analysis
3.2 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
3.3 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
3.4 Chemical Titrimetric
3.5 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR)
4 Properties of ENR Latex
4.1 Collodial Properties of Prepared and Concentrated ENR Latexes
4.2 Rheology of Prepared and Concentrated ENR Latexes
5 Properties of Liquid Epoxidised Natural Rubber (LENR)
5.1 Conditions for Preparation of LENR
5.2 Chemical Properties of LENR
5.3 Morphology of LENR
5.4 Thermal Properties of LENR
5.5 Wettability Using Contact Angle Analysis
5.6 Viscosity Measurement Using Brookfield Viscometer
5.7 Storage Stability of LENR
6 Conclusions
References
General Compounding and Properties of Epoxidised Natural Rubber
1 Introduction
2 Mixing and Compounding of ENR
3 Basic Physical Vulcanisate Properties of ENR
4 Comparison of Reinforcing Effect of Carbon Black and Silica in ENR Compounds
5 Effect of Epoxidation Level on Properties of ENR Vulcanisates
6 Comparison of ENR with Synthetic Rubbers
6.1 Basic Properties of ENR and Synthetic Rubbers
6.2 Oil Swelling Resistance of ENR
6.3 Solubility Parameter of ENR
6.4 Air Impermeability
6.5 Wet Grip
7 Reinforcement of ENR with Nanofillers
8 Conclusion
References
Epoxidised Natural Rubber in Tyre Applications
1 Introduction
2 Tyre Properties
3 Passenger Car Tyre Tread
3.1 ENR PCR Tyre Manufacturing
3.2 ENR Tyre Performance
3.3 ENR Tyre Wear Performance
4 ENR Retreads for Commercial Vehicle Tyres
4.1 ENR Bus Tyres
4.2 Truck Tyres
5 ENR Motorcycle Tyre Tread
6 ENR–Silica Wet Masterbatch
6.1 Concept of ENR–Silica Wet Masterbatch
6.2 Preparation of Silica Dispersion
6.3 Preparation of Raw ENR–Silica Wet Masterbatch
6.4 Properties of ENR–Silica Wet Masterbatch
6.5 Properties of Compounded ENR–Silica Masterbatch
7 Conclusion
References
Epoxidised Natural Rubber in Technical Rubber Goods
1 Introduction
2 Oil-Resistant Rubber Products
2.1 Fuel Resistant Seals
2.2 Hose Cover Material
3 Anti-Vibration Rubber-Based Products
3.1 Dynamic Properties
3.2 Acoustic Properties
4 Engine Mountings
4.1 Mechanical Properties
4.2 Dynamic Stiffness
5 Rubber Bushes
6 ENR Rubber Sound Damper
6.1 Mixing and Compounding
6.2 Properties of the ENR Sound Damper
7 Conclusion
References
Epoxidised Natural Rubber in Footwear
1 Introduction
2 Safety and Military Boots
2.1 Construction of Footwear
2.2 Properties of Military and Marching Boot Soles
2.3 Properties of Safety Boot Soles
3 ENR Antistatic Footwear
3.1 Industrial Importance of Antistatic Footwear
3.2 Standards and Regulations for Antistatic Footwear
3.3 Common Issues Related to Antistatic Footwear
3.4 ENR for Antistatic Footwear
4 Conclusion
References
Epoxidised Natural Rubber in Latex Related Products
1 Introduction
2 ENR Latex Dipped Products
2.1 ENR Latex Concentration Using Membrane Technology
2.2 Dipping Process of ENR Latex Concentrate
2.3 ENR Latex Compounding Properties
2.4 ENR Latex Compounding Film Properties
3 Development of ENR Latex Foams
3.1 Physiochemical Properties of ENR Latex Concentrate
3.2 Foamability and Stability Study of ENR Latex
3.3 Fabrication of ENR Latex Foam
3.4 Application of ENR Latex Foam
4 ENR Latex Adhesive
4.1 Adhesive Market Demand
4.2 ENR Latex Wallpaper Adhesive
4.3 ENR Latex Multicolour Adhesive
4.4 ENR Latex Paper Adhesive
5 ENR Latex Paint for Interior and Exterior Applications
5.1 Potential Outlook of Paints and Coatings
5.2 Challenges with Paints and Coatings
5.3 Technical Attributes of Interior and Exterior of ENR Latex Paints
5.4 Large-Scale Applications
6 ENR-Based Paint for Visual Arts
6.1 Appearances and Techniques in Paintings Using ENR-Based Paint
6.2 Water Resistance of ENR-Based Paint
6.3 Lightfastness of ENR-Based Paint
6.4 Common Painting Techniques Using ENR-Based Paint
6.5 Step-By-Step Guide to Create Paintings Using ENR-Based Paint
7 Conclusions
References
Epoxidised Natural Rubber in Other Applications
1 Introduction
2 Application of ENR in Fuel Cell Membrane
3 Applications of Liquid ENR (LENR)
3.1 LENR in Adhesives
3.2 LENR as Toughening Agent and Impact Modifier
3.3 LENR in Grafting and Modification of Rubbers
3.4 LENR as Blending Aids
4 Application of ENR as Thermoplastic Epoxidised Natural Rubber (TPENR)
4.1 ENR Thermoplastic Vulcanisate
4.2 ENR/TPU Blend
4.3 ENR/PVC Blend
4.4 ENR/PLA Blend
5 Application of ENR TPE as FDM 3D Printing Material
6 Conclusion
References
Environmental Sustainability and Life Cycle Assessment for Epoxidised Natural Rubber (ENR) Processing
1 Introduction to Sustainability and Life Cycle Assessment
2 Issues Related to the Environmental Sustainability of ENR Processing
2.1 Regulatory Framework
2.2 Demand for Environmental Sustainability Information on ENR Processing
3 LCA Case Study to Produce ENR 25
3.1 Life Cycle Inventory
3.2 Life Cycle Impact Assessment—Characterisation
3.3 Life Cycle Impact Assessment—Damage Assessment
3.4 Life Cycle Impact Assessment—Weighting
4 Conclusion
References
Economic and Market Trends of Specialty Rubber
1 Global Economic Trends
2 An Overview of Global and Domestic Economic Growth
3 Issues and Challenges
3.1 Structural Economic and Technological Forces
3.2 Demographics and Human Development
3.3 Enduring and Increasing National Debt
3.4 Disintegrated Environment for Increased Trading
4 The Malaysian Rubber Industry—Background and Prospect
4.1 Global NR Supply and Demand
4.2 Specialty Rubber and Potential Market Analysis
5 Moving Forward
5.1 Tilt Towards Asia
6 Conclusion
References
