Environmental Sustainability of Biofuels: Prospects and Challenges

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Environmental Sustainability of Biofuels: Prospects and Challenges
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Contents
Contributors
Chapter 1: Biofuels in environmental security
1. Introduction
2. Biofuel and environmental quality on food security
3. Empirical model
4. Findings and discussion
5. Conclusions
References
Further reading
Chapter 2: Biofuels and sustainable development goals
1. Introduction
2. Biofuel in the energy sector
3. Sustainable biofuel expansion
3.1. Biofuel and food nexus
3.2. Bioenergy and biomass
3.3. Bioenergy and sustainability
3.4. Biofuels and sustainable development goals
4. Bioenergy integration in the bioeconomy
4.1. Biofuel and future trends
5. Opportunities and challenges of the biofuel sustainability transition
References
Chapter 3: Biofuels an option for agro-waste management
1. Introduction
2. Agro-waste sources and characteristics
2.1. Agro-waste sources
2.2. Agro-waste sources and characteristics
3. Biofuel production from agro-waste
3.1. Biogas
3.2. Bio-alcohol
3.3. Biohydrogen
3.4. Biodiesel
3.5. Bio-oil and syngas
4. Agro-waste management: Role and challenges
5. Conclusions
References
Chapter 4: Biofuels and land use/land cover change nexus
1. Introduction
2. LULC, biofuel, its types, and its relation to LULC
3. Major drivers of LULC
4. Biofuel and LULC changes in India
5. Impact of biofuel production on LULC changes and vice versa
5.1. Land use land cover changes (LULC) due to biofuels development
5.1.1. Direct land-use changes (dLUC)
5.1.2. Indirect land-use change (idLUC)
5.1.3. Complexity of the mechanisms
5.2. Effects of LULC on biofuel production
5.3. Socioeconomic and environmental impacts
6. Challenges and future perspectives
7. Conclusions
References
Chapter 5: World biofuel continuum: Issues and challenges
1. Introduction
2. Global biofuel situation and outlook
2.1. Global biofuel market
2.2. Global biofuel outlook
3. Challenges for the issues and problems of biofuels
3.1. Environmental challenges
3.2. Production costs
3.3. Biofuel demand for agricultural markets
3.4. Biofuel effect on food security
3.5. Sustainability and other problems
4. Impact of the EV shift on global biofuel and agricultural markets
4.1. Global EV shift
4.2. Impact of the EV shift on global biofuel markets
4.3. Impact of EV shift on global agricultural markets
5. Discussion and conclusions
References
Chapter 6: Impacts of the biofuel industry on the environment
1. Introduction
2. Biofuel industry
3. Cause of concern in biofuel production and consumption
4. Methodological interventions for environmental concerns
5. Impacts
5.1. Impact on land use change and related issues
5.2. Impact on energy use
5.3. Impact on water use
5.4. Impact on biodiversity
5.4.1. Emissions of soil nitrous oxide
5.5. Impact on soil organic carbon
5.6. Other environmental impacts
6. Conclusions and recommendations
References
Chapter 7: Biofuel production: An initiative of environmentally sound technologies (ESTs) or Green technologies
1. Introduction
2. Biofuels as a viable alternative source of energy
2.1. Benefits of biodiesel
3. Process of biofuel production
3.1. Pyrolysis
3.2. Microemulsion method
3.3. Dilution/blending
3.4. Transesterification
4. Green raw material selection for biofuel production
4.1. First-generation biofuel feedstocks
4.2. Second-generation biofuel feedstocks
4.3. Third-generation biofuel feedstocks
4.4. Fourth-generation biofuel feedstocks
5. Green additives used in biofuel production
6. Biofuels, the carbon cycle, and net energy balances
7. Biofuels as a part of enhancing air quality
7.1. Combustion features of biofuel
7.1.1. Properties and combustion profile of ethanol
7.1.2. Properties and combustion profile of biodiesel
7.2. Biofuels for reduced GHG emissions and improved air quality
8. Cost benefits green technologies for biofuel production
9. The environmental impact of biofuel and its sensitivity
9.1. Impacts on water resources
9.2. Impacts on soil resources
9.3. Impacts on biodiversity
10. Biofuels and the sustainability challenge
10.1. Economic sustainability
10.2. Environmental sustainability
10.3. Social sustainability
11. Conclusions
References
Chapter 8: Impact assessment of global biofuel regulations and policies on biodiversity
1. Introduction
2. Major factors of biofuel regulations and policies
2.1. Carbon tax and its implication on biofuel-related policy
3. Global major biofuel producer and consumer
4. Biofuel regulation and policy of major biofuel producer
4.1. Biofuel regulation and policy in the United States
4.2. Biofuel regulation and policy in Brazil
4.3. Biofuel regulation and policy in Indonesia
4.4. Biofuel regulation and policy in Germany
4.5. Biofuel regulation and policy in China
4.6. Biofuel regulation and policy in Thailand
4.7. Biofuel regulation and policy in France
4.8. Biofuel regulation and policy in the Netherlands
4.9. Biofuel regulation and policy in Spain
4.10. Biofuel regulation and policy in Argentina
5. Implication on land requirement and ecosystem
5.1. Impact of the first generation of biofuel
5.2. Impact of the second generation of biofuel
5.3. Impact of the third generation of biofuel
5.4. Impact of the fourth generation of biofuel
6. Conclusions
References
Chapter 9: Prospects of R&D in the biofuel sector/industry
1. Introduction
2. Biofuels-Overview
3. Types of biofuels
3.1. First-generation biofuels
3.2. Second-generation biofuels
3.3. Third-generation biofuels
3.4. Fourth-generation biofuels
4. Biofuels industry (R&D)
4.1. Environmental impacts of biofuels
4.2. Technologies in biofuels
4.3. Research in biofuels
5. Feedstock
5.1. Sugar and starch
5.2. Plant oils
5.3. Aquatic sources
5.4. Forestry and agricultural wastes
5.5. Municipal wastes
6. Issues in development
6.1. Social and economic issues
6.2. Environmental issues
7. R&D for feedstock development
7.1. Cultivation features
7.2. Harvesting and processing features
7.3. Biorefineries
7.3.1. Bioethanol and biobutanol production
7.4. Synthetic biofuels
8. Conclusions
References
Chapter 10: Biofuel consumption and global climate change: Solutions and challenges
1. Introduction
2. Transport sector emissions
3. Biofuels in major economies
4. Scale of biofuels potential
5. Plausible range of biofuel deployment
6. Sustainability concerns with biofuels
6.1. Land use change
7. Biofuels and sustainable transport system
8. Conclusions
References
Chapter 11: Algae as a feedstock for biofuel production
1. Introduction
2. Biofuel feedstock resources and their generations
3. Algae and biofuel production
3.1. Biodiesel production strategies using algal feedstock
3.2. Bioethanol production from algae
3.3. Biogas production strategies using algal feedstock
4. Algal biorefinery for combined biofuel production
5. Future prospects in algal biofuel production
References
Chapter 12: Biofuel: A unique solution for the future energy crisis
1. Introduction
2. Biofuel and their types
2.1. Bioethanol
2.2. Biodiesel
2.3. Biogas
2.4. Syngas
2.5. Bioethers
3. Biofuel sources and generations
4. Global trend of investment in biofuels
5. Significant environmental issues associated with biofuel production
5.1. Biofuels' sustainability
5.2. Life cycle assessment
5.3. Greenhouse gas emissions and biofuels
5.3.1. Soil carbon and carbon sinks
5.3.2. N2O emissions from biofuels
5.4. Land use
5.5. Water consumption
5.6. Wider pollution issues
5.6.1. Feedstock production
5.6.2. Storage and conversion
5.7. Biodiversity
6. Biofuels-Improves renewable energy crisis
7. Conclusions
References
Chapter 13: Genetic engineering and fifth-generation biofuels
1. Introduction
1.1. First-generation biofuels
1.2. Second generation biofuels
1.3. Third-generation biofuels
1.4. Fourth-generation biofuels
2. Technical overview of biofuel production
3. Emergence of next-generation biofuel
4. Genetic manipulation of lignocellulosic biomass
5. Genetic engineering of algae
6. Genetic engineering of lipid metabolism
7. Genetic modification of carbohydrate metabolism
8. Microalgae cultivation
8.1. Photobioreactors
8.2. Open ponds
8.3. Closed fermenters
9. Algal oil extraction pathways
9.1. Mechanical methods
9.2. Enzymatic conversion
9.3. Catalytic cracking
10. Genetic engineering in prokaryotes
11. Approaches to engineering next-generation biofuel
12. Lignocellulolytic organisms
13. Outlook and conclusions
References
Chapter 14: Application of waste biomass into automotive fuels
1. Introduction
2. Plastics energy
3. Experimental result analysis
3.1. Effect on brake thermal efficiency
3.2. Effect on specific fuel consumption
3.3. Carbon monoxide (CO)
3.4. Effect on hydrocarbon emissions
3.5. Effect on nitrogen oxides emissions
4. Full factorial design-Optimization on blend ratio
4.1. Response optimization of fuel consumption and emissions
5. Conclusions
References
Chapter 15: Biofuel: A prime eco-innovation for sustainability
1. Introduction
2. Types of biofuel
2.1. Gas biofuels
2.2. Liquid biofuels
2.3. Solid biofuels
3. Sources of biofuel
3.1. Plant-based biomass
3.2. Microbial biomass
4. Techniques for biofuel generation
5. Nanotechnology in biofuel production
6. Sustainability analysis
6.1. Feedstocks accessibility
6.2. Emission reduction
6.3. Green economy
7. Challenges and future perspectives
8. Conclusion
References
Chapter 16: Life cycle sustainability of biofuels
1. Introduction
2. Current portfolio of potential feedstocks for clean biofuel generation
3. Sustainability performance indicators for biofuels
4. Economic scenario and sociopolitical acceptance of biofuels
4.1. Challenges
5. Conclusions and future perspectives
References
Chapter 17: Are algal biofuels an answer to the petrochemical crisis?
1. The growing energy demand
1.1. Linkage of a nation's energy consumption to its economic development
2. The uncertainty
3. The alternative fuel and its limitations
4. Possible solutions for making third-generation biofuel economically viable
5. Are they really safe always?
6. Conclusions
References
Chapter 18: Impacts of progressive biofuels on environmental sustainability
1. Introduction
2. Administration environment
3. Defining bioenergy's environmental sustainability
4. Biofuels environmental sustainability indicators
4.1. First dimension: Kind of feedstock
4.2. Second dimension: Position of feedstock
4.3. Third dimension: Management of feedstock
4.4. Fourth dimension: The size of the feedstock's footprint
4.5. Fifth dimension: Field in its principal state
4.6. Sixth dimension: Services to the ecosystem
5. Industrial processing impacted by environmental sustainability: The downstream dimension
6. Environmental sustainability from a global viewpoint
7. Results and discussion
References
Chapter 19: Role of nanoadditives in biofuel production
1. Introduction
2. Biofuel types and their production
2.1. Bioethanol
2.2. Biodiesel
2.3. Biogas
2.4. Biohydrogen
2.5. Biobutanol
3. Role of nanoadditives in biofuel production
4. Nanoadditive types
4.1. Carbon nanotubes
4.2. Enzymes
4.3. Graphene and its oxides
4.4. Metal and its oxides
5. Future prospects
6. Conclusions
References
Chapter 20: A chemical approach towards the sustainability of biofuels: Environmental and economic aspects
1. Introduction
2. Biofuel
3. Biofuels sources: Constituents of biomass
3.1. Cellulose
3.2. Hemicellulose
3.3. Lignin
3.4. Starch
4. Conversion of such components to biofuels
5. Economic aspect
6. Conclusions
References
Further reading
Chapter 21: Sustainable aviation biofuels
1. Introduction
2. Renewable feedstocks for aviation biofuels
2.1. Energy crops
2.2. Lignocellulosic wastes and residues
2.3. Municipal and industrial wastes
2.4. Waste oils
2.5. Algae
3. Sustainable aviation fuels
4. Production technologies for bioaviation fuels
4.1. Thermochemical process
4.2. Hydroprocessing
4.3. Biochemical process
4.4. Liquid hydrogen and liquid methane
4.5. Transesterification of oils/fats
5. Sustainability and challenges
5.1. Environmental and social challenges
5.2. Production challenges
5.3. Feedstock availability and sustainability
5.4. Feedstock impurities
5.5. Compatibility with conventional fuel
6. Conclusions
References
Index
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