This book describes how exposure to various classes of endocrine disruptors, as well as other environmental chemicals targeting the endocrine system by alternative non-endocrine mechanisms, impact on endocrinological and endocrinological-related diseases. It includes comprehensive reviews of all aspects of environmental endocrinology, ranging from sources and patterns of exposure and identification of endocrine targets to direct endocrine disruptive mechanisms and indirect actions on the endocrine system, the latter including endocrine cell-directed cytotoxicity, oxidative damage, and genetic and epigenetic aberrations resulting in endocrine damage. It also examines the causal pathways and offers an extensive overview of downstream endocrinological and endocrinological-related disorders. In addition, several chapters focus on transgenerational actions, which are a topic of particular interest. Lastly, evidence from preclinical and clinical studies provides the basis for an in-depth, critical discussion of each topic. The book is part of the SpringerReference program, which provides access to ‘living editions’ that are constantly updated using a dynamic peer-review publishing process.
Author(s): Rosario Pivonello, Evanthia Diamanti-Kandarakis
Series: Springer Nature Reference
Edition: 1
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Tags: Environmental Endocrinology; Endocrine Disruptors; Endocrine Diseases; Endocrinology & Metabolism
Series Preface
Volume Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Contributors
1 Environmental Endocrinology
Introduction
The Concept of an Endocrine Disruptor
Environmental Factors and the Endocrine System
Endocrine Physiology and Environmental Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals
Hypothalamus and Pituitary Physiology
Thyroid Physiology
Adrenal Physiology
Reproductive Physiology
Bone Physiology
Endocrine Pancreas, Adipose Tissue, and Cardiovascular Physiology
Mechanisms of Environment-Mediated Endocrine Disruption
Challenges and Future Directions
Conclusion
References
2 Environmental Impact on the Hypothalamus-Pituitary Axis
Introduction
Environmental Factors, EDCs, and the Pituitary
Influences from the Environment
Role of EDCs
EDCs and Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Peripheral Glands Axes: An Overview
Pituitary Tumors Pathophysiology and Clinical Expression: The Role of the Interaction Between EDCs, AHR, and AIP
In Vitro Studies
Animal Studies
In Vivo Effects of EDC on Pituitary Gland
Conclusion
References
3 Environmental Endocrinology and the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis
Introduction
HPT Axis
HPT Function and the Classes of EDCs
Industrial Chemicals and the HPT Axis
Organotin Compounds
Organochlorines and Organophosphate Pesticides
Phthalates and Plasticizers
Heavy Metals
Cosmetics and Sunscreen
Food and Isoflavones
Conclusions
References
4 Environmental Impact on the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis
Introduction
Part 1: The Mechanisms of Adaptation of the HPA Axis Under Environmental Stimuli
The Stress System: Components and Properties
Components of the Stress System
Equilibrium of the Stress System
Intensity and Duration of Stress
Stress System Physiological Stimuli
Circadian Rhythm
Gender
Aging
Prenatal Stress
Early-Life Stress
Maternal Care
Diet
Physical Activity
Temperature
Stress System Pathological Stimuli
Immune Response
Somatic Stressors
Neuropsychological Factors
HPA Dysregulation
Stress-Induced Adrenal Conditions
Part 2: Environmental Endocrine Disruptors and the HPA Axis
Plasticizers
Phthalates
Bisphenol A
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
Flame Retardants
Pesticides
Insecticides
Herbicides
Fungicides
Air Particulate Matter Pollution
Other Compounds
Licorice
Cadmium
Arsenic
Conclusion
References
5 Environmental Impact on the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Ovary Axis
EDCs and Development of Gonadal Axis
Sleep Disorders, Behavioral Disturbances, and Steroids As Endocrine Disruptors Affecting Gonadal Axis
Homeostatic Role for the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis
Sleep Disorders As a Disruptor of the Secretory Activity of HPG Axis
Direct Effects of Endocrine Disruptors on Hypothalamus and Pituitary
EDCs and the Effect on Ovary and Uterus
Effects on the Ovarian Development and Postnatal Period Including Folliculogenesis and Endometrium
Bisphenol A
Phthalates
Diethylstilbestrol (DES)
Effects of EDs on the Steroidogenesis
Bisphenol A
Phthalates
Diethylstilbestrol
Tributyltin
EDs and Metabolic Changes in Reproductive Disorders
EDs Actions on Puberty and Menstrual Cycle
Bisphenol A
Phthalates
Pesticides
Environmental Pollutants
Estrogens
Androgens
Conclusion
References
6 Environmental Impact on Female Fertility and Pregnancy
Introduction
Environmental Factors and Impairment of Female Fertility (Table 2)
Impairment of Nonassisted Female Fertility
Impairment of Assisted Female Fertility
Effect of Environmental Factors on Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovarian (HPO) Axis Resulting into Negative Pregnancy Outcomes
Ectopic Pregnancy
Pregnancy Losses
Gestational Diabetes
Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy
Preterm Birth
Intrauterine Growth Restriction
Small for Gestational Age
Large for Gestational Age
Birth Defects
Transgenerational Epigenetic Effects
Conclusion
References
7 The Role of the Environment in Female Reproductive Disorders
Introduction
The Ovarian Dysgenesis Syndrome
Impact of Environmental Factors on Female Reproductive Disorders: Focusing on Endocrine Disruptors
Irregular Menstrual Cyclicity
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Endometriosis
Premature Ovarian Insufficiency
Fibroids
Impact of Environmental Factors on Disorders of Puberty in Females: Focusing on Endocrine Disruptors
Precocious Puberty
Impact of Environmental Factors on Female Hormone-Related Cancers: Focusing on Endocrine Disruptors
Breast Cancer
Endometrial Cancer
Ovarian Cancer
Moving Forward: Summary and Future Directions
References
8 Environmental Impact on the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Testis Axis
Introduction
Mechanism of Action of EDCs on Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis
Bisphenol A
Phthalates
Perfluoroalkyl Substances
Heavy Metals
Pesticides
Dioxin and Dioxin-Like Compounds
Lifestyles
Temperature
Radiation
Conclusions
References
9 Environmental Impact on Semen Quality and Male Fertility
Introduction
Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals
Bisphenol-A
In Vitro and Animal Studies
Human Epidemiological Studies
Phthalates
In Vitro and Animal Studies
Human Epidemiological Studies
Perfluorochemicals
In Vitro and Animal Studies
Human Epidemiological Studies
Organophosphates
In Vitro and Animal Studies
Human Epidemiological Studies
Polychlorinated Biphenyls
In Vitro and Animal Studies
Human Epidemiological Studies
Other Environmental Pollutants
Heavy Metals
Cadmium
Mercury
Lead
Chromium
Arsenic
Air Pollution
Temperature
Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields
Conclusions
References
10 The Role of the Environment in Testicular Dysgenesis Syndrome
Introduction
Endocrine Disrupting Compounds: General Considerations
Estrogen Receptors
Androgen Receptors
Endocrine Disrupting Compounds Targeting the Male Reproductive System
Exposure to Endocrine Disrupting Compounds with Estrogenic Properties
Exposure to Endocrine Disrupting Compounds with Anti-Androgenic Properties
Exposure to Endocrine Disrupting Compounds with Mixed Properties
The Environment-Genes Component in Testicular Dysgenesis Syndrome: Contribution to Testicular Cancer Etiology
Conclusions
References
11 Environmental Impact on Sexual Response
Introduction
EDCs and Sexual Differentiation
Physiology of Sexual Differentiation
The Influence of EDCs on Sexual Differentiation
EDCs and Sexual Function
Physiology of Sexual Response
EDCs and Sexual (Dys)function
EDCs, Sexual Orientation, and Gender Identity
Biological Basis of Sexual Orientation
Biological Basis of Gender Identity
The Influence of EDCs on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity
Conclusions and Future Directions
References
12 Environmental Impact on Bone Health
Abbreviations
Introduction
Bone Metabolism
Exposure to Light (Photoperiod) and Climate Conditions
Disorders of Nutrition
Socioeconomic and Sociocultural Environment
Air Pollutants
Endocrine Disruptors
Bisphenol A
Alkylphenols
Diethylstilbestrol
Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)
Phthalate Esters
Dioxins
Parabens
Cadmium
Conclusions
References
13 Environmental Impact on Immune System
Introduction
Effects of EDCs on Immune Cells
Neutrophils
Monocytes and Macrophages
Natural Killers
Mast Cells and Eosinophils
Dendritic Cells
Lymphocytes
Potential Role of EDCs in Allergic Disease
Potential Role of EDCs in Autoimmune Disease
Environmental Circadian Disruption and Inflammation
Food and Immune System
The Nutrient-Organism Interface: Epithelial Barrier, Gut-Resident Immune Cells, and Microbiome
Signaling Effectors in Response to Nutritional Status
The Effects of Micronutrients on the Immune System
Nutritional Status and Immune Function
Microbiome and the Immune System
Role of Microbiota in Immune Homeostasis
Innate Immune System-Microbiota Crosstalk
Adaptive Immune System-Microbiota Crosstalk
Conclusions
References
14 Environmental Impact on Metabolism
Introduction
Gut Microbiota in Health and Metabolic Diseases
Obesogens and Microbiota
Obesogens and Metabolic Effects
Diabetogens and Microbiota
T2D and Microbiota
Low-Grade Inflammation and Gut Permeability
SCFAs
Diabetogens and Metabolic Effects
Statins
EDCs: The Diabetogen Hypothesis
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP)
BPA
Arsenic and Phthalates
EDCs Mixtures
The EDCs-Microbiota-Metabolism Triad
Conclusions
References
15 The Role of the Environment in Neuroendocrine Tumors
Introduction
Epidemiology
Biology of Neuroendocrine Tumors
Risk Factors for Neuroendocrine Tumors
Family History of Cancer and Risk of NET Development
Genetics of Neuroendocrine Tumors
Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Signaling Pathway
Notch and Hedgehog Signaling Pathways
Growth Factors Impact on NET Development
Disruption of DNA Damage Repair in NET Pathogenesis
Mutations Associated with NET Pathogenesis
Epigenetic Landscape of Neuroendocrine Tumors
Aging
Gender
Ethnicity
Lifestyle
Obesity
Nutrition
Radiation
The Role of Immune System in NET Pathogenesis and Progression
Exposure to Endocrine Disruptors
Conclusion
References
16 The Role of the Environment in Endocrine Cancers
Introduction
Gonadal Cancer
Ovarian Cancer
Cervical Cancer
Endometrial Cancer
Testicular Cancer
Adrenal Cancer
Conclusion
References
17 The Role of the Environment in Hormone-Related Cancers
Introduction
Overview of Risk Factors Linked to Endocrine-Related Cancers
Chemical Factors Related to Pathogenesis of Endocrine-Related Cancers
Endocrine Disruptors
Heavy Metals
Cigarette Smoking
Biological Factors Related to Pathogenesis of Endocrine-Related Cancers
Obesity
Circadian Disruption
Breast Cancer
Basic Facts and Mechanisms Involved in Breast Cancer
Chemical Factors Related to Pathogenesis of Breast Cancer
Endocrine Disruptors
Human Studies
Animal Studies
In Vitro Studies
Heavy Metals
Cigarette Smoking
Ethanol
Biological Factors Related to Pathogenesis of Breast Cancer
Obesity
Circadian Disruption
Endometrial Cancer
Basic Facts on Endometrial Cancer
Selected Chemical and Biological Factors Related to Pathogenesis of Endometrial Cancer
Endocrine Disruptors
Heavy Metals
Obesity
Prostate Cancer
Basic Facts on Prostate Cancer
Chemical and Physical Factors Related to the Pathogenesis of Prostate Cancer
Endocrine Disruptors
Humans
Animal Studies
In Vitro Studies
Smoking
Ionizing Radiation
Biological Factors Related to the Pathogenesis of Prostate Cancer
Obesity
Shift Work
Conclusion
References
Index
