Environmental Concerns and Remediation: Proceedings of F-EIR Conference 2021

Preface
Contents
Chapter 1: UHMWPE/OPA Composite Coatings on Ti6Al4V Alloy as Protective Barriers in a Biological-Like Medium
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Materials
1.3 Experimental Methods
1.3.1 Surface Preparation
1.3.2 Synthesis of UHMWPE Coatings
1.3.3 Synthesis of Octadecylphosphonic Acid Coatings/UHMWPE-OPA Coatings
1.3.4 Structural Characterization
1.3.5 Electrochemical Characterization
1.4 Results and Discussion
1.4.1 Structural Characterization
1.4.2 Electrochemical Measurements
1.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 2: Multifunctional Behavior of TiO2 Cementitious Composites for Photocatalyst Air Cleaning and Energy Saving
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Materials and Methods
2.2.1 Materials
2.2.2 Mixture Design and Sample Preparation
2.2.3 Methods
2.3 Results and Discussion
2.3.1 Photocatalytic Activity
2.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 3: Co-Utilization of Slag By-products from Steel Industries in Sustainable Concrete
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Experimental Details
3.2.1 Binder Materials
3.2.2 Coarse and Fine Aggregates
3.2.3 Mixture Proportion and Specimen Preparation
3.2.4 Test Methods
3.3 Results and Discussion
3.3.1 Workability
3.3.2 Density and Compressive Strength
3.3.3 Water Absorption and Surface Resistivity
3.3.4 Mass Change
3.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: MPCM-based Porous Cementitious Composites for Enhanced Energy Efficiency of Smart Buildings
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Materials and Methods
4.2.1 Materials
4.2.2 Methods
4.3 Thermal Experimental Results
4.4 Mechanical Experimental Results
4.5 SEM Analysis
4.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 5: Usage of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag on Mechanical and Absorption Properties of Concrete
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Experimental Programs
5.2.1 Materials and Methods
5.2.2 Mix Proportions and Identifications
5.3 Results and Discussion
5.3.1 Properties of Fresh Concrete
5.3.2 Hardened Concrete Properties
5.3.2.1 Compressive Strength
5.3.2.2 Split Tensile Strength
5.3.2.3 Flexural Strength
5.4 Durability Properties
5.4.1 Water Absorption Test
5.4.2 Sorptivity Test
5.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 6: Study on Self-Compacting Concrete Using Marble Powder with Silpozz
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Experimental Study
6.2.1 Material Used and Properties
6.3 Experimental Results and Discussions
6.3.1 Compressive Strength
6.3.2 Splitting Tensile Strength
6.3.3 Flexural Strength
6.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Contribution of Waste Paper Sludge on the Mechanical and Durability Attributes of Concrete: A Review
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Physical and Chemical Properties of WPSA
7.2.1 Physical Properties of WPSA
7.2.2 Chemical Composition
7.3 Generation and Environmental Significance of WPS
7.3.1 Concentrations of Heavy Metals
7.4 Characterization of WPS and Its Effects on Concrete
7.4.1 Characterization of the Waste Paper Sludge
7.4.2 Influence of WPSA on the Properties of Cement Blended Paste and Concrete
7.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 8: Investigating the Effect of Corn Cob Ash on the Characteristics of Cement Paste and Concrete: A Review
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Properties of Corn Cob Ash
8.2.1 Chemical Composition
8.2.2 Physical Properties
8.3 Effect of Corn Cob Ash on the Mechanical and Durability Attributes of Concrete
8.3.1 Initial and Final Setting Time
8.3.2 Soundness
8.3.3 Hydration of Cement Paste with CCA
8.3.4 Workability
8.3.5 Compressive Strength
8.3.6 Tensile Strength
8.3.7 Density
8.3.8 Water Absorption
8.3.9 Permeability
8.3.10 Chemical Attack
8.3.11 Sulfate Resistance
8.4 Conclusion and Recommendations
References
Chapter 9: Influence of Copper Slag on the Mechanical Properties of Concrete: A Review
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Physical and Chemical Properties of Copper Slag
9.2.1 Physical Properties
9.2.2 Chemical Properties of Copper Slag
9.3 Problems Associated with Copper Slag
9.4 Effect of Copper Slag on Concrete
9.4.1 Workability
9.4.2 Compressive Strength
9.4.3 Split Tensile Strength
9.4.4 Flexural Strength
9.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 10: Experimental Study on Fly Ash and Ground Granulated Blast Slag-Based Geopolymer Corbels
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Research Significance
10.3 Experimental Programme
10.3.1 Materials Used
10.3.2 Mix Proportions
10.3.3 Mixing, Casting, Compacting and Curing of Double Corbel Samples
10.3.4 Testing of Double Corbel Samples
10.4 Results and Discussion
10.4.1 Failure Pattern of Unreinforced and Reinforced Samples
10.4.2 Comparison of Experimental Shear Capacity with Theoretical Capacity
10.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 11: Environmental Remediation for Cementitious Systems Using Titania Nanocomposites
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Market Share of Construction Steel Usage in Different Countries
11.1.2 Photochemistry Principles of Self-Healing
11.1.3 Approach Towards Environmental Remediation and Sustainability
11.2 Materials and Methods
11.2.1 Dissipation of Nano Titania (NT)
11.2.2 Sample Preparation for Optimized Cement Composites
11.2.3 Sample Preparation for MgCl2/MgSO4 Aqueous Solution
11.2.4 Sample Preparation for Cement Concrete Composites
11.3 Test Results
11.4 Discussion of Results
11.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 12: Restoring Urban Green Cover of Chennai City: An Ecological Approach
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Need for Ecological Framework for Green Cover Improvement
12.3 Study Area
12.4 Restoring Urban Green Cover
12.4.1 Assessing the City’s Environmental Performance
12.4.1.1 Changes in the Per Capita Air Purification Service
12.4.1.2 Changes in the Per Capita Surface Heat Radiation
12.4.1.3 Changes in the Per Capita Urban Hydrological Process
12.4.2 Identifying Scenarios of Chennai City
12.4.3 Environmental Scenario
12.5 Developing Spatial Strategies
12.5.1 Plot-Level Strategies
12.5.2 Street-Level Strategies
12.5.3 Neighbourhood-Level Strategies
12.5.4 Regional-Level Strategies
12.6 Landscape Planning for Urban Green Cover
12.6.1 City-Level Green Cover Plan
12.6.2 Neighbourhood- or Ward-Level Green Cover Plan
12.6.3 Street-Level Green Cover Plan
12.6.4 Plot-Level Plan
12.6.5 Urban Green Cover Restoration Plan for Chennai City
12.7 Summary and Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Cities and Their Role in Promoting Sustainability
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Concept of Sustainability
13.1.2 Sustainability and SDG 11
13.1.3 Cities and Their Role in Sustainability
13.2 Prospects of Cities
13.2.1 Economic and Social Prospects of Cities
13.2.2 Economic Development Leading to Social Distress
13.2.3 Environmental Prospects of Cities
13.2.4 Vulnerability to Hazards in Urban Areas
13.3 Challenges Toward Future Urban Development
13.3.1 Urbanization Trends
13.3.2 Urban Infrastructure and Municipal Finance
13.4 Interventions for Sustainable Development of Cities
13.4.1 Government Schemes Targeted Toward Urban Development
13.4.2 Administrative Interventions and Good Governance
13.4.3 Proper Urban Planning for Cities
13.4.4 Improvement of Infrastructure for Better Quality of Life of City Dwellers
13.4.5 Environmental-Friendly Approach to Mitigate Ecological Concerns
13.4.6 Compact City Approach to Restrict Urban Sprawling and Greenfield Development
13.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: Predicting Landslide Susceptibility of a Mountainous Region Using a Hybrid Machine Learning-Based Model
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Study Area
14.3 Materials and Methods
14.3.1 Landslide Causative Factors (LCFs)
14.3.2 Bivariate Frequency Ratio (FR) Model
14.3.3 Support Vector Machine (SVM) Model
14.4 Result and Discussion
14.4.1 Test for Multicollinearity
14.4.2 LSM Using FR Model
14.4.3 LSM Using SVM Model
14.4.4 LSM Using FR-SVM Model
14.5 Discussion
14.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 15: Planning Strategies to Improve Deteriorating Living Environment of Hill Towns: A Case of Dharamshala
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Dharamshala—The Case Study
15.2.1 Demography
15.2.2 Location (Fig. 15.1)
15.3 Issues in Dharamshala Harming the Environment
15.4 Planning Interventions
15.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 16: Volatile Organic Compounds: The Concealed Depreciator of Indoor Air Quality
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Sources of Indoor Air Pollution
16.3 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
16.3.1 Formaldehyde
16.3.1.1 Sources
16.3.1.2 Health Effects
16.3.2 Benzene
16.3.2.1 Sources
16.3.2.2 Health Effects
16.3.3 Toluene
16.3.3.1 Sources
16.3.3.2 Health Effects
16.3.4 Xylene
16.3.4.1 Sources
16.3.4.2 Health Effects
16.3.5 Styrene
16.3.5.1 Sources
16.3.5.2 Health Effects
16.3.6 Naphthalene
16.3.6.1 Sources
16.3.6.2 Health Effects
16.4 Control of Indoor VOC Exposure
16.5 Volatile Organic Compounds and Indoor Air Quality
16.6 Strategies for Improving Indoor Air Quality
16.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 17: High Levels of Nitrate in Well Waters of Saipem Ward, Candolim, Goa
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Materials and Methods
17.2.1 Selection and Collection of Water Samples
17.2.2 Multiple-Tube Fermentation Technique
17.2.3 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Levels and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) of Water Samples
17.2.4 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
17.2.5 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
17.2.6 Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
17.2.7 Isolation of Xenobiotic-Degrading Bacteria by Selective Enrichment
17.2.8 Estimation of Total Phosphorus
17.2.9 IMViC Tests
17.2.10 Nitrate Estimation Using Cadmium Reduction Method
17.2.11 Microbial Nitrate Reduction Test
17.2.12 UV Spectrometric Analysis for Total Organic Carbon and Nitrate
17.3 Results and Discussion
17.3.1 High Coliform Load in Well Waters
17.3.2 DO, BOD, COD, TDS and TSS of Well Water Samples
17.3.3 Isolation and Characterization of Xenobiotic-Degrading Bacteria
17.3.4 Phosphorus and Nitrate in Well Water Samples
17.3.5 Ultraviolet Spectrometric Analysis of TOC and Nitrates
17.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 18: Fuel Cell Technology: The Future Ahead
18.1 Introduction
18.1.1 Basic Needs of Fuel Cells
18.2 The Theory Behind Fuel Cells
18.2.1 Electrochemical Reactions
18.2.1.1 Advantages of a Fuel Cell
18.2.1.2 Disadvantages of a Fuel Cell
18.2.2 Major Components of a Fuel Cell
18.2.2.1 Electrolyte in Fuel Cell
18.2.2.2 Cathode in Fuel Cell
18.2.2.3 Anode in Fuel Cell
18.3 Principle of Working
18.3.1 Step 1: Reactant Delivery
18.3.2 Step 2: Electrochemical Reactions
18.3.3 Step 3: Ionic and Electronic Conduction
18.3.4 Step 4: Product Removal
18.4 Power Generation and Performance of a Fuel Cell
18.5 Losses in Fuel Cells
18.5.1 Fuel Crossover and Internal Current Losses
18.5.2 Activation Losses
18.5.3 Ohmic Losses
18.5.4 Mass Transport Losses
18.6 Fuel Cell Efficiency
18.6.1 Ideal/Reversible Fuel Cell Efficiency
18.6.2 Real/Practical Fuel Cell Efficiency
18.7 Types of Fuel Cells
18.7.1 Low Temperature Fuel Cells
18.7.1.1 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs)
18.7.1.2 Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFCs)
18.7.1.3 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFCs)
18.7.2 High-Temperature Fuel Cells
18.7.2.1 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFCs)
18.7.2.2 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs)
18.8 Applications of Fuel Cells
18.8.1 Power Production
18.8.2 Cogeneration
18.8.3 Automobiles
18.8.4 Submarines
18.9 Conclusion
References
Index