As we enter a new millennium, the environmental issues faced by both developing and industrialised nations are as pressing as ever. Environmental biotechnologies are increasingly being viewed as a major weapon against environmental damage. Cleaner production is part of this strategy and yet there is still widespread ignorance about this emerging technology. Environmental Biotechnology and Cleaner Bioprocesses provides this information at various levels, from introductory to advanced. The first section covers the development of cleaner bioprocesses within the framework of sustainable development. Aspects of environmental policy for small and medium businesses are then discussed using case studies to illustrate principles. The second section covers the recycling and treatment of organic waste, including the use of aquatic plants and microalgae for wastewater treatment and recovery of nutrients. Section three covers bioremediation technologies and finally, section four is dedicated to emerging cleaner bioprocesses and environmentally sound products. All chapters have been written and edited by leading authorities in the field. Students and professionals interested in environmental biotechnology and cleaner production will find the background information and detail they require in this one convenient source.
Author(s): Eugenia J. Olguin, Gloria Sanchez, Elizabeth Hernandez
Publisher: CRC Press
Year: 1999
Language: English
Pages: 339
City: Boca Raton
Cover
Half Title
Title page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
List of Contributors
Foreword
Preface
Part One: General Aspects and Case Studies
1 Cleaner Bioprocesses and Sustainable Development
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Cleaner Bioprocesses
1.3 The Five R Policies
1.4 The Growth in Demand for Environmental Biotechnologies and Cleaner Processes
1.5 International Standards and Competitiveness as Promoters of Cleaner Processes
1.6 Research and Technological Organizations as Promoters of Clean Production Schemes
References
2 Environmental Policy for Small and Medium Enterprises
2.1 The Current Situation on Sustainable Development
2.2 The Situation in Mexico
2.3 Industrial Pollution
2.4 A Policy of Economic Incentives
2.5 Economic Incentives in Mexico
2.6 Some Conclusions
References
3 The Vital Issues Process: Managing Critical Infrastructures in the Global Arena
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Approach
3.3 Stakeholder Panellists
3.4 Panel Session Format
3.5 Pairwise Comparison Results/Data Presentation
3.6 The Puerto Rico Water Resources Management Initiative
3.7 Concluding Remarks
References
4 Environmental Impact of Nitrogen Fertilizers in the 'Baji Region of Guanajuato State, Mexico
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Materials and Methods
4.3 Results and Discussion
4.4 Conclusion
References
5 Impermeable Barrier Liners in Containment Type Landfills
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Compacted Clay Liners
5.3 Amended Soil Liners
5.4 Synthetic or Composite Liners
5.5 Factors Relevant to all Types of Liners
5.6 Permeability Testing
5.7 Conclusion
References
6 Control of Submicron Air Toxin Particles after Coal Combustion Utilizing Calcium Magnesium Acetate
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Background
6.3 Materials and Methods
6.4 Results and Discussion
6.5 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
Part Two: Recycling and Treatment of Organic Wastes
7 Duckweed-Based Wastewater Treatment for Rational Resource Recovery and Reuse
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Characteristics of Duckweeds
7.3 Duckweed and Domestic Wastewater Treatment
7.4 Integrated Concepts
7.5 Conclusions
References
8 Anaerobic Treatment of Tequila Vinasse
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Materials and Methods
8.3 Results and Discussion
Acknowledgements
References
9 Immobilization of Living Microalgae and their Use for Inorganic Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal from Water
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Microalgae and Cyanobacteria
9.3 Biological Wastewater Treatment
9.4 Utilization of Inorganic Nitrogen and Phosphorus by Cyanobacteria
9.5 Immobilization Techniques
9.6 Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgements
References
10 Engineered Reed Bed Systems for the Treatment of Dirty Waters
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Basis of Treatment
10.3 Horizontal Flow Beds
10.4 Downflow Beds
10.5 Overland Flow Beds
10.6 Sludge Treatment Beds
10.7 Application of Reed Bed Systems
10.8 Conclusions
References
Part Three: Removal of Recalcitrant Compounds
11 Immobilization of Non-viable Cyanobacteria and their Use for Heavy Metal Adsorption from Water
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Microbial Mechanisms for Removal of Metal Ions
11.3 Biomass Immobilization
11.4 Reactors for the Treatment of Metal-containing Effluents
11.5 Metal Biosorption by Immobilized Biomass
11.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
12 Bioremediation: Clean-up Biotechnologies for Soils and Aquifers
12.1 Introduction
12.2 The Soil: Where Contaminants and Microorganisms Meet
12.3 Microorganism Survival in Adverse Conditions
12.4 Advantages of Bioremediation
12.5 Knowing the Contaminated Site
12.6 Suitability of the Site for Biotreatability Tests
12.7 From Laboratory to Field
12.8 Bioremediation Monitoring in the Field
12.9 Bioremediation as a Clean Technology
12.10 Management Technology Needs
References
13 Increasing Bioavailability of Recalcitrant Molecules in Contaminated Soils
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Soil Bioremediation: An Emerging Technology
13.3 Bioavailability Constraints
13.4 General Strategies to Increase Bioavailability
13.5 Addition of Synthetic Surfactants
13.6 Increasing Bioavailability: General Recommendations
13.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
14 Bioremediation of Contaminated Soils
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Current Market for Bioremediation
14.3 Bioremediation Systems
14.4 Concluding Remarks
References
15 Environmental Oil Biocatalysis
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Pathways in Hydrocarbon Degradation
15.3 Genetics of Aromatic Hydrocarbon Biodegradation
15.4 Mechanisms of Genetic Adaptation
15.5 Final Remarks
References
Part Four: Cleaner Bioprocesses
16 Clean Biological Bleaching Processes in the Pulp and Paper Industry
16.1 Introduction
16.2 New Bleaching Processes
16.3 Enzymatic Bleaching
16.4 Production of Manganese-Dependent Peroxidase
16.5 Future Perspectives
Acknowledgements
References
17 The Cleaner Production Strategy Applied to Animal Production
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Cleaner Pig Production Units
17.3 Integrated System for Recycling Pig Wastewater, and Recovering Biogas, Spirulina and Lemna and Biomass (Biospirulinema System)
17.4 Final Remarks
References
18 Clean Technologies through Microbial Processes for Economic Benefits and Sustainability
18.1 Introduction
18.2 The Sugarcane and Sugar Processing Industry
18.3 The Palm Oil Industry
18.4 The Seafood Processing Industry
18.5 Concluding Remarks
References
19 Cleaner Biotechnologies and the Oil Agroindustry
19.1 Technology and Raw Materials
19.2 The Market
19.3 Structure and Application of Fats and Oils
19.4 Fat and Oil Biotechnology
19.5 The Coconut Industry: A Case Study
19.6 Fat Substitutes
19.7 Conclusions
References
20 In Search of Novel and Better Bioinsecticides
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Bioinsecticides based on Bt
20.3 Mode of Action of Bt 5-Endotoxins
20.4 Structure and Function of 5-Endotoxins
20.5 Transgenic Plants Resistant to Insects
20.6 Novel Systems using Bt
20.7 Concluding Remarks
References
21 Bacillus Thuringiensis: Relationship Between Cry Genes Expression and Process Conditions
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Mode of Action and Specificity of Bt 5-Endotoxins
21.3 Molecular Biology of Bt
21.4 Production of Bt
21.5 Conclusions
References
22 Cleaner Production Activities in Zimbabwe
22.1 Background
22.2 Project Inputs
22.3 Institutional Arrangement
22.4 Demonstration Projects
22.5 Information Dissemination
22.6 Cleaner Production Manual
22.7 Barriers Encountered During Demonstration Projects
22.8 Conclusions
References
Appendix A: Sample Calculation
Index
