Energy Systems Modeling and Policy Analysis

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Foreword
Preface
Author Biography
1 Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Complexity and Dynamics of Energy Systems
1.3 Concepts of Systems and System Dynamics
1.4 Modes of Behavior of Dynamic Systems
1.5 Linear Programming
1.6 Integrated Energy Systems and Systems Approach
1.7 Energy Modeling and Systems Approach
1.8 Systems Thinking and Modeling
1.9 Usefulness of Models
1.10 Energy Policy Analysis
1.11 Structure of the Book
References
2 Modeling and Simulation
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Models and Simulation
2.3 Systems Thinking
2.3.1 Systems Thinking Methodology
2.3.1.1 Problem Identification
2.3.1.2 Dynamic Hypothesis
2.3.1.3 Causal Loop Diagram
2.3.1.4 Stock–flow Diagram
2.3.1.5 Parameter Estimation
2.3.1.6 Model Validation, Sensitivity Analysis and Policy Analysis
2.3.1.7 Application of the Model
2.3.2 Critical Aspects of Systems Thinking
2.3.3 Participatory Systems Thinking
2.4 Causal Loop Diagrams
2.4.1 Steps in a Causal Loop Diagram
2.4.2 Examples of Causal Loop Diagrams
2.4.2.1 Population Model
2.4.2.2 Electricity Supply Model
2.4.2.3 Electricity Supply, Demand and Price Model
2.4.2.4 Ethanol Production Model
2.4.2.5 Fuelwood Supply and Afforestation Model
2.4.2.6 Global Warming Model
2.5 Stock–flow Diagrams
2.5.1 Stock
2.5.2 Flow
2.5.3 Converter
2.5.4 Delays
2.5.4.1 Role of Delay
2.5.4.2 Choice of Delay Function
2.5.5 Identification of Stock and Flow
2.5.6 Mathematical Representation of Stock and Flow
2.5.7 Solution Interval
2.5.8 Functions Without Integration
2.5.9 Functions Containing Integration
2.5.10 Information Delay
2.5.10.1 First-order Information Delay
2.5.10.2 Third-order Information Delay
2.5.11 Material Delay
2.5.12 Examples of Stock–flow Diagrams
2.5.12.1 Electricity Demand Model
2.5.12.2 Electricity Supply Model
2.5.12.3 Electricity Supply and Demand, and Price Model
2.5.12.4 Palm Oil Biodiesel Model
2.5.12.5 Emissions from Electricity Production Model
2.5.12.6 Gradual Transition to Renewable Energy Resources
2.5.12.7 Pollution Model
References
3 Optimization Methods
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Linear Programming
3.2.1 Example of a Linear Programming Problem
3.2.2 Simplex Method
3.3 Integer Programming
3.3.1 Branch and Bound Algorithm
3.4 Pareto Optimality
3.5 Examples of Linear Programming and Integer Programming Problems
3.6. Markal Model
3.6.1 Markal Modeling
3.6.2 Scenario Analysis
3.6.3 Energy Planning
References
4 Communication Techniques
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Standards for Communication and Information Exchange
4.3 Communication Technologies
4.3.1 Transmission Medium
4.3.1.1 Information Transfer Using Sound Waves
4.3.1.2 Information Transfer Using Light Waves
4.3.1.3 Information Transfer Using Electrical Signals
4.3.1.4 Information Transfer Using Electromagnetic Signals
4.3.2 Communication Channels
4.3.3 Terms Related to Communication Channels
4.3.3.1 Bandwidth
4.3.3.2 Available Bandwidth
4.3.3.3 Channel Bandwidth
4.3.3.4 Data Rate
4.3.4 Terms Related to Communication Signals
4.3.4.1 Gain
4.3.4.2 Power Gain
4.3.4.3 Attenuation
4.3.4.4 Noise
4.3.4.5 Signal Propagation Delay
4.3.4.6 Distortion
4.3.4.7 Electrical Noise
4.3.4.8 Signal-to-noise Ratio
4.3.4.9 Filters
4.3.4.10 Encoding and Decoding
4.4 Communication Systems
4.4.1 Wired Communication
4.4.1.1 Power-line Carrier
4.4.1.2 Twisted Pair Copper Cable
4.4.1.3 Coaxial Cable
4.4.1.4 Fiber-optic Cable
4.4.2 Wireless Communication
4.4.2.1 Radio Communication
4.4.2.2 Ultra-high Frequency
4.4.2.3 Microwave Radio
4.4.2.4 Cellular Mobile Communication
4.4.2.5 Satellite Communication
4.4.2.6 Geostationary Orbit Satellite Communication
4.4.2.7 Low Earth Orbiting Satellite Communication
4.4.3 Multiplexing
4.4.3.1 Frequency-division Multiplexing
4.4.3.2 Time-division Multiplexing
4.5 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) and Smart Grid
4.5.1 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)
4.5.2 Smart Grid
4.6 Smart Metering and Automation
4.6.1 Smart Meters
4.6.2 Smart Appliances
4.6.3 Advanced Metering Infrastructure
4.6.4 Electrical Substation Automation
4.6.4.1 Substation Automation Equipment
4.6.4.2 Types of Substation Automation
4.6.4.3 Substation Automation System Components
4.6.4.4 Substation Automation Information Flow
4.6.4.5 Substation Automation System Architecture
4.6.4.6 Smart Grid Control Center Applications
4.7 Cyber Security
4.7.1 Cyber Security Issues
4.7.2 Information Security Domains
4.7.2.1 Purpose of Domain Concept
4.7.2.2 Authority and Security Policy
4.7.2.3 Security Domain Model
4.7.3 Cyber Security: Objectives and Requirements for Smart Grid
4.7.3.1 Cyber Security Objectives
4.7.3.2 Cyber Security Requirements
4.7.3.3 Security Challenges
4.7.4 Attacks Against Smart Grid
4.7.4.1 Categories of Cyberattack
4.7.4.2 Cyberattacks Based on Three High-level Cyber Security Objectives
4.7.4.3 Cyberattacks Against Utility Companies
4.7.4.4 Cyberattacks Against Customers
4.7.4.5 Cyberattacks Against Wampac Systems
4.7.5 Countermeasures for Attacks Against Smart Grid
4.7.5.1 Countermeasures to Secure a Customer and Their Han on a Smart Grid
4.7.5.2 Practices for Securing the Other End of Smart Grid Utility Companies
4.8 Architecture of Communication Technology for Power Systems
4.8.1 Communication Infrastructure of Scada
4.8.2 Communication Infrastructure of a Smart Grid
4.9 Multi-agent Systems
4.9.1 Specifications of the Agents of Multi-agent Systems
4.9.2 Functional Architectures of Multi-agent Systems
4.9.3 Interoperability
4.9.4 Mas Modeling and Mas Simulation Platforms
4.9.5 Implementation Platforms of Multi-agent Systems
References
5 Modeling of Energy Demand, Supply and Price
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Energy Demand
5.2.1 Modeling of Energy Demand
5.2.1.1 Leap Model
5.2.1.2 System Dynamics Model
5.2.1.3 Artificial Neural Network Model
5.3 Energy Supply
5.3.1 Modeling of Energy Supply
5.4 Energy Balance
5.4.1 Approaches to Energy Balancing
5.4.1.1 Top-down Approach
5.4.1.2 Bottom-up Approach
5.4.2 Energy Balance Format
5.5 Energy Price
5.5.1 Price Based on Expectations
5.5.2 Price Based on Price Markup and Cost
5.5.3 Modeling of Energy Price
5.5.3.1 Indicated Price Model
5.5.3.2 Indicated Price Markup Model
References
6 Energy Use and Environmental Impact
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Global Issues
6.2.1 Global Climate Change
6.2.1.1 Greenhouse Effect
6.2.1.2 Impacts of Global Climate Change
6.2.2 Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
6.2.2.1 Extent and Effect of Ozone Layer Depletion
6.2.2.2 Activities That May Deplete the Ozone Layer
6.2.3 Biodiversity and Habitat Loss
6.3 Regional Issues
6.3.1 Land and Water Use and Degradation
6.3.2 Acid Deposition
6.3.2.1 Impact of Acid Precipitation
6.3.2.2 Sources of Acid Precipitation
6.3.3 Mobilization of Toxic Contaminants and Bioconcentration
6.3.4 Ocean Contamination
6.3.5 Radioactive Wastes
6.4 Local Issues
6.4.1 Urban Air Pollution
6.4.2 Indoor Air Pollution
6.4.3 Surface and Ground Water Pollution
6.4.4 Solid and Hazardous Wastes
6.5 Pollution and Global Warming
6.5.1 Air Emissions
6.5.2 Global Warming
6.5.3 Air Pollution
6.5.4 Water Effluents
6.5.5 Solid Wastes
6.6 Emission Factors
6.7 Modeling of Pollution and Global Warming
6.8 Modeling of Acid Rainfall
References
7 Modeling of Integrated Energy Systems
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Qualitative Integrated Energy Model for Rural Farming Systems
7.2.1 Energy Demand for the Farming Sector
7.2.1.1 Categories of Energy in the Rural Farm
7.2.1.2 Other Forms of Energy in the Farm
7.2.2 Energy Model with Some Feedback Loops
7.2.3 Energy Model: Forecasting, Policy Analysis and Optimization
7.3 Optimization of Integrated Energy Systems for Rural Farming Systems
7.3.1 Verbal Description of the Model
7.3.2 Linear Programming Model
7.3.2.1 Objective Function
7.3.2.2 Crop Production and Crop Residue
7.3.2.3 Livestock Sector: Maintenance and Services
7.3.2.4 Fertilizer Sector
7.3.2.5 Energy from Agriculture
7.3.2.6 Energy Demand Sector
7.3.2.7 Objective Function and Constraints
7.3.3 Model Validation and Policy Analysis
7.4 Optimization of Solar Hybrid Energy Systems Using Genetic Algorithms
7.4.1 Solar Pv–diesel Hybrid System
7.4.2 Genetic Algorithm
7.4.2.1 Main Requirements for Solar–diesel Hybrid System Design
7.4.3 Case Study: Sandwip, an Isolated Island
7.5 Modeling and Simulation of National Integrated Energy Systems
7.5.1 Integrated Energy Systems
7.5.2 System Dynamics and Leap Model of Integrated Energy Systems
7.5.3 Simulated Results
7.5.4 Environmental Effects
7.5.5 Policy Analysis
References
8 Modeling of Rural Energy Systems
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Verbal Description
8.3 Dynamic Hypothesis
8.4 System Dynamics Modeling of Integrated Rural Energy Systems
8.4.1 Population Sub-model
8.4.2 Crop Production Sub-model
8.4.2.1 Irrigated Land
8.4.3 Cattle Population Sub-model
8.4.3.1 Beef Cattle Population Sector
8.4.3.2 Dairy Cattle Population Sector
8.4.4 Fuel Consumption Sub-model
8.4.5 Rural Electrification Sub-model
8.4.6 Quality of Life Sub-model
8.5 Model Validation
8.6 Simulated Results
8.7 Concluding Remarks
References
9 Simulated Planning of Electric Power Systems
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Verbal Description
9.3 Dynamic Hypothesis
9.4 System Dynamics Modeling of Integrated Electric Power Systems
9.4.1 Causal Loop Diagram
9.4.2 Stock–flow Diagram
9.4.2.1 Electricity Demand Sector
9.4.2.2 Electricity Supply Sector
9.4.2.3 Price Sector
9.4.2.4 Co2 Emission Sector
9.4.2.5 Radiation Hazard Sector
9.5 Model Validation
9.6 Simulated Results
9.7 Policy Analysis
9.8 Concluding Remarks
9.8.1 Listing of Stella Model Equations
References
10 Operational Planning of Electrical Power Systems and Smart Grids
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Linear Programming Model
10.3 Markal Modeling
10.3.1 Markal Optimization
10.4 Optimal Power System Operation with Scada
10.4.1 What Is Scada?
10.4.2 Functions of Scada
10.4.3 Basics of Scada
10.4.4 Components of a Typical Scada System
10.4.5 Scada Control Center
10.4.6 Scada Communication System
10.4.7 Scada in Generating Stations
10.4.8 Scada in Power Distribution Systems
10.4.9 Scada Optimization of Integrated Energy Systems
10.4.10 Advanced Scada Concepts
10.5 Smart Grid
10.5.1 What Is a Smart Grid?
10.5.2 Functions of a Smart Grid
10.5.3 Why Use a Smart Grid?
10.5.3.1 Ageing of Transmission and Distribution Equipment and Lack of Circuit Capacity
10.5.3.2 Thermal Constraints of Transmission and Distribution Lines and Equipment
10.5.3.3 Operational Constraints of Voltage and Frequency Limits, Distributed Generation and Renewable Energy Generation
10.5.3.4 Security of Efficient and Reliable Supply of Electricity
10.5.4 Basic Concept of a Smart Grid
10.5.5 Components of a Smart Grid
10.5.5.1 Transmission Subsystem
10.5.5.2 Monitoring and Control Technology
10.5.5.3 Intelligent Grid Distribution Subsystem
10.5.5.4 Demand-side Management
10.5.5.5 Storage of Generated Energy
10.5.5.6 Smart Devices Interface
10.5.6 Communication in a Smart Grid
10.5.6.1 Smart Grid Communication Infrastructure
10.5.7 Smart Microgrid
10.5.8 Microgrid and Smart Grid
10.5.9 Microgrid and Renewable Energy Sources
10.5.10 Microgrid and Smart Cities
10.5.11 Smart Grid Optimization of Integrated Energy Systems
10.5.11.1 Objective Function and Constraints
10.5.12 Optimization of Integrated Energy Systems by Genetic Algorithm
10.5.13 Smart Grid/scada Integration
10.5.14 Smart Grid of the Future
10.5.15 Challenges of a Smart Grid
References
Index