Energy Storage Technologies in Grid Modernization

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1 Overview of Current Development and Research Trends in Energy Storage Technologies
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The Technology of Energy Storage
1.3 Energy Storage and Smart Grids
1.4 Energy Storage and Micro-Grids
1.5 Energy Storage Policy Recommendations
1.6 Energy Storage: Challenges and Opportunities
1.7 Practical Implementations of Energy Storage Technologies
1.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 2 A Comprehensive Review of the Li-Ion Batteries Fast-Charging Protocols
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Literature Review
2.2.1 Overview of Lithium-Ion Battery Working Principle
2.2.2 Principles of Battery Fast-Charging
2.2.3 Multi-Scale Design for Fast Charging
2.2.4 Electrode Materials
2.2.5 Fast-Charging Strategies
2.2.6 Types of Charging Protocols
2.2.7 Li-Ion Battery Degradation
2.2.8 Factors that Cause Battery Degradation
2.2.9 Degradation Mechanism of the Li-Ion Battery
2.2.10 Electrode Degradation in Lithium-Ion Batteries
2.2.11 The Battery Management System
2.2.12 Battery Technology Gap Assessment for Fast-Charging
2.2.13 Developmental Needs
2.3 Materials and Methods
2.4 Discussion
2.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 3 Development of Sustainable High.Performance Supercapacitor Electrodes from Biochar-Based Material
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Role of Energy Storage Systems in Grid Modernization
3.3 Overview of Current Developments of Supercapacitor-Based Electrical Energy Storage Technologies
3.4 Potential of Biochar as High-Performance Sustainable Material
3.5 Overview of Recent Developments in Biochar-Based EDLC Supercapacitor
3.5.1 Wood & Plant Residues as Biochar Precursor for Supercapacitor Applications
3.5.2 Biochar-Based Supercapacitors from Waste Biomass
3.5.3 Carbon-Based Supercapacitors from Other Methods
3.6 Current Challenges and Future Potential of Biochar-Based Supercapacitor
3.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4 Energy Storage Units for Frequency Management in Nuclear Generators-Based Power System
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Structure of the Chapter
4.1.2 Objective of the Chapter
4.2 Investigated System Modeling
4.2.1 Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) Model
4.2.2 Fuel Cell (FC) Model
4.2.3 Redox Flow Battery (RFB) Model
4.2.4 Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Based FC Model
4.2.5 Ultra-Capacitor (UC) Model
4.2.6 Supercapacitor Energy Storage (SCES) Model
4.3 Controller and Cost Function
4.4 Optimization Methodology
4.5 Impact Analysis of Energy Storage Units
4.5.1 Impact of BESS
4.5.2 Impact of FC
4.5.3 Impact of RFB
4.5.4 Impact Analysis of the PEM-FC
4.5.5 Impact Analysis of UC
4.5.6 Impact Analysis of SCES
4.6 Result and Discussion
4.7 Conclusion
Appendix
References
Chapter 5 Detailed Comparative Analysis and Performance of Fuel Cells
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Classification of Fuel Cells
5.2.1 Based on Fuel-Oxidizer Electrolyte
5.2.1.1 Direct Fuel Cell
5.2.1.2 Regenerative FC
5.2.1.3 Indirect Fuel Cells
5.2.2 Based on the State of Aggregation of Reactants
5.2.2.1 Solid Fuel Cells
5.2.2.2 Gaseous Fuel Cells
5.2.2.3 Liquid Fuel Cells
5.2.3 Based on Electrolyte Temperature
5.2.3.1 Proton Exchange Membrane
5.2.3.2 Direct Methanol
5.2.3.3 Alkaline
5.2.3.4 Phosphoric Acid
5.2.3.5 Molten Carbonate
5.2.3.6 Solid Oxide
5.3 Cost of Different Fuel Cell Technologies
5.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 Machine Learning.Based SoC Estimation: A Recent Advancement in Battery Energy Storage System
6.1 Introduction
6.2 SoC Estimation Techniques
6.2.1 Coulomb Counting Approach
6.2.2 Look-Up Table Method
6.2.3 Model-Based Methods
6.2.3.1 Electrochemical Model
6.2.3.2 Equivalent Circuit Model
6.2.4 Data-Driven Methods
6.2.5 Machine Learning.Based Methods
6.2.5.1 Support Vector Regression
6.2.5.2 Ridged Extreme Learning Machine (RELM)
6.3 BESS Description
6.4 Results and Discussion
6.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7 Dual-Energy Storage System for Optimal Operation of Grid.Connected Microgrid System
7.1 Introduction
7.2 System Mathematical Modelling
7.2.1 Modelling of Wind Turbine Power Generator
7.2.2 Modelling of Solar Power Plant
7.2.3 Modelling of Conventional Diesel Power Generator
7.2.4 Modelling of Combined Heat and Power (CHP) and Boiler Plant
7.2.5 Modelling of Dual Energy Storage System
7.2.5.1 Battery Bank Storage System
7.2.5.2 Pump Hydro Storage System
7.2.6 Modelling of Power Transfer Capability
7.3 Objective Function and Problem Formulations
7.3.1 Operational and Technical Constraints
7.4 Simulation Results and Discussion
7.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8 Applications of Energy Storage in Modern Power System through Demand-Side Management
8.1 Introduction to Demand-Side Management
8.1.1 Demand-Side Management Techniques
8.1.1.1 Energy Efficiency
8.1.1.2 Demand Response
8.1.2 Demand-Side Management Approaches
8.2 Operational Aspects of DR
8.3 DSM Challenges
8.4 Demand Response Resources
8.5 Role of Battery Energy Storage in DSM
8.5.1 Case Study I: Peak Load and PAR Reduction
8.5.1.1 Problem Formulation
8.5.1.2 Energy Storage Dispatch Modelling
8.5.2 Case Study II: Minimizing Load Profile Variations
8.5.2.1 Problem Formulation
8.5.2.2 SPV System Modelling
8.5.3 Results and Discussions
8.5.3.1 Case Study I: Peak Load and PAR Reduction Using Batteries with DR
8.5.3.2 Case Study II: Minimizing Load Profile Variations Using Batteries with DR
8.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9 Impact of Battery Energy Storage Systems and Demand Response Program on Locational Marginal Prices in Distribution System
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)
9.1.2 Demand Response Program
9.2 Problem Formulation and Solution Using GAMS
9.2.1 Objective Functions for Case Studies: Case 1 to Case 5
9.2.1.1 Case 1: Is Minimization of the Active Power Production Cost
9.2.1.2 Case 2: Minimization of the Active Power Production and Reactive Power Production Cost
9.2.1.3 Case 3: Minimization of the Active Power Production and Reactive Power Production Cost Along with Capacitor Placement
9.2.1.4 Case 4: Minimization of the Active Power Production and Reactive Power Production Cost Including Capacitor and BESS Cost
9.2.1.5 Case 5: Minimization of the Active Power Production and Reactive Power Production Cost Including Capacitor and BESS Cost and Taking the Impact of Demand Response Program
9.2.2 Real and Reactive Power Equality Constraints
9.2.2.1 Equality Constraints
9.2.2.2 Inequality Constraints: (at any bus i): Voltage, Power Generation, Line Flow, SOC, Battery Energy Storage Power
9.2.3 Modified Lagrangian Function
9.2.4 Generator Economics Calculations
9.3 Case Study: Numerical Computation
9.4 Results and Discussions
9.4.1 Case 1: Minimization of the Active Power Production Cost
9.4.2 Case 2: Minimization of the Active Power Production and Reactive Power Production Cost
9.4.3 Case 3: Minimization of the Active Power Production and Reactive Power Production Cost Along
9.4.4 Case 4: Minimization of the Active Power Production and Reactive Power Production Cost
9.4.5 Case 5: Minimization of the Active Power Production and Reactive Power Production Cost
9.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 10 Cost-Benefit Analysis with Optimal DG Allocation and Energy Storage System Incorporating Demand Response Technique
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Distribution Generation and Energy Storage System
10.2.1 Renewable Energy in India
10.2.2 Different Types of Energy Storage and their Opportunities
10.2.3 Distributed Generation
10.2.3.1 Solar Photovoltaic Panel-Based DG (PVDG)
10.2.3.2 Wind Turbine–Based DG (WTDG)
10.2.3.3 Load Model and Load Profile
10.2.4 Demand Response Program
10.2.5 Electric Vehicles
10.2.6 Modeling of Energy Storage System
10.2.7 Problem Formulation
10.2.8 Distribution Location Marginal Pricing
10.3 Grey Wolf Optimization
10.4 Numerical Simulation and Results
10.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 11 Energy Storage Systems and Charging Stations Mechanism for Electric Vehicles
11.1 Introduction to Electric Vehicles
11.1.1 Role of Electric Vehicles in Modern Power System
11.1.2 Various Storage Technologies
11.1.3 Electric Vehicle Charging Structure
11.2 Introduction to Electric Vehicle Charging Station
11.2.1 Types of Charging Station
11.2.2 Charging Levels
11.2.3 EV Charging
11.2.4 Charging Period
11.3 Modern System Efficient Approches
11.3.1 Smart Grid Technology
11.3.2 Renewable Energy Technology
11.3.3 V2G Technology
11.3.4 Smart Transport System
11.4 Battery Charging Techniques
11.4.1 Electric Vehicle Charging Station in Modern Power System
11.5 Indian Scenario
11.6 Energy Storage System Evaluation for EV Applications
11.7 ESS Concerns and Experiments in EV Solicitations
11.7.1 Raw Materials
11.7.2 Interfacing by Power Electronics
11.7.3 Energy Management
11.7.4 Environmental Impact
11.7.5 Safety
11.8 Conclusion
References
Index