Encyclopedia of Multimedia

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This second edition provides easy access to important concepts, issues and technology trends in the field of multimedia technologies, systems, techniques, and applications. Over 1,100 heavily-illustrated pages — including 80 new entries — present concise overviews of all aspects of software, systems, web tools and hardware that enable video, audio and developing media to be shared and delivered electronically.

Author(s): Borko Furht
Edition: 2
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2008

Language: English
Pages: 1031

0387747249......Page 1
Encyclopedia of Multimedia A–Z, 2nd Edition......Page 3
Preface......Page 5
Table of Contents......Page 7
Editor-in-Chief......Page 17
Editorial Board......Page 19
List of Contributors......Page 21
Definition......Page 31
Cross-References......Page 32
Introduction......Page 33
Video Communication System......Page 34
Adaptive Joint Source-Channel Coding......Page 35
Adaptive Joint Source-Channel Coding......Page 36
Introduction......Page 38
Why is Quality Assessment So Hard?......Page 39
HVS-based Approaches......Page 41
Structural Approaches......Page 42
Information Theoretic Approaches......Page 43
References......Page 46
Introduction......Page 47
Face-Name Association: Name-It Approach......Page 48
Conclusions and Future Directions......Page 49
Definition......Page 51
Definition......Page 52
Area of Interest Management......Page 53
References......Page 54
Audio Digitization Codec......Page 55
Sampling Based Audio Compression Schemes......Page 57
Digital Signal Processing Based Audio Compression Schemes......Page 59
References......Page 60
Introduction......Page 61
Dissemination over the Network......Page 62
Real-Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP)......Page 63
Playback at the Receiver......Page 64
Definition......Page 65
Definition......Page 66
Introduction......Page 67
Non-Automated Lecture Recording......Page 68
Classroom 2000/eClass......Page 69
Authoring on the Fly......Page 70
E-Chalk......Page 71
References......Page 72
Different Types of Documentary Generation......Page 73
Rhetorical Documentaries......Page 74
Definition......Page 75
References......Page 76
Definition......Page 77
Biometrics in Context of Security Goals......Page 78
A General Model for Biometric User Authentication......Page 79
Physiological Versus Behavioral Biometrics......Page 80
Fusion Strategies for Biometrics, Knowledge and Possession......Page 82
Passphrase-Based User Authentication based on Handwriting......Page 83
References......Page 84
Cross-References......Page 85
References......Page 86
References......Page 87
Categorical Documentaries......Page 88
Mobile Music......Page 89
Definition......Page 90
Definition......Page 91
Cross-References......Page 92
Introduction......Page 93
Stereo Video Coding......Page 95
Standardization Efforts......Page 96
Introduction......Page 97
Media and Collaboration......Page 98
Characterizing Collaboration......Page 99
Contemporary Trends in Collaboration......Page 100
Corporate Collaboration: The Conservative Reality......Page 102
Definition......Page 104
Fundamentals of Color Imaging......Page 105
Noise Modeling......Page 106
Component-wise vs. Vector Color Image Filtering......Page 107
Switching Vector Filters......Page 108
Emerging Applications......Page 109
References......Page 110
Cross-References......Page 111
Definition......Page 112
Color Depth and Palette Size......Page 113
Palette Generation......Page 114
Hardware/Software Palettes......Page 116
References......Page 117
Definition......Page 118
Definition......Page 119
Compression Chain......Page 120
Content Adaptation Using MPEG Standards......Page 121
Music Formats......Page 122
Retrieval Tasks......Page 123
Searching Symbolic Music......Page 124
Audio Fingerprinting......Page 126
References......Page 127
3D Shape Retrieval Aspects......Page 128
Shape Matching Methods......Page 131
References......Page 132
Definition......Page 133
MPEG-7......Page 134
Visual Descriptors......Page 135
Semantic Web-Related Technologies......Page 136
Definition......Page 137
Definition......Page 138
Introduction......Page 139
Building Composite Images to Represent the Folders......Page 140
Browsing Folders by Face Arrangement......Page 141
Clustering the Photo Images According to Face Arrangement......Page 142
Face Arrangement Similarity and Clustering......Page 143
Definition......Page 145
References......Page 147
Definition......Page 148
Context......Page 149
Context-Awareness......Page 150
Modeling......Page 151
Authoring and Presentation......Page 152
References......Page 153
References......Page 154
Synonyms......Page 155
Introduction......Page 156
Context-Dependent Probability Estimation......Page 157
Arithmetic Coding......Page 158
References......Page 159
Definition......Page 160
Cross-Modal Utility Models......Page 161
Definition......Page 163
Storage-Retrieval of Dynamic Content......Page 164
Definition......Page 165
Introduction......Page 166
Application Requirements......Page 167
Design Objectives......Page 168
References......Page 169
The Idea......Page 170
Working with Video Standards......Page 171
Introduction......Page 173
Definition......Page 176
Definition......Page 177
Definition......Page 178
Definition......Page 179
References......Page 180
Visual Descriptors......Page 181
Scene Classification......Page 182
"Material"-like High-Level Concepts......Page 183
Object Detection......Page 184
Using Contextual Relations to Enhance Detection Results......Page 185
References......Page 187
Definition......Page 188
Definition......Page 189
Introduction......Page 190
Computational Biometrics......Page 191
Biometrics Systems......Page 193
Multimodal Biometric Systems......Page 194
Introduction......Page 195
CFA Basics......Page 196
Image Processing for Color Estimation......Page 197
Video-Demosaicking......Page 198
Cross-References......Page 199
Definition......Page 200
Image Inpainting......Page 201
Video Inpainting......Page 204
Summary......Page 205
What is Digital Rights Management?......Page 206
Technology/Architecture Overview:......Page 207
DRM versus Contracts Rights Management......Page 209
Encryption versus Watermarking......Page 210
Common Watermarking Techniques......Page 211
Important Parameters......Page 212
Applications......Page 214
Evaluation and Benchmarking of Watermarking Algorithms......Page 215
Definition......Page 216
Cross-References......Page 217
Definition......Page 218
Definition......Page 219
Overview......Page 220
Key Technologies and Solutions in the Design of a DMMS......Page 221
Some Key Performance Metrics and Useful Results......Page 223
Introduction......Page 224
Early DVC Architectures......Page 225
Target Applications......Page 226
Performance......Page 227
Definition......Page 228
Definition......Page 229
References......Page 230
Cross-References......Page 231
Definition......Page 232
Definition......Page 233
Definition......Page 234
Definition......Page 235
Introduction......Page 236
Network-Friendly End-to-End Media Security Architecture......Page 237
Joint Encryption and Compression......Page 238
Content Based Media Authentication......Page 239
Layered/Scalable Content Protection......Page 240
References......Page 241
Experiential Media Applications......Page 242
Artificial Intelligence......Page 243
The Creation of Experiential Media; Challenges and Proposed Solutions......Page 244
References......Page 246
Introduction......Page 247
Definition......Page 248
References......Page 249
Introduction......Page 251
3D Data Acquisition......Page 252
Deformable Surface Approach......Page 253
3D Facial Expression Recognition Techniques......Page 254
Joint 3D Face and Facial Expression Recognition......Page 255
Evaluation of Facial Expression Recognition Algorithms......Page 256
References......Page 257
Synonyms......Page 258
Real-Time Face Detection Using Cascaded Classifiers......Page 259
Discussion......Page 261
Benefits of Face Tracking......Page 262
Workflow of Face Tracking......Page 263
Pre-processing Techniques......Page 265
Discussion......Page 266
References......Page 267
Face Matching......Page 268
Introduction......Page 269
Face Detection......Page 271
Feature Based Face Recognition Techniques......Page 272
Problems and Considerations......Page 273
References......Page 274
Definition......Page 275
Definition......Page 276
Facial Animation in MPEG-4......Page 277
References......Page 280
References......Page 281
Introduction......Page 282
Context Representation Formalisms......Page 284
References......Page 285
References......Page 287
Synonyms......Page 288
Gaze Tracking Techniques......Page 289
Identification of Image Regions of Interest......Page 290
Region-of-Interest Importance......Page 291
Conclusion......Page 292
Introduction......Page 293
High-Level Architecture of Generic Content Adaptation......Page 294
Elements of a gBSD......Page 295
Description Transformation and Bitstream Generation using gBSD......Page 296
Adding Support for Dynamic and Distributed Adaptation......Page 298
References......Page 300
Definition......Page 301
Definition......Page 302
References......Page 303
Key Compression Tools for H.263 Video......Page 305
Halftoning......Page 306
Definition......Page 307
Haptic Feedback in Desktop Computers......Page 308
Definition......Page 309
Hierarchical VoD Architecture......Page 310
Definition......Page 311
Introduction......Page 312
Video Acquisition and Compression......Page 313
HD Video Transmission......Page 314
Delay Measurements......Page 315
Application Areas......Page 316
References......Page 317
Huffman Coding......Page 318
Introduction......Page 319
Hand-Gesture Interface for Music Composition......Page 321
Definition......Page 323
Definition......Page 324
Introduction......Page 325
Hypercube-Based Prediction Structure......Page 326
Camera Positioning and Node Assignment......Page 328
References......Page 329
Definition......Page 331
Why Do We Need Quality Assessment?......Page 332
Why is Quality Assessment So Hard?......Page 333
Approaches to Quality Assessment......Page 334
Structural Approaches......Page 335
Information Theoretic Approaches......Page 336
Introduction......Page 339
Limitations with Current Learning-Based Methods......Page 342
Gaussian Processes Regression......Page 343
Patch Decomposition by Alpha Matting......Page 344
Learning-Based Method......Page 345
Conclusions and Future Work......Page 346
References......Page 347
Definition......Page 348
Redundancy......Page 349
Error-Free Compression......Page 350
Dictionary-Based Coding......Page 351
Image Compression Standards......Page 352
Introduction......Page 353
Indexed Color Images......Page 354
Windows BMP......Page 355
PNG......Page 356
JPEG......Page 357
Image Fidelity Measurement......Page 358
References......Page 359
Introduction......Page 360
Existing Techniques......Page 362
References......Page 364
Web Image Search Engine......Page 365
Collection-Based Search Engine......Page 366
References......Page 367
Basis Matrices in Visual Cryptography......Page 368
ISS with Perfect Reconstruction of the Secret Image......Page 369
Input-Specific ISS Solutions......Page 371
References......Page 372
Self-Correcting Images......Page 373
Cross-References......Page 374
Definition......Page 375
Definition......Page 376
3D Scenes as Pure Geometric Worlds......Page 377
Localizing Real World Objects in a 3D Scene......Page 379
Indexing Multimedia Content using MPEG-7......Page 380
Conclusions......Page 381
Definition......Page 382
Operating and Real-Time Systems......Page 383
Database and Data Management......Page 385
References......Page 386
Definition......Page 387
Definition......Page 388
References......Page 389
Definition......Page 390
Introduction......Page 392
Mobile Workstations and UMPCs for Mobile AR......Page 393
Mobile AR Cultural Heritage Guide on a Single Laptop......Page 394
Interactive, Dialogue Based and Advanced Rendered Virtual Characters on a Single Mobile Workstation......Page 395
Implementation......Page 397
Definition......Page 398
Introduction......Page 399
Definition......Page 400
The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)......Page 401
SIP Transport......Page 402
SIP Network Components......Page 403
SIP - End to End Call Setup......Page 404
References......Page 405
ISO/IEC 21000-7:2007......Page 406
Definition......Page 407
Introduction......Page 409
The Image Transform......Page 410
Bit-Plane Coding......Page 411
Regions of Interest......Page 413
The Code Stream Data Structure......Page 414
Summary of Performance Analysis Tests......Page 415
Definition......Page 416
References......Page 417
Definition......Page 419
References......Page 420
Problem Description......Page 421
Technical Solution Approaches......Page 422
References......Page 424
Hierarchical Architecture......Page 425
Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Architecture......Page 427
Hybrid Approach......Page 428
Synonyms......Page 430
Introduction......Page 431
Data Striping and Object Placement, Replication, and Migration......Page 432
Caching Management in LOMSS......Page 433
Access Delay......Page 434
References......Page 435
Introduction......Page 436
Caching......Page 437
Broadcasting......Page 438
VCR Functionality......Page 439
References......Page 441
Definition......Page 442
Definition......Page 444
Definition......Page 445
References......Page 446
Definition......Page 447
Definition......Page 448
Definition......Page 449
Metadata Model......Page 450
Introduction......Page 451
3D Middleware......Page 452
Effectiveness of Minimum Set Selector......Page 453
Effectiveness of Reliable Set Selector......Page 454
References......Page 455
Definition......Page 456
MBMS Architecture......Page 457
Definition......Page 458
Introduction......Page 459
Block Matching Motion Estimation......Page 461
References......Page 464
Introduction......Page 465
Matching Criteria......Page 467
Detection of Camera Motion, Motion Detection and Object Tracking......Page 468
Definition......Page 470
Definition......Page 471
Introduction......Page 472
Motion Saliency Applied to Surveillance......Page 473
Key Compression Tools for MPEG Video......Page 474
Cross-References......Page 475
MPEG-2 Video Specific Semantics and Syntax......Page 476
Scalability......Page 477
References......Page 478
Basics of Video Adaptation......Page 479
Basics of Video Authentication......Page 480
MPEG-21 and Generic Bitstream Description (gBSD)......Page 481
The Video Adaptation......Page 482
Encryption Module......Page 484
Authentication Module......Page 485
Conclusion......Page 486
Synonym......Page 487
Terminal Capabilities......Page 488
User Characteristics......Page 489
Terminal and Network QoS......Page 490
Session Mobility......Page 491
Dynamic and Distributed Adaptation......Page 492
Vision, Strategy, and Tools......Page 493
Expressing Rights......Page 494
Processing of Digital Items......Page 496
Miscellaneous......Page 497
References......Page 498
Key Compression Tools for H.264 Video......Page 499
Definition......Page 501
MPEG-4 Texture Coding......Page 502
Definition......Page 503
References......Page 504
Core Elements......Page 505
Basic Elements......Page 506
Content Description Tools......Page 509
Content Metadata Tools......Page 510
User Interaction Tools......Page 511
MPEG-7 Query Format......Page 512
Definition......Page 513
References......Page 514
Content-Related Metadata......Page 515
Cross-References......Page 516
Trends in Research and Standardization......Page 517
Mediator Systems......Page 518
Syntactic versus Semantic Integration......Page 519
References......Page 521
Authentication Using Cryptography......Page 522
Asymmetric-Key Cryptography......Page 523
Exact Authentication......Page 524
Localization......Page 525
References......Page 526
Who is the Author?......Page 527
Authoring Processes......Page 528
Movement Oriented Design (MOD)......Page 529
Multimedia Design and Planning Pyramid (MUDPY)......Page 530
Conclusion......Page 531
Definition......Page 532
References......Page 533
Introduction......Page 534
Cross-References......Page 537
Definition......Page 538
Cross-References......Page 539
Content Modeling......Page 540
Content Filtering......Page 542
Content Adaptation......Page 543
References......Page 544
Definition......Page 545
Framework for Content Personalization using MPEG-7 and MPEG-21......Page 546
Experimental Results......Page 549
Summary......Page 550
Introduction......Page 551
Approaches to Content Repurposing......Page 552
Multimedia Content Repurposing Architectures......Page 553
References......Page 556
Introduction......Page 557
Preserve Real Time Playback and Decrease cost via Partial Encryption......Page 559
Scalable Streaming Video Encryption to cope with Heterogeneous Environment......Page 560
Secure Multimedia Proxy......Page 561
References......Page 562
Enabling Technologies: Formats and Compression......Page 563
Enabling Technologies: Networks......Page 564
Enabling Technologies: Distribution Models......Page 565
Digital Music/Video......Page 566
Virtual Environment, Interactive Storytelling, Online Games......Page 567
Definition......Page 568
Private File Sharing......Page 569
Public File Sharing......Page 570
The Legal Issues......Page 571
Introduction......Page 572
Collusion-resistant, c-secure, Traitor Tracing Codes......Page 573
Joint Source Fingerprinting......Page 574
Fingerprinting Distribution......Page 575
Buyer Protection......Page 577
References......Page 578
The Elements of Multimedia in Education......Page 579
Animation......Page 580
Interactivity......Page 581
Classroom Architecture and Resources......Page 582
Concerns......Page 583
Introduction......Page 584
Media Sensing System (MSS)......Page 586
Multimedia Communication System (MCS)......Page 587
Multimedia Object Database (MODB)......Page 588
Data Representation......Page 589
Components of an MODB......Page 590
References......Page 591
Role of Digital Libraries in Content-to-Community Mediation......Page 592
Metadata and Search Services......Page 593
Digital Library Services beyond Search......Page 594
References......Page 595
Support of Profiling......Page 596
Profiles in MPEG-7......Page 597
Introduction......Page 598
Dublin Core Metadata Initiative......Page 599
TV-Anytime - TV-Anytime Metadata......Page 600
Metadata Semantics......Page 601
Metadata Validation......Page 602
Metadata Applications......Page 603
Conclusion......Page 604
Definition......Page 605
Multimedia News......Page 606
News Formats and Standards......Page 607
Multimedia News Distribution and Presentation......Page 608
Infrastructure......Page 609
Business Branches......Page 610
References......Page 611
References......Page 612
Introduction......Page 613
Usage History and User Actions......Page 614
User Preferences Extraction......Page 615
Personalized Retrieval and Ranking......Page 617
References......Page 618
Definition......Page 619
Definition......Page 620
Definition......Page 621
Conceptualization of the Multimedia Content......Page 622
Extraction and Representation of Multimedia Semantics......Page 623
Introduction......Page 625
Syntagm and Paradigm......Page 627
The Formalization of Semiotics......Page 628
Introduction......Page 629
Applications of Multimedia Sensor Networks......Page 630
Hierarchical Architecture......Page 631
Autonomous......Page 632
References......Page 633
Introduction......Page 634
Multimedia Server Architecture......Page 635
Disk Configurations......Page 637
Quality of Service and Admission Control......Page 638
References......Page 639
Introduction......Page 640
Data Placement......Page 641
Fault Tolerant Storage Organization......Page 642
References......Page 643
Compression......Page 644
QoS Control/Monitor......Page 645
Media Synchronization......Page 648
Historical Perspective......Page 650
The Axes of Synchronization......Page 651
Temporal Synchrony: Basic Constructs......Page 652
Temporal Synchrony: Basic Mechanics......Page 653
References......Page 655
Operating and Real-Time Systems......Page 656
System and Software Engineering......Page 658
References......Page 659
A SoC for Handheld Multi-media......Page 660
Intelreg Wireless MMXTM Architecture......Page 661
Multimedia Interfaces......Page 662
Power Management......Page 663
Synonyms......Page 665
Multimedia Enrichment for Live Sports Broadcasts......Page 666
Multimedia Analysis and Metadata Production......Page 667
Multimedia Applications......Page 669
References......Page 671
World Wide Web Protocols and Standards......Page 672
Multimedia on the World Wide Web......Page 674
Search and Retrieval of Multimedia for the World Wide Web......Page 675
Synonyms......Page 677
Multi-Person Detection/Tracking......Page 678
References......Page 679
Definition......Page 680
Definition......Page 681
Screenplays in Movie Production Practice......Page 682
System Architecture......Page 683
Dialogue Screenplay Alignment......Page 684
Performance Evaluation......Page 685
Conclusions......Page 686
Definition......Page 687
Definition......Page 688
References......Page 689
Introduction......Page 691
Functional Components of NCE Systems......Page 692
Application Areas of Networked Collaborative Environments......Page 693
Definition......Page 694
Challenges and Requirements......Page 695
Communication Architecture......Page 696
Space-Based Interest Management......Page 697
Multiple Zone and Its Shape......Page 698
Zone Crossing Problem and Solution......Page 699
References......Page 700
Definition......Page 701
References......Page 702
Definition......Page 703
Definition......Page 704
Definition......Page 706
Covariance as a Region Descriptor......Page 707
Conclusion......Page 708
Definition......Page 709
Concepts......Page 710
Games Classification......Page 711
Gaming Architectures......Page 712
Gaming Protocols......Page 713
References......Page 714
Internet-to-TV......Page 715
Finding Multimedia on the Internet......Page 716
Securing Multimedia E-Commerce......Page 717
Secure Sockets Layer......Page 718
Multimedia E-Commerce Formats......Page 719
Consumer Devices......Page 721
Definition......Page 722
Introduction......Page 723
Normalized Audiovisual Content Description......Page 724
Vector Space Model (VSM)......Page 725
Related Work......Page 726
Conclusion......Page 727
References......Page 728
Problem Description......Page 729
Technical Solution Approaches......Page 730
Example - Adaptation of Scalable Video Streams......Page 731
Interoperability Support for Optimization-based Adaptation Decision-Taking......Page 732
Concluding Remarks......Page 733
Definition......Page 734
References......Page 735
Definition......Page 737
Introduction......Page 738
Streaming Process......Page 739
Data Delivery......Page 740
Quality of Service (QoS)......Page 742
References......Page 743
Definition......Page 744
Digital Rights Management......Page 745
Introduction......Page 746
Bottom-Up Feature Based Approaches......Page 747
Integrating Robust Part Detectors......Page 750
Results and Discussion......Page 751
Person Localization......Page 752
Introduction......Page 753
Conceptual Framework and Functionality Layers of Personalized Education System......Page 754
Semantic Web for Educational Hypermedia and Standards for Interoperability of PES......Page 755
Definition......Page 756
Definition......Page 757
References......Page 758
Definition......Page 759
Definition......Page 761
Introduction......Page 762
Cameras Detecting/Replacing Skin......Page 763
Row-Columns Permutation......Page 764
Definition......Page 766
Definition......Page 767
Introduction......Page 768
Encryption......Page 769
Watermarking......Page 770
References......Page 772
Definition......Page 773
Cross-References......Page 774
Definition......Page 775
References......Page 776
References......Page 777
QoS Elements......Page 778
Realization of QoS......Page 779
Network Support and Protocols for QoS......Page 780
Network Scalability and Application Layer Multicasting......Page 782
References......Page 783
MS-SSIM......Page 785
R-SSIM......Page 786
Introduction......Page 787
ITU-T H.323timesVideo Conferencing Standards......Page 788
SIP Based Video Conferencing Standards......Page 789
H.323 versus SIP......Page 790
References......Page 791
Definition......Page 792
Real World Capture......Page 793
Analysis......Page 795
Querying and Retrieval......Page 796
References......Page 797
Definition......Page 798
Multimedia Applications using Semantic Computation......Page 799
R-SSIM......Page 800
Requirements......Page 801
Spatial Transforms for SVC......Page 802
Motion Compensated Temporal Filtering (MCTF)......Page 803
Overview of Scalability Features in Current Standards......Page 804
Introduction......Page 805
Objectives......Page 806
Architecture......Page 807
Performance......Page 809
Conclusion......Page 810
Definition......Page 811
Introduction......Page 812
Data Placement and Scheduling......Page 813
Cycle-Based Scheduling......Page 814
Deadline-Driven Scheduling......Page 816
Searching for a Sequence of Adaptation Operations Utilizing AI-based Planning Techniques......Page 817
Definition......Page 818
Definition......Page 820
References......Page 821
Spatial Segmentation......Page 822
Temporal Segmentation......Page 824
Spatio-Temporal Segmentation......Page 825
References......Page 827
Search Agents......Page 828
Definition......Page 829
Introduction......Page 830
A Detection-Based Image Representation and Indexing Scheme......Page 831
References......Page 834
Definition......Page 835
Definition......Page 836
Introduction......Page 837
Semantic Web Benefits and Detailed Example......Page 838
Class Intersection, Disjointedness and Individual Equivalency......Page 839
OWL Reasoning Examples......Page 840
Semantic Web Services......Page 841
Intelligent Web Services......Page 842
Definition......Page 843
Sesame......Page 844
Definition......Page 845
Definition......Page 846
Definition......Page 847
Wireless MMX Technology......Page 848
References......Page 849
Event Detection......Page 850
Highlight Detection Using Text, Auditory, and Visual Streams [4]......Page 851
Event Detection Using Graphic Stream and External Metadata [12]......Page 852
User and Device Adaptive Video Summarization [16]......Page 853
Reference......Page 856
Definition......Page 857
References......Page 858
Definition......Page 859
Definition......Page 861
SSIM-Optimal Linear Equalization......Page 862
Solution......Page 863
Results......Page 864
Cross-References......Page 865
References......Page 866
Services and Requirements......Page 867
Call Signaling and Control......Page 868
Video......Page 869
Other Standards......Page 870
References......Page 871
Introduction......Page 872
Stable Haptic Interaction......Page 874
Architecture of Haptics Applications......Page 875
Tele-Haptics - Networked Haptics......Page 876
Tele-Haptics Platform - Haptic Real Time Controller......Page 877
Definition......Page 878
Enabling Technology for Telepresence......Page 879
Telepresent Location Technology......Page 880
Entertainment......Page 881
References......Page 882
Introduction......Page 883
Review of the Existing Approaches......Page 885
Comparative Retrieval Performance......Page 887
References......Page 888
Three Dimensional Face Identification-authentication......Page 889
Introduction......Page 890
References......Page 891
Definition......Page 892
Introduction......Page 894
Effortless Viewing......Page 895
Efficient 3D Coding and Quality Evaluation......Page 896
Conclusion......Page 897
Three Dimensional Video Compression......Page 898
Introduction......Page 899
Hypercube-Based User Interface......Page 900
Hypercube Extensions......Page 901
Definition......Page 903
Audio and Music......Page 904
Two-level Meta Data Management......Page 905
Content Adaptation......Page 907
Definition......Page 908
Definition......Page 909
Introduction......Page 910
Utility-Based Multimedia Framework......Page 911
Utility Model......Page 912
Optimization Problem Model of Adaptation Decision Taking......Page 913
Algorithms to Solve the Optimization Problem......Page 914
Performance Results......Page 915
References......Page 916
Definition......Page 917
Advanced Profile for VC-1 Video......Page 918
Definition......Page 919
Definition......Page 920
Introduction......Page 921
Shot and Scene Detection......Page 922
Low Level Content Annotation......Page 923
High Level Content Annotation......Page 924
Definition......Page 927
References......Page 928
The Human Visual System......Page 929
Video Source Format......Page 930
Block Based Motion Estimation......Page 931
Exploiting Spatial Redundancies......Page 932
Hybrid Video Coding......Page 933
Definition......Page 934
Introduction......Page 935
Generative Models vs. Discriminative Models......Page 936
Maximum Entropy Model......Page 937
Multimedia Feature Extraction......Page 938
Experimental Evaluations......Page 939
References......Page 940
Video Data Models......Page 941
Video Extraction......Page 942
Video Index Structures......Page 943
Definition......Page 946
Cross-References......Page 947
Error Resilience in Wireless Video Transmission......Page 948
Application of Video Error Resilience Techniques for MBMS......Page 949
Definition......Page 952
Introduction......Page 953
Taxonomy of Video near Duplicates......Page 954
Applications of Video Near-Duplicate Detection......Page 955
Methods of Video Near-Duplicate Detection......Page 956
References......Page 958
Introduction......Page 959
Video Requirements......Page 960
Video Compression Standards......Page 961
Video Distribution......Page 962
Quality of Service (QoS)......Page 963
References......Page 964
Definition......Page 965
Video Retrieval......Page 967
Semiotic Video......Page 968
Phenoeligstetic Video......Page 969
References......Page 970
Digital Stabilization......Page 971
Motion Estimation......Page 972
Image Composition......Page 973
Still Photography......Page 974
References......Page 975
Physical Video Property Based Methods......Page 976
Semantic Video Property Class......Page 978
References......Page 980
Reduced Complexity Transcoding......Page 981
References......Page 982
Definition......Page 983
Introduction......Page 984
Related Work......Page 985
Modeling User's Behavior: A Two-Level-Based Model......Page 986
Modeling and Clustering Inter Video User's Behavior......Page 987
Results......Page 988
Definition......Page 989
References......Page 990
Definition......Page 991
Introduction......Page 992
Augmented Reality......Page 993
Immersive VR......Page 994
X3D......Page 995
Collaborative Virtual Environments......Page 996
Definition......Page 997
References......Page 998
References......Page 999
References......Page 1000
Challenges and Approaches......Page 1001
Visual Feature-Based Methods......Page 1002
Region-Based Representations......Page 1003
Probabilistic Inference for Context Exploitation......Page 1004
References......Page 1005
Definition......Page 1009
Definition......Page 1010
Benchmarking of Video Watermarks......Page 1011
Introduction......Page 1012
Rate Constraints......Page 1013
Energy Constraints......Page 1014
Video Compression and Transmission under Energy Constraints......Page 1015
Wireless Multi-hop Delivery, Video Adaptation, and Security Issues......Page 1017
Definition......Page 1018
Definition......Page 1019
Key Compression Tools for WMV-9 Video......Page 1020
Definition......Page 1021
References......Page 1022
XML-Based Multimedia Metadata......Page 1023
Index......Page 1025