Encyclopedia of Audiology and Hearing Research (4 Volume Set)

Contents
Preface
Volume 1
Chapter 1
Inner Ear Endothelial Dysfunction Due to Oxidative Stress: A Possible Role in the Pathogenesis of Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Abstract
Introduction
Endothelial Dysfunction and Inner Ear
Experimental Data
Clinical Evidences
Conclusion
References
Chapter 2
Hearing Screening for School Children
Abstract
Development of School Hearing Screening
Goals of School Hearing Screening
Pure Tone Screening Audiometry
Periodicity of Screening
Program Management
Test Environment
Accountability and Other Concerns
Alternative Screening Methods
Tympanometry
Otoacoustic Emissions
Questionnaires
Modifications to Traditional Pure Tone Screening
Other Methods
Follow-Up Actions
Future Considerations
Screening for Central Auditory Processing Disorder
Defining CAPD
Screening for CAPD
How to Screen for CAPD
Tools Used to Screen for CAPD
Conclusion
Noise-Induced Hearing Loss
Telehealth
Genetic Screening
Conclusion
References
Chapter 3
Working with Learners with Hearing
Loss in STEM
Abstract
Introduction
Supporting Families to Provide STEM Development Success
Effective Early Intervention Programs Supporting STEM Knowledge and Skills Development
Fostering STEM Knowledge and Skills Using Information Communication Technology and Software
Effective Teaching Strategies and Study Habits on STEM Skills in Learners with Hearing Loss
Conclusion
References
Chapter 4
Hearing and Cognitive Outcomes of Cochlear Implantation in the Elderly
Abstract
List of Abbreviations
Introduction
Methods
Results
Conclusion
Competing Interests
References
Chapter 5
Effects of Impulse Noise on Hearing in Members of the Police Special
Operations Battalion
Abstract
Introduction
Study on Hearing of the Military Police
Research Process
1) Noise Level for Firearms
2) Knowledge about Hearing Health by Police Officers
3) Auditory Profile of Police Officers
HearingPreservation for Officers Exposed to Firearms Noise
Conclusion
References
Chapter 6
Hearing Health and Stress for Military Police
Universidade Tuiuti do Paraná, Brazil
Abstract
Introduction
Occupational Stress
Studies on Stress in the Military Police in Brazil
Final Considerations
References
Chapter 7
Effectiveness of Hearing Protection Devices (HPD) in Activities with Firearms
Abstract
Introduction
Types of HPD for Exposure to Firearms Noise
Parameters of Comfort for Military HPD
Evaluation of Attenuation Earmuff Type Protector Used by Military
Conclusion
Appendices
Questionnaire 1. Evaluation of Comfort Parameters
Questionnaire 2.- Evaluation of Personal Hearing Protector
References
Chapter 8
Hearing Impairment after Perinatal Asphyxia
Abstract
Introduction
Part I. BAER Studies
BAER Threshold and Perinatal Hypoxia or Hypoxia-Ischemia
Change in BAER Threshold during the Neonatal Period
Prevalence of Hearing Impairment during the Neonatal Period
Postnatal Change in BAER Threshold
Persistent or Permanent Hearing Impairment
Part II. DOAEs Studies
DPOAE Changes and Cochlear Impairment
DPOAE Changes after Perinatal Asphyxia
Part III. Auditory Neuropathy
References
Chapter 9
“I Will Make a Difference”: Using the 5As Model to Improve Issues for Adults with Learning Disabilities and Hearing Loss
Abstract
1. Introduction
1.1. Coexistence
1.2. Hearing Loss with Learning Disabilities; Double Jeopardy
1.3. Conceptualising the Issue; the 3As
1.3.1. Understanding Access
1.3.2. Understanding Assessment
1.3.3. Understanding Aftercare
2. Methodology
3. Cycle 1 – Defining the Problem (See McShea et al., 2015)
3.1. Recruitment of Caregivers
3.2. Motivation and Expectations
3.3. Knowledge of Hearing, Audiology and Hearing Aids
3.4. Communication
3.5. Training and Future Needs
3.6. Perception of Audiology
3.7. Symbolic Interactionism; A Theory
4. Cycle 2 – Designing and Piloting a Solution (See McShea, 2015)
4.1. Traditional Approaches to Learning
4.2. Experiential Learning; an Alternative Approach
4.3. The Kolb Cycle of Experiential Learning (Kolb, 1984)
4.4. Experiential Learning in Practice
4.5. How Training Took Place
4.5.1. Aim 1 – Increase Knowledge
4.5.2. Aim 2 – Change Attitudes
Key Element of Aim 2 - Stories and Storytelling
4.5.3. Aim 3 – Long Term Change to Practice
Key Element of Aim 3 - Pledges
5. Cycle 3 – Evaluating the Solution (See McShea, 2015)
5.1. Focus Group Discussions
5.2. Knowledge Creation
5.3. Translation to Practice
5.4. Empowerment and Confidence
5.5. Experience of Primary Care
6. Cycle 4 – Investigated an Unexpected Issue
(See McShea, 2015b)
6.1. Requirements
7. Discussion
7.1. Contextualising the Findings
Cycle 1
Cycle 2
Cycle 3
Cycle 4
7.2. What were the Key Elements in Ensuring the Research Aims were Met?
7.3. A Multidisciplinary Team (MDT)
7.4. Audiology’s Visibility within a Multidisciplinary Framework
7.5. Creating an MDT for Audiology and People with Learning Disabilities
Benefits to Caregivers
Benefits to Primary Care
Benefits to Audiology
7.6. A Theoretical Model for the MDT
Assembly
Awareness
7.7. Generalisability/Transferability of the Model
Conclusion
References
Chapter 10
Hearing Loss and Intellectual Disabilities
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Hearing Loss
2.1. Cause of Hearing Loss
2.1.1. Conductive Hearing Loss
2.1.2. Sensori-Neural Hearing Loss
2.2. Hearing Loss and Down Syndrome
2.3. Hearing Loss and Other Causes of Intellectual Disabilities
3. Accessing Audiology Services
3.1. Referral Pathways
3.2. Screening
3.3. Suitability of Audiology Services
3.4. Impact on Other Services
3.5. Considerations for a Specialist Service Model
4. Hearing Assessment
4.1. Getting to know the Patient’s Auditory History
4.2. Ear Health
4.3. Behavioural Assessment
4.3.1. Observation
4.3.2. Audiometry
Responses to No Sound
No Responses to Any Sound
Starting and Not Finishing
Dislike of Headphones
4.3.3. Visual Reinforcement Audiometry (VRA)
4.3.4. Speech Discrimination Testing
4.4. Electrophysiological Assessment
4.4.1. Otoacoustic Emissions (OAEs)
4.4.2. Auditory Brainstem Response Audiometry
4.4.3. Cortical Evoked Response Audiometry
4.5. Assessment Recommendations
5. Rehabilitation
5.1. Hearing Aids
5.1.1. Setting Hearing Aids
5.1.2. Adapting to Hearing Aids
5.2. Alternative Rehabilitation
5.2.1. Hearing Tactics
5.2.2. Assistive Listening Devices
5.3. Rehabilitation Recommendations
Conclusion
References
Chapter 11
Looking with Ears, Hearing with Eyes: Visual and Aural Interaction in Cervantes and Shakespeare
Abstract
References
About the Author
Chapter 12
Universal Newborn Hearing Screening in the United States
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology
The history of Universal Newborn Hearing Screens (UNHS) in the United States
Cost Benefit
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 13
Hearing Loss in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs): Follow-Up Surveillance
Abstract
Introduction
Cytomegalovirus
Bacterial Meningitis
Head Injury
Ototoxic Drugs
Follow-Up Surveillance
Conclusion
References
Chapter 14
Endothelial Dysfunction, Microvascular Disease and Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Abstract
Introduction
Sensorineural Hearing Loss and Endothelial Dysfunction
Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss and Endothelial Dysfunction
Conclusion
References
Chapter 15
Superoxide Dismutase and Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Abstract
Introduction
Superoxide Dismutase and the Inner Ear
Superoxide Dismutase and Noise-Induced Hearing Loss
Superoxide Dismutase and Presbycusis
Superoxide Dismutase and Sudden Sensorineural
Hearing Loss
Conclusion
References
Chapter 16
Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Abstract
Introduction
Sensorineural Hearing Loss and Cardiovascular
Risk Factors
Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss and Cardiovascular Risk Factors
Conclusion
References
Chapter 17
Audiology, Hearing Aids and Cochlear Implants
Hearing
Audiological Evaluation: Air and Bone Conduction
Audiogram/Speech Perception/Inter-Test Checks
Nature of Hearing Loss
Audiometric Findings for Different Ages/Pathologies
Immittance Battery
Special Tests
Health Conditions and Hearing Loss
Hearing Aids
Terminology
Hearing aid Components/Styles
CROS/BICROS
Osseointegrated Devices (OID)/ aka Bone Anchored Hearing Aids (BAHA)
Middle Ear Implantable Hearing Aids
Cochlear Implants (CI)
Candidacy
Assistive Listening Devices (ALD’s)
References
Chapter 18
Hearing Loss: Conductive and Sensorineural
Department of Otolaryngology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, US
Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Conductive Hearing Loss
References
Chapter 19
Sign Acquisition and Development by Hearing Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Introduction
Communication Training Interventions
Behaviour Modification Programmes
Sign Communication Programmes
Advantages of the Sign Modality
Problems in Sign Acquisition and Use
Delays in Implementing Intervention
Deficits in Motor Skills and Imitation
Relationships between Motor Skills and Language and Communication Development
Intervention Approaches
The Simplified Sign System
Aided Communication
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 20
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Abstract
Introduction
Indications
Side Effects and Complications
Contraindications
Related Articles
References
Chapter 21
Aminoglycoside Mediated Ototoxicity and Hearing Loss in Cystic Fibrosis Patients: An Unmet Medical Need
Abstract
Introduction
Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Ototoxicity
Alternative Approaches to Avoid Aminoglycoside Ototoxicity
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 22
Low-Level Laser Therapy: Progress and Future Trends in Hearing Loss and Vestibular Dysfunction
Abstract
Introduction
Role of LLLT in Hearing Loss (Animal Models)
Role of LLLT in Hearing Loss in Human
Treatment of Tinnitus
Role of LLLT in Gene Therapy for Hearing Loss
Role of LLLT in Vestibular Dysfunction
Conclusion
References
Volume 2
Chapter 23
Novel Deafness Genes and Mutations Identified by Next Generation Sequencing
Abstract
Introduction
Whole Genome Sequencing
Whole Exome Sequencing
Targeted Deafness Gene Capture and NGS
Challenge and Future
References
Chapter 24
The Molecular Pathogenesis of Dominant Deafness-Onychodystrophy (DDOD) Syndrome
1Department of Otolaryngology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, P.R.C.
2Department of Otolaryngology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, US
Abstract
Introduction
Pedigrees and Clinical Evaluations
Evidence Support that a De Novo Mutation in ATP6V1B2 Causes the DDOD Syndrome
Atp6v1b2 Cochlea Knockdown Mouse Shows Hearing Loss
Western Blot Analysis of Atp6v1b2 Shows Reduced Expression of Atp6v1b2 in the Spiral Ganglion Neurons and the Organ of Corti
ATP6V1B2 C.1516 C>T is a Dominant Loss-of-Function Mutation, Causing Abnormal Acidification in Lysosomes
Discussion
References
Chapter 25
Association between Sensorineural Hearing Loss and Sleep-Disordered Breathing: Literature Review
Abstract
Introduction
What Are the Mechanisms that Determine the Audiological Damage in Patients with SDB?
Literature Review
Conclusion
References
Chapter 26
Occupational Exposure to Ototoxic Chemicals
Abstract
Introduction
Organic Solvents
Styrene
Toluene
Xylenes
Dichloromethane
Trichloroethylene
Carbon Disulphide
Solvent Mixtures
Metals
Lead
Mercury (Methyl Mercury Chloride, Mercuric Sulfide)
Cadmium
Chromium
Tin
Arsenic
Pesticides
Organophosphates (OPs)
Pyrethroids
Other Chemicals
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Conclusion
References
Chapter 27
Conduct Disorder in Children and
Youth with Hearing Impairment
Abstract
Conduct Disorder in Children and Youth with Hearing Impairment
Method
Participants
Instrument
Procedure
Results
Discussion
Limitations
Praxis Implications
Conclusion
References
Chapter 28
Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss and Polymorphisms in Iron Homeostasis Genes
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Iron Metabolism and Oxidative Stress
Iron Metabolism and the Inner Ear
Iron metabolism and Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Conclusion
References
Chapter 29
Chronic Tinnitus: Pith, Loudness, and Discomfort in Adults and Elderly Patients
Abstract
Introduction
Methodology
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Chapter 30
Effect of Hearing Loss on Traffic
Safety and Mobility
Abstract
List of Papers
List of Abbreviations
Concepts and Definitions
Introduction
Hearing Loss
Assessment of Hearing Ability
Cognition
Working Memory
Long-Term Memory
Executive Functions
Assessment of Cognitive Ability
WM Capacity
Processing Speed, Divided Attention, Selective Attention
Hearing Loss, Cognition and Aging
Cognitive Consequences of Aging
Cognitive Consequences of HL
Cognition and Traffic Safety
Driver Behavior Models
Motivational Models
Traffic Safety
Mobility and Quality of Life
Effects of Aging on Driving Behavior
Assessment of Driver Behavior
Advanced Driver Assistance Systems
General Aim and Research Questions
Methods
Ethical Considerations
Methodological Challenges
HL Population and Recruitment of Participants
Driving Simulator Versus Real Driving
Challenges with Cognitive Assessments
Procedures and Validity
Questionnaire Study
Experimental Studies
Pretests
Secondary Task
Performance Indicators
Participants and Data Collection
Design and Statistical Analyses
Questionnaire Survey
Driving Simulator Study
Field Study
Summary of Studies and Papers
Study 1: A Questionnaire Survey
Paper I: The Influence of Hearing Loss on Transport Safety and Mobility
Purpose
Method
Results
Conclusion
Study 2: A Driving Simulator Study
Purpose
Method
Paper II: Cognitive Workload and Driving Behavior in Persons with Hearing Loss
Method
Results
Conclusion
Paper III: Cognitive Workload and Visual Behavior in Elderly Drivers with Hearing Loss
Method
Results
Conclusion
Study 3: A Field Study in Real Traffic
Paper IV: Hearing Loss and a Supportive Tactile Signal in a Navigation System: Effects on Driving Behavior and Eye Movements
Purpose
Method
Results
Conclusion
General Discussion
Summary of Results
Choice of Transportation
Driving Behavior
Visual Behavior
Driver Assistance Systems
Methodological Discussion
Conclusion
Suggestions for Future Research
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 31
Genetics of Hearing Loss: Testing Methodologies and Counseling of Audiology Patients and Their Families
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. DNA Provides the Genetic Code
2.1. Structure of DNA
2.2. DNA Is Packaged into Chromosomes
2.3. Chromosomes Come in Pairs
3. Patterns of Inheritance
3.1. Autosomal Dominant
3.2. Autosomal Recessive
3.3. X-Linked
3.4. Mitochondrial
4. Syndromic Hearing Loss
4.1. Syndromes with Autosomal Dominant Inheritance
4.1.1. Stickler Syndrome
4.1.2. CHARGE Syndrome
4.1.3. Cornelia de Lange Syndrome
4.1.4. Neurofibromatosis Type 2
4.1.5. Branchio-oto-Renal Syndrome
4.1.6. Waardenburg Syndrome
4.1.7. Treacher Collins Syndrome
4.1.8. Crouzon Syndrome
4.1.9. Apert Syndrome
4.2. Syndromes with Autosomal Recessive Inheritance
4.2.1. Pendred Syndrome
4.2.2. Usher Syndrome
4.2.3. Jervell and Lange-Nielsen Syndrome
4.3. Syndrome with X-Linked Inheritance: Alport Syndrome
4.4. Syndromes with Mitochondrial Inheritance: MELAS and MERRF
4.5. Down Syndrome: The Most Common Genetic Syndrome
5. Nonsyndromic Hearing Loss
5.1. Nonsyndromic Hearing Loss: Autosomal Recessive Inheritance
5.1.1. Connexin 26 Hearing Loss Is Caused by the GJB2 Gene
5.1.2. Other Genes
5.1.2.1. SLC26A4
5.1.2.2. MYO15A
5.1.2.3. OTOF
5.1.2.4. CDH23
5.1.2.5. TMC1
5.1.2.6. TMPRSS3
5.1.2.7. TECTA
5.2. Nonsyndromic Hearing Loss: Autosomal Dominant inheritance
5.2.1. WFS1
5.2.2. KCNQ4
5.2.3. COCH
5.2.4. GJB2
5.3. Nonsyndromic Hearing Loss: X-Linked Inheritance
5.4. Nonsyndromic Hearing Loss: Mitochondrial Inheritance
6. Technologies in Genetic Testing
6.1. Cytogenetics
6.1.1. Classical Cytogenetics: Creation of a Karyotype
6.1.2. FISH: A Molecular Cytogenetic Technique
6.1.3. Array CGH: Molecular Cytogenetics of the Entire Genome
6.2. Polymerase Chain Reaction and Gel Electrophoresis
6.3. DNA Sequencing
6.3.1. Genome Sequencing
6.3.2. Exome Sequencing
7. Making a Genetics Referral
7.1. When Should a Genetics Referral Be Made?
7.2. Benefits of Genetic Testing
7.3. Impacts of a Positive Genetic Test Result
7.4. Limitations of Genetic Testing
7.5. Testing Recommendations
Conclusion
References
Chapter 32
Audiological and Surgical Outcome after Cochlear Implant Revision Surgery
Abstract
Introduction
Causes of Reimplantation
Device Failure
Scalp Infection
Electrode Extrusion
Cochlear Implant Electrode Misplacement
Magnet Displacement
Surgical Steps
Surgical Outcome
Audiological Outcome
Impedance
Speech Recognition
Conclusion
References
Chapter 33
Posturology: The Scientific Investigation of Postural Disorders
Abstract
Introduction
Human Posture Evaluation
Patient History
Visual Postural Analysis
Postural Clinical Tests
Posturography
Intervention Programs
References
Chapter 34
The Influence of Otovestibular System on Body Posture
Abstract
The Otovestibular System
Otovestibular Sensory Informations
Otovestibular Disorders and Body Balance
Posturography: A Quantitative Assessment
of Body Balance
Influence of Otovestibular System on Body Balance
The Role of Physical Activity on Body Balance
References
Chapter 35
Auditory Brainstem Response and Frequency Following Response in Patients with Sickle Cell Disease
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
References
Chapter 36
The Relationship between Self-Reported Restriction in Social Participation, Self-Reported Satisfaction/Benefit and the Time of Use of Hearing Aids
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Result
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Volume 3
Chapter 37
Telecommunications Relay Service: FCC Should Strengthen Its Management of Program to Assist Persons with Hearing or Speech Disabilities*
Why GAO Did This Study
What GAO Recommends
What GAO Found
Abbreviations
Background
Total TRS Minutes and Costs Have Grown Significantly since 2002 due to Internet-Based TRS and Increased Usage
FCC Has Not Established Performance Goals and Related Performance Measures for the TRS Program
FCC Has Designed Some Internal Controls but Lacks a Comprehensive Internal Control System to Manage Program Risks
An Internal Control System Helps Assure That Program Goals Are Met
FCC Has Designed Some TRS Internal Controls That Address Compliance and Reporting
FCC Lacks a Comprehensive Internal Control System to Manage TRS Program Risks
Stakeholders Cited Several Challenges to TRS Service Quality and Competition
Stakeholders Identified Challenges to Providing High Quality Services
Skill-Based Routing
Interpreter Accuracy
TRS Reimbursement Rates
Stakeholders Identified Challenges to Encouraging Competition and Technological Innovation
TRS Rate Reductions
Lack of Compensation for Marketing and Outreach and Research and Development
Lack of Interoperability among VRS Providers
Conclusion
Recommendations for Executive Action
Agency and Third-Party Comments
Appendix I: Objectives, Scope, and Methodology
Appendix II: Survey of Telecommunications Relay Service Providers
Appendix III: GAO Analysis of Provider Concentration in TRS Product Markets, 2008–2014 Rate Years
End Notes
End Note for Appendix I
Chapter 38
Video Relay Service:
Program Funding and Reform(
Summary
Introduction: How Video Relay Service Works
Program Overview
Management
VRS Provider Service Standards
Funding
Provider Compensation/Reimbursement
June 2013 Report and Order and Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking
Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking
Policy Considerations
Congressional Considerations
Appendix. History of Proposed Changes to the VRS Program, 2010-2013
October 2012 FCC Request for Additional Comment
Proposed Changes to VRS Access Technology
Proposed Enhancements to the iTRS Database
Proposed Rate Changes
Opposition to the October 2012 Proposed Reform Options
Proposed Changes to VRS Access Technology
Proposed Enhancements to the iTRS Database
Proposed Rate Changes
End Notes
Chapter 39
Sensorineural Hearing Loss Secondary to Otitis Media
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology
Bacteriology
Diagnosis
Physiopathology
Conclusion
References
Chapter 40
Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Treatment Options, and Prognostic Factors
Abstract
Introduction
Pathogenesis
Viral Theory
Vascular Theory
Autoimmunity Theory
Membrane Rupture Theory
Toxicity Theory
Diagnosis
Treatment
Anti-Inflammatory Treatment
Therapy to Increase Cochlear Blood Flow (CBF)
Anti-Viral Therapy
Shotgun Therapy
Other Treatment Modalities
Prognosis
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 41
Up-to-Date in Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder: Clinical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Features
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology
Diagnostic
Rehabilitation
Conclusion
References
Chapter 42
Genetic Kidney Diseases with Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Hearing Loss and Alport Syndrome
Introduction
Physiopathology
Clinic
Treatment
Conclusion
3. Hearing Loss and MYH9-Related Disorders
Introduction
Physiopathology
Clinic
Treatment
Conclusion
4. Hearing Loss and Chronic Kidney Disease
References
Chapter 43
Stepwise Approach to the Diagnosis of Hearing Loss in Children
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology and Etiopathogenesis
Diagnosis
Universal Neonatal Hearing Screening
Audiological Evaluation
Infectious Disease Assessment
Neuroimaging
Genetic Assessment
Other Specific Evaluations
Conclusion
References
Chapter 44
Hearing Loss After Traumatic Conditions: Histopathology and Clinical Features
Abstract
Introduction
The Eustachian Tube
Barotrauma
Middle Ear Barotrauma
Inner Ear Barotrauma
Head Trauma and Temporal Bone Fracture
Conclusion
References
Chapter 45
Idiopathic Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss and Cardiovascular Risk Factors
Abstract
Introduction
Idiopathic Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss (ISSNHL) and Cardiovascular Risk Factors
ISSNHL Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Oxidative Stress: Physiopathology of the Damage
Conclusion
References
Chapter 46
Hearing Loss of Volga-Ural Region in Russia
Abstract
References
Chapter 47
Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss, an Invisible Male: State of the Art
Etiology
Clinical Diagnosis
Pathophisiology of the Sudden Hearing Loss
Pathophisiology of the Sudden Hearing Loss: Vascular Theory
Pathophisiology of the Sudden Hearing Loss: Viral Theory
Pathophisiology of the Sudden Hearing Loss: Autoimmune Theory
Treatment
Prognosis
Conclusion
References
Chapter 48
The Influence of Sounds in Postural Control
Abstract
Introduction
Anatomical Elements of Sound and Postural Control
Sound and Inner Ear
The Influence of Sound on Postural Control
References
Chapter 49
Chronic Otitis Media and Hearing Loss
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Otitis Media with Effusion
3. Chronic Otitis Media
4. Chronic Otitis Media with Cholesteatoma
5. Chronic Otits Media Treatment
5.1. Tympanoplasty and Ossicular Reconstruction
5.2. Bone – Anchored Hearing Aid and Coclhear Implant
6. Impact of Conductional Hearing Loss in Language Development
References
Chapter 50
Binaural, Sequential or Simultaneous Cochlear Implants in Children: A Review
Abstract
Introduction
Cochlear Implants (CI)
CI Indications in Children
CIs in Children with Inner Ear Malformations
CI in Children and other Disabilities
Bilateral CIs in Children
Conclusion
References
Chapter 51
Virtual Reality for Cochlear Implant Surgery
Abstract
Introduction
What Is the Virtual Reality Simulation?
Challenges in Surgical Training
Virtual Reality Surgical Training
Training in Temporal Bone Surgery
Virtual Reality Temporal Bone Simulators
Current Systems
Validity of Simulator Systems
Efficacy of Simulators on Skills Improvement
Cochlear Implantation
Current Technology for Cochlear Implant Surgery
Virtual Guidance for Cochlear Implantation
Case-Specific Virtual Reality Surgery
Real-Time Modeling Electrode Insertion
Who Can Get the Benefit of Virtual Reality System for Cochlear Implant Surgery?
Conclusion
References
Chapter 52
Cross-Modal Plasticity in Deaf Children with Visual-Impairment: Electrophysiological Results after Long-Term Use of Cochlear Implants
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
References
Volume 4
Chapter 53
Anatomy and Physiology of the Peripheral and Central Auditory System
Abstract
Introduction
1. Anatomical Bases of Hearing: An Overview
1.1. The Ear
External Ear
Middle Ear
The Inner Ear
1.2. The Vestibulocochlear Nerve
1.3 The Cochlear Nuclei
1.4.The Auditory Cortex
2.Physiology of the Auditory System
2.1 Outer and Middle Ear Actions: Funneling and Conduction of Sound
2.2 Inner Ear Function: Transduction of Sound
2.3 Hair Cells Functions
3. Role of Nervous System
3.1. Auditory Nerve
3.2. Descending Control on Inner Ear
3.3. Central Auditory Pathways
3.4. Auditory Cortex
References
Chapter 54
Genetics in Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Abstract
Introduction
Hearing Loss and Its Genetics
Non-Syndromic Hearing Loss (Approximately 65% of All Genetic Causes of Hearing Loss): Audioprofiles of Dominant and Recessive Patterns
Syndromic Hearing Loss, without Congenital Craniofacial Findings and Recessive Inheritance Pattern
Pendred Syndrome (Prevalence 7,5:100000, approximately 5% of Cases of Congenital Hearing Loss), otherwise the FOXI1-SLC26A4/ KCNJ10 Genetic Variants Responsible for Ions Disorders in the Inner Ear)
Usher Syndrome (Ciliopathies Reflecting the Potential Effects of Variations in the Genes Encoding Actin-Based Structures and Tip Links in Inner Ear Cells)
Jervell and Lange-Nielsen Syndrome (Prevalence 0.3: 100,000), or Genetic Variants of KCN1/KCNE1 Genes Responsible for Ions Disorders in the Inner Ear
Syndromic Hearing Loss with Congenital Craniofacial Findings and Dominant Inheritance Pattern
BOR Syndrome and EYA1 Related Disorders (or Branchial Defects Potentially Resulting from Genetic Variants in EYA1, SIX5, and SIX5, Genes on the Axis of the Tbx1-Six1/Eya1-Fgf8 Genetic Pathway)
CHARGE Association (or Overlapping Features with DiGeorge Syndrome and Other Branchial Defects Resulting from Genetic Variations in the SMAD1/CHD7-FGF8/BMP Family/WNT1-OTX2-FOXA2-TBX1 Genetic Pathways)
Mutations in the MITF Pathway (Responsible for Waardenburg Syndrome)
Conclusion: Perform Simple Tasks with the Highest Attention
References
Chapter 55
Congenital Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Abstract
Introduction
Non Syndromic CHL
Non Syndromic CHL_Autosomal Recessive Hearing Loss
GJB2 (Connexin 26) – DFNB1A
GJB6 (Connexin 30) – DFNB1B
MYO7A (Myosin VIIA) – DFNB2
MYO15A (Myosin XV) – DFNB3
SLC26A4 (Pendrin) – DFNB4
OTOF (Otoferlin) – DFNB9
CDH23 (Otocadherin) – DFNB12
USH1C (Harmonin) – DFNB18
TECTA (α-Tectorin) – DFNB21
COL11A2 (Collagen 11α2) – DFNB53
Non Syndromic CHL_Autosomal Dominant Hearing Loss
DIAPH1 (Diaphanous) – DFNA1
KCNQ4 – DFNA2
GJB2 (Connexin 26) – DFNA3
TECTA (a-Tectorin) – DFNA8/DFNA12
EYA4 – DFNA10
WFS1 – DFNA 6/14/38
Syndromic CHL
Syndromic CHL_Autosomal Recesive Hearing Loss
Usher Syndrome
Pendred Syndrome
Jervell and Lange-Nielsen Syndrome
Wolfram Syndrome
Pompe Disease
Syndromic CHL_Autosomal Dominant Hearing Loss
Waardenburg Syndrome
Brachio-Oto-Renal Syndrome
Stickler Syndrome
Treacher Collins Syndrome
Syndromic CHL_X-Linked Hearing Loss
Alport Syndrome
Conclusion
References
Chapter 56
Neuroplasticity and Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Abstract
Introduction to Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity in the Auditory System
Unimodal Plasticity
Cross-Modal Plasticity
Neuroplasticity and Cochlear Implants
Conclusion
References
Chapter 57
Neuroradiology of the Hearing System
Abstract
1. Introduction to the Role of Imaging
1.1. Computerized Tomography (CT) Study Protocol
1.2. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Study Protocol
2. External Ear
3. Middle Ear and Mastoid
3.1. Congenital Anomalies of the Middle Ear
3.2. Acute Infections of Middle Ear
3.3. Chronic Otitis Media
3.3.1. Chronic Otitis Media without Cholesteatoma
3.3.2. Chronic Otitis Media with Cholesteatoma
3.4. Post-Operative Imaging
3.5. Otosclerosis
4. Inner Ear
4.1. Malformations
4.1.1. Complete Labyrinthine Aplasia (Michel deformity)
4.1.2. Cochlear Aplasia
4.1.3. Common Cavity Deformity
4.1.4. Cochlear Hypoplasia (CH)
4.1.5. Incomplete Partitions
4.1.6. Enlarged Vestibular Aqueduct (EVA)
4.1.7. Malformations of the Vestibule and Semicircular Canals
4.1.8. Abnormalities of the Vestibulo-Cochlear Nerve
4.2. Infections
4.3. Autoimmune Labyrinthitis
4.4. Imaging in Cochlear Implantation
5. Imaging of Cerebellopontine Angle and Internal Auditory Canal Lesions
5.1. Vestibular Schwannoma
5.2. Meningioma
5.3. Aneurysms
5.4. Epidermoid Cyst
5.5. Arachnoid Cyst
5.6. Lipochoristomas (Lipomatous Tumors)
5.7. Dermoid Cyst
5.8. Chordoma
5.9. Intra-Axial Tumors with CPA Involvement
6. Traumatic Lesions of the Temporal Bone
6.1. Temporal Bone Fractures
6.2. Ossicular Injuries
6.3. Contusio Labyrinthi (Labyrinthine Concussion)
6.4. Post Traumatic Hearing Loss
6.5. Facial Nerve Injury
6.6. Vascular Injuries (Carotid Canal and Jugular Gulf Impairment)
7. Petrous Apex Lesions and Other Lesions of the Temporal Bone
7.1. Leave-Me-Alone Lesions
7.2. Infections and Inflammatory Diseases
7.3. Neoplasms
7.4. Non-Neoplastic Lesions
7.5. Other Lesions of the Temporal Bone
7.5.1. Tumor-Like Lesions
7.5.2. Tumors
8. Facial Nerve
8.1. Facial Paralysis
8.1.1. Central Facial Palsy
8.1.2. Peripheral Facial Palsy
8.1.3. Facial Nerve Tumors
8.1.4. Congenital Malformations
8.2. Facial Dystonias
References
Atlas
Imaging Based Atlas of the Hearing System
Chapter 58
Age-Related Hearing Loss
Abstract
Definition
Epidemiology
Causes and Risk Factors
1. Genetics
2. Environmental Factors
3. Health Co-Morbidities
4. Ageing of the Auditory System
Peripheral ARHL
Central ARHL
ARHL and Frailty
Diagnosis
Pure Tone Audiometry
Speech Audiometry
Redundancy and Sensitized Speech Measures (SSM)
Tympanometry
Otoacoustic Emissions
Prevention and Rehabilitation
References
Chapter 59
Traumatic Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Abstract
Introduction
Pathophysiology
TBI with Temporal Bone Fracture
TBI without Temporal Bone Fracture
Perilymphatic Fistula with Pneumolabyrinth
Diagnosis
Clinical Evaluation (Table 2)
Radiological Evaluation (Table 2)
Temporal Bone Fractures and Ossicular Injuries
Labyrinthine Concussion
Perilymphatic Fistula
Endolymphatic Hydrops
Injury to the Central Auditory Pathways
Labyrinthitis Ossificans
Treatment
References
Chapter 60
Advanced Otosclerosis
Abstract
Introduction
Definition
Pathogenesis
Radiologic Diagnosis and Classification
Treatment Strategies
Hearing Aids and Follow-Up
Stapes Surgery and Hearing Aids
Cochlear Implantation
Direct Acoustic Cochlear Implant
Treatment Strategy and Counselling
Conclusion
References
Chapter 61
Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Abstract
Etiology
Diagnostic Evaluation
Pathophysiology of Sudden Hearing Loss
Vascular Theory
Viral Theory
Autoimmune Theory
Treatment
Prognosis
Conclusion
References
Chapter 62
Cause, Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations and Treatment of Meniere’s Disease and Endolymphatic Hydrops
Abstract
Introduction
Cause of Meniere’s Disease
Pathogenesis of Meniere’s Syndrome
Treatment of Meniere’s Disease and Endolymphatic Hydrops
Conclusion
References
Chapter 63
Autoimmune Inner Ear Disease
Abstract
Introduction
Environmental Factors
Genetic Factors
Diagnosis
Cogan’s Syndrome
Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Syndrome
Susac’s Syndrome
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Primary Sjögren Syndrome
Polyarteritis Nodosa
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Specific Tests of the Inner Ear
Lymphoblastic Transformation Test Concerning Cellular Immunity
Western Blot
Indirect Immunofluorescence Test
Other Useful Tests for Diagnosis
Therapy
Corticosteroids
Immunosuppressive
Plasmapheresis
Gammaglobuline
Intratympanic Injections
Cochlear Implants
Conclusion
References
Chapter 64
Occupational Hearing Loss
Abstract
Introduction
Pathophysiology of Occupational Hearing Loss
Clinical and Audiometric Characteristics of NIHL
Non Auditory Effects of Noise Exposure
Inner Ear Protection from Noise
References
Chapter 65
Single Side Deafness in Children
Abstract
Introduction
How to Test Auditory and Memory
Studies Results
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Chapter 66
Pharmacological Treatment of Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Abstract
Introduction
Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Into the Medical History
Symptoms: From the Mechanistic Damage to the Distorted Perception
Diagnostic Measures: The State of the Multiple Evidences
Pharmacological Management: Glucocorticoids Mechanisms of Action
Pharmacological Management: Oral and Intratympanic Corticosteroid Therapy
Pharmacological Management: Vasodilators Agents
Conclusion
References
Chapter 67
Management of Sensorineural Hearing Loss with Hearing Aids
Abstract
Introduction
Functional Principles and Essential Components of Hearing Aids
Classification of Hearing Aids
Types of Amplification
Fitting of Hearing Aids
Technological Advancements and Future Developments
Hearing Aids for Unilateral Hearing Loss in Children
Hearing Aids for Unilateral Hearing Loss in Adults
References
Chapter 68
Cochlear Implant of SNHL Patients
Abstract
Introduction
Effects of Hearing Loss
Candidacy Criteria for Cochlear Implantation
FDA Guidelines
Medical Evaluation
Etiology
History of Hearing Loss
Radiological Examination
Genetic Diagnostics
Audiologic Evaluation
Performance Measures in Children
Psychological/Rehabilitation Evaluation
Patient Counseling and Expectations
The CI Team
Otologist/Otosurgeon
Aural Rehabilitation Specialists
Psychologist
Neuropsychologist
Educational Specialists
Social Worker
CI Components
The CI Surgery
Standard Surgical Technique
CI Complications
Device Failure (Technical Complications)
Medical Complications
Setting the Cochlear Implant Speech Processor
Postoperative Fitting and Hearing-Speech Training
The Use of Objective Measures in Speech Processor Programming
Electrically Evoked Auditory Brainstem Response (EABR)
Electrically Evoked Compound Action Potential (ECAP)
Electrically Evoked Acoustic Reflex Threshold (EART)
Results
Comparison of Sensory Aids in Children
Bilateral Implantation
Cochlear Implants and Cognitive Effort
References
Chapter 69
Presbyastasis: From Diagnosis to Management
Abstract
Introduction
Patient’s Evaluation
Tinetti Performance Oriented Mobility Assessment (POMA)
Balance Section
Gait Section
Risk Indicators
 normal mobility: patients who are autonomous for balance and for prehension tasks perform it in less than 10 seconds
 normal limits for weak, elderly and disabled people: patients who are indipendent for transfers only perform them in less than 20 seconds
 a range higher than 20 seconds means the person needs assistance outside and indicates the necessity of further examinations and interventions [15]
 a score of 30 seconds or more suggests that the person has an severe risk to fall
Berg’s Balance Scale
Rehabilitation Strategy
Proprioceptive Training
Proprioceptive Self-Analysis
Learing to Get up after a Fall
Conclusion
References
Index
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