The latest advances in several emerging technologies such as AI, blockchain, privacy-preserving algorithms used in localization and positioning systems, cloud computing and computer vision all have great potential in facilitating social distancing. Benefits range from supporting people to work from home to monitoring micro- and macro- movements such as contact tracing apps using Bluetooth, tracking the movement and transportation level of a city and wireless positioning systems to help people keep a safe distance by alerting them when they are too close to each other or to avoid congestion. However, implementing such technologies in practical scenarios still faces various challenges.
This book aims to lay the foundations of how these technologies could be adopted to realize and facilitate social distancing to better manage pandemics and future outbreaks. Starting with basic concepts, models and practical technology-based social distancing scenarios, the authors present enabling wireless technologies and solutions which could be widely adopted to encourage social distancing. They include symptom prediction, detection and monitoring of quarantined people and contact tracing. In the future, smart infrastructures for next-generation wireless systems should incorporate a pandemic mode in their standard architecture and design.
Author(s): Diep N. Nguyen, Dinh Thai Hoang, Thang X. Vu, Eryk Dutkiewicz, Symeon Chatzinotas, Björn Ottersten
Series: IET Telecommunications Series, 104
Publisher: The Institution of Engineering and Technology
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 305
City: London
Cover
Contents
Enabling technologies for social distancing: fundamentals, concepts and solutions
About the Editors
1 Social distancing and related technologies: fundamental background
1.1 Social distancing
1.1.1 Overview
1.1.2 Measurements and models
1.1.3 Effectiveness of social distancing
1.1.4 Social distancing in COVID-19
1.1.5 Practical social distancing scenarios
1.2 Background of enabling technologies for social distancing
1.2.1 Positioning-based social distancing solutions
1.2.2 AI-based social distancing solutions
1.2.3 Other related technologies and research
References
2 Background on positioning and localization for social distancing
2.1 Fundamental of positioning
2.1.1 Bearing measurement phase
2.1.2 Localization phase
2.1.3 Angulation
2.1.4 Hybrid angulation and lateration
2.2 Performance evaluations and analysis
2.3 Global navigation satellite systems
2.4 Non-GNSS localization
2.4.1 Localization with UAV
2.4.2 Positioning in WLAN
2.4.3 Positioning in cellular networks
2.4.4 Bluetooth positioning
2.4.5 Ultra-wideband positioning
2.5 Applications of positioning to social distancing
References
3 Wireless and networking technologies for social distancing—indoor and outdoor
3.1 Overview
3.2 Main wireless positioning technologies
3.2.1 Fundamentals of wireless positioning techniques
3.2.2 Global navigation satellite system (GNSS)
3.2.3 Cellular communications
3.2.4 Low-power wide-area network (LPWAN)
3.2.5 Wireless local area network (WLAN)
3.2.6 Wireless personal area network (WPAN)
3.2.7 Ultra-wideband (UWB)
3.2.8 RFID/NFC technologies
3.3 Potential social distancing applications
3.3.1 Social distancing scenarios
3.3.2 GNSS-based applications
3.3.3 Cellular-based applications
3.3.4 LPWAN-based applications
3.3.5 WLAN-based applications
3.3.6 Bluetooth-based applications
3.3.7 WSN-based applications
3.3.8 UWB-based applications
3.3.9 RFID-based applications
3.3.10 NFC-based applications
3.4 Comparison and trade-off analysis
3.5 Future trends and technologies
3.5.1 Cooperative localization
3.5.2 Sensor fusion
3.5.3 Machine learning/artificial intelligence
3.6 Conclusions
References
4 Computer vision technologies for social distancing
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Fundamental background of computer vision
4.1.2 Potential applications to social distancing to fight pandemics
4.2 Vision-based applications for social distancing
4.2.1 Intelligent surveillance for social distancing monitoring
4.2.2 Masked face detection
4.3 Technical approaches
4.3.1 Classical approaches
4.3.2 Modern neural network-based methodologies
4.3.3 Sensor types and systems
4.4 Feasibility study and comparisons
4.4.1 Model training and evaluation
4.4.2 Case studies
4.4.3 Lesson learned and remarks
4.5 Open problems and discussions
4.5.1 Occlusion
4.5.2 Scale and pose variance
4.5.3 Illumination variance
4.5.4 Interperson physical distance estimation
4.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
5 Artificial intelligence and big data for COVID-19 and social distancing
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Preliminary
5.1.2 Motivation and contributions
5.1.3 The chapter organization
5.2 AI for COVID-19 and social distancing
5.2.1 AI for COVID-19 detection and diagnosis
5.2.2 AI for outbreak prediction and monitoring
5.2.3 AI for infodemiology and infoveillance
5.2.4 AI for biomedicine and pharmacotherapy
5.2.5 AI for social distancing
5.2.6 Summary
5.3 Big data for COVID-19 and social distancing
5.3.1 Big data for outbreak prediction
5.3.2 Big data for virus spread tracing
5.3.3 Big data for COVID-19 diagnosis and treatment
5.3.4 Big data for vaccine and drug discovery
5.3.5 Big data for social distancing
5.3.6 Summary
5.4 Challenges, lessons, and recommendations
5.4.1 Challenges and solutions
5.4.2 Lessons and recommendations
5.5 Conclusion
References
6 Advanced sensing and automation technologies
6.1 Ultrasound
6.1.1 Distance among people
6.1.2 Real-time crowd monitoring
6.1.3 Automation
6.2 Inertial sensor
6.2.1 Distance among people
6.2.2 Automation
6.3 Visible light
6.3.1 Real-time crowd monitoring
6.3.2 Automation
6.3.3 Traffic control
6.4 Thermal
6.4.1 Distance among people
6.4.2 Physical contact tracing
6.4.3 Real-time monitoring
6.5 Summary
References
7 Security, privacy and blockchain applications in COVID-19 detection and social distancing
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Security and privacy in COVID-19 detection and social distancing
7.3 Blockchain background
7.3.1 Blockchain introduction
7.3.2 Potentials of blockchain for intelligent COVID-19 detection
7.4 Blockchain applications in COVID-19 detection and social distancing
7.4.1 Outbreak monitoring
7.4.2 User privacy protection
7.4.3 Safe day-to-day operations
7.4.4 Medical supply chain
7.4.5 Social distancing
7.5 Blockchain projects for COVID-19 fighting
7.5.1 Hashlog
7.5.2 Hyperchain
7.5.3 VeChain
7.5.4 PHBC
7.6 A case study on blockchain for COVID-19 detection
7.6.1 Working procedure of blockchain-based FL for COVID-19 detection
7.6.2 Simulation results
7.7 Challenges and future directions
7.7.1 Challenges
7.7.2 Future directions
7.8 Conclusions
References
8 Real-time optimization for social distancing
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Physical space management
8.3 Workforce management
8.4 Healthcare management
8.5 Traffic management
8.6 Low-cost service management
8.6.1 Low-cost computer-based distance monitoring
8.6.2 Low-cost optimization solution with artificial intelligence
8.7 Conclusion
References
9 Incentives for individual compliance with pandemic response measures
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Contribution
9.1.2 Organization
9.1.3 Preliminaries
9.1.4 Game theory
9.1.5 Rationality
9.1.6 Nash equilibrium
9.1.7 Social optimum
9.1.8 Mechanism design
9.2 Related work
9.2.1 Game-theoretic models
9.3 The distancing game
9.3.1 Basic distancing game
9.3.2 Extended distancing game
9.4 The Mask Game
9.5 Vaccination models
9.5.1 Duration-efficiency decision
9.5.2 Availability-efficiency decision
9.5.3 Duration-efficiency-availability decision
9.5.4 Side-effect decision
9.6 Pandemic mechanism design
9.6.1 The Government as mechanism designer
9.6.2 Data quality and transparency
9.6.3 Social distancing
9.6.4 Mask wearing
9.6.5 Vaccination
9.6.6 Testing and contact tracing
9.6.7 The big picture
9.7 Conclusion
9.7.1 Limitations
9.7.2 Future work
References
10 Open issues and future research directions
10.1 Pandemic mode using social distancing
10.1.1 Infected movement data
10.1.2 Contact tracing
10.2 Hybrid technologies
10.3 Security and privacy-preserving
10.3.1 Location information protection
10.3.2 Personal identity protection
10.3.3 Health-related information protection
10.4 Adverse effects of social distancing
10.4.1 Economic impacts
10.4.2 Mental health effects
References
Index
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