Emerging Drug Delivery and Biomedical Engineering Technologies: Transforming Therapy

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Editor
Contributors
Chapter 1 Advances in Drug Delivery and the Need for Emerging Technologies
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Emerging Manufactured Therapeutics
1.2.1 Regenerative Medicine
1.2.2 3D Printing
1.2.3 3D and 4D Bioprinting
1.2.4 Electrospinning
1.3 Medical Devices and Assistants
1.3.1 Mobile Device Applications
1.3.2 Microneedles
1.3.3 Microfluidics (MFs)
1.3.4 Blockchain
1.4 Conclusions and Future Prospective
References
Chapter 2 Hot-Melt Extrusion: An Emerging Manufacturing Technology for Drug Products
2.1 General Introduction
2.2 A Brief Overview of Pharmaceutical HME Processing
2.3 Example Applications of Pharmaceutical HME
2.3.1 Drug-Enabled Formulations
2.3.1.1 Drug-Polymer Amorphous Solid Dispersions (ASDs)
2.3.1.2 Nano-Particulate Delivery Systems
2.3.1.3 Cocrystals and Salts
2.3.2 Controlled Release Drug Delivery Platforms
2.3.2.1 Sustained Delivery of Small Molecule Drugs
2.3.2.2 Implantable Devices for Delivery of Biologics
2.3.3 Continuous Processing – Extrusion Granulation
2.3.4 Patient-Centred Drug products
2.3.4.1 Fixed-Dose Combinations (FDCs) via Co-Extrusion
2.3.4.2 Fused Deposition Modelling 3D Printing
2.3.5 Abuse-Deterrent Formulations
2.4 HME and Continuous Manufacturing
2.4.1 Principle of Quality by Design (QbD)
2.4.2 Process Analytical Technology (PAT) Tools
2.4.2.1 Near- and Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy
2.4.2.2 Raman Spectroscopy
2.4.2.3 In-Line UV/Visible Spectroscopy
2.4.2.4 In-Process Rheometry
2.5 Summary and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 3 3D Printing Technologies for Personalized Drug Delivery
3.1 Introduction: Unlocking the Potential of 3D Printing Technologies in the Manufacturing of Personalized Drug Delivery Systems
3.2 Understanding How 3D Printing Technologies Work When Fabricating Personalized Medicines and Which Challenges Should Be Overcome for Their Implementation in Clinical Practice
3.2.1 Semisolid-Based 3D Printing Technologies
3.2.2 Laser-Based 3D Printing Technologies
3.3 Application of 3D Printing Technologies in the Development of Oral Solid Dosage Forms: Polypills
3.4 Application of 3D Printing Technologies in the Development of Parenteral Dosage Forms
3.5 Application of 3D Printing Technologies in the Development of Topical and Transdermal Dosage Forms
3.6 Novel Applications of 3D Printing Technologies for Personalized Drug Delivery: Microfluidic Chips
3.6.1 Continuous Manufacturing with 3D-Printed Microfluidic Chips
3.6.2 Manufacturing Nanomedicines with 3D-Printed Microfluidic Chips
3.7 Future Perspectives and Conclusion
References
Chapter 4 Bioprinting Biomimetic 3D Constructs for Tissue Modelling and Repair
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Bioprinting: From Implantable Grafts to Dynamic Microphysiological Systems for Tissue Modelling and Drug Screening
4.3 Bioprinted 3D Constructs for Tissue Modelling and Repair
4.3.1 Skin
4.3.1.1 Bioprinted Grafts for Skin Repair
4.3.1.2 Bioprinted 3D Constructs for Skin Modelling
4.3.2 Heart
4.3.2.1 Bioprinted Grafts for Cardiac Repair
4.3.2.2 Bioprinted 3D Constructs for Heart Modelling
4.3.3 Liver
4.3.3.1 Bioprinted Grafts for Liver Repair
4.3.3.2 Bioprinted 3D Constructs for Liver Modelling
4.3.4 Bioprinting Cancer Models
4.3.4.1 Breast Cancer
4.3.4.2 Pancreatic Cancer
4.3.4.3 Glioblastoma
4.3.5 Bioprinting of Organoids
4.3.5.1 Bioprinted Organoids for Regenerative Purposes
4.3.5.2 Bioprinted Organoids for Disease Modelling and Drug Screening
4.3.5.3 Bioprinting 3D Templates for Organoid-Derived Culture
4.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 5 Advances in Drug Delivery via Electrospun and Electrosprayed Formulations
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Electrospinning
5.2.1 Comprehensive Description of the Physical Background and Various Setups
5.2.2 Advantages and Application of Electrospinning as Effective Strategies for Drug Delivery
5.2.3 Impact of Different Parameters on the Product Quality
5.2.4 Challenges Relating to Electrospinning
5.2.4.1 Critical Feasibility Assessment of Pharmaceutical Applicability
5.2.4.2 Scaling-Up Considerations
5.2.4.3 Formulation of the Final Dosage Forms
5.3 Electrospraying
5.3.1 Comprehensive Description of the Physical Background and Various Setups
5.3.2 Advantages and Application of Electrospraying as Effective Strategies for Drug Delivery
5.3.3 Impact of Different Parameters on the Product Quality
5.3.4 Challenges Relating to Electrospraying
5.3.4.1 Designing Suitable Electrosprayed Products
5.3.4.2 Scaling-Up Considerations
5.3.4.3 Formulation of the Final Dosage Forms
5.3.5 Industrial Approach of Electrospraying
5.4 Comprehensive Comparison of Electrospinning and Electrospraying
5.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 6 Microfluidic Manufacture of Polymeric Nanoparticles
6.1 Introduction: Background and Driving Forces
6.2 Theoretical Basis of Microfluidic Technique
6.3 Microfluidic Platforms Materials and Geometries
6.4 Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery Manufacturing by Microfluidics
6.4.1 Liposomes, Lipid Nanoparticles (LNP) through Self-Assembling
6.4.2 Polymer Nanoparticles (NPs) through Nanoprecipitation
6.4.3 Polymer Nanoparticles (NPs) through Polyelectrolyte Complexation
6.5 Miscellaneous
6.6 Conclusions and Outlook
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 7 Microfluidics for Drug Discovery and Development
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Microfluidics Technology
7.2.1 Continuous-Flow Microfluidics
7.2.2 Droplet-Based Microfluidics
7.3 Microfluidics for Drug Synthesis
7.3.1 Microfluidics for Single-Step Drug Synthesis
7.3.2 Microfluidics for Multi-step Drug Synthesis
7.4 Microfluidics for Drug Delivery
7.4.1 Microfluidics for Production of Drug Carriers
7.4.2 Microfluidic Devices as Drug Delivery Systems
7.5 Microfluidics for Drug Screening and Evaluation
7.5.1 Microfluidics for Drug Screening
7.5.2 Microfluidic for Drug Evaluation in Preclinical Studies
7.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 8 Biosensors for Diagnosis
8.1 Introduction
8.2 DNA-Based Biosensors
8.2.1 Small Molecules
8.2.2 Nucleic Acids
8.2.3 Proteins
8.3 Protein-Based Biosensors
8.4 Cell-Based Biosensors
8.4.1 Small Molecules
8.4.2 Pathogens
8.4.3 Cell Cytotoxicity
8.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 9 Modelling Dissolving Microneedles Mediated Drug Delivery for COVID-19 Treatment
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Methodology
9.2.1 Mathematical Modelling Strategies
9.2.2 Estimation of Diffusion Coefficient for Modelling
9.2.3 Dissolution of DMN in the Skin
9.2.4 Diffusion of Skin Interstitial Fluid into the DMN
9.2.5 Diffusive Drug Release
9.2.6 Drug Pharmacokinetics
9.3 Results and Discussion
9.3.1 Geometry Mesh
9.3.2 Concentration Distribution Profiles
9.3.3 Effect of Polymer Biodegradation Kinetics
9.3.4 Effect of Skin pH
9.3.5 Effect of Dissolving Microneedle Length and Centre-to-Centre Spacing
9.3.6 Effect of Skin Thickness
9.3.7 Comparison to Literature Data
9.4 Model Limitations
9.5 Conclusions
9.6 Recommendations for Future Work
9.7 Nomenclature
References
Chapter 10 Engineering Approaches for Cellular Therapeutics and Diagnostics
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Contact-Based Approaches for Cellular Applications
10.2.1 Nanoparticle-Based Probes
10.2.2 Scanning Probe Microscopy for Cellular Applications
10.2.3 Traction Force Microscopy
10.3 Non-Contact-Based Approaches for Cellular Applications
10.3.1 Optical Tweezers for Cellular Applications
10.3.2 Magnetic Tweezers
10.3.3 Acoustic Tweezers
10.4 Future Prospects
References
Chapter 11 Drug Delivery Using Cold Plasma
11.1 Introduction: Fundamentals of CP and Drug Delivery
11.2 Cold Atmospheric Plasma Applications for Transdermal Drug Delivery
11.3 Cold Atmospheric Plasma Applications in Oncology – Cancer Treatment
11.3.1 In Vitro CP Applications for Drug Delivery in Cancer Cell Lines
11.3.2 Anticancer Effect of CP in Combination with Nanoparticles (NPs) for Delivering Drugs
11.4 Development of Controlled Releasing Surfaces by Cold Plasma Modification for Drug Delivery
11.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 12 Ultrasound-Mediated Delivery of Therapeutics
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Mechanism of Action
12.2.1 Acoustic Cavitation
12.2.2 Sonoporation
12.2.3 Tight Junction Disruption
12.2.4 Active Transport
12.2.5 Microbubble Dynamics
12.3 Monitoring
12.3.1 Passive Cavitation Detection
12.3.2 Passive Acoustic Mapping
12.3.3 Confirmation of BBB Opening and Drug Delivery
12.4 Preclinical Applications
12.4.1 Brain Tumours
12.4.2 Alzheimer's Disease
12.4.3 Parkinson's Disease and Huntington's Disease
12.5 Clinical Applications
12.5.1 Ongoing Clinical Trials
12.5.2 Challenges and Future Prospects
12.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 13 The Ongoing Emergence of Technology in Healthcare to Enhance Patient Outcomes
13.1 Emerging Technologies in Healthcare – How Did We Get Here?
13.2 The Application of Technologies to Enhance Outcomes
13.2.1 Telemedicine
13.2.2 The Emergence of Connected Health
13.2.3 The Role of Connected Health in Treatment Adherence
13.2.4 Leveraging Mobile Technology for Next-Generation Telemedicine and Health
13.2.5 Combinatorial Approaches: The Emergence of Connected Health Devices
13.3 Barriers to the Emergence of Healthcare Technologies
13.4 Future Directions
13.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 14 Emerging Technologies for Tackling Pandemics
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Methodology
14.2.1 Study Design
14.2.2 Search Strategy
14.2.3 Study Selection
14.2.4 Data Extraction
14.3 Results
14.3.1 Artificial Intelligence
14.3.2 Internet of Things and Internet of Medical Things
14.3.3 Drones and Robots
14.3.4 5G technology
14.3.5 Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality
14.3.6 Geographic information systems and Smart Apps
14.3.7 Telemedicine
14.4 Challenges Encountered in Deploying Emerging Technologies for Tackling Pandemics
14.4.1 Poor Infrastructure
14.4.2 Lack of Clear Government Regulatory Policies
14.4.3 Ethical Issues
14.4.4 Lack of Systems Interoperability
14.4.5 Lack of Equipment
14.4.6 Funding Inadequacy
14.4.7 Lack of Trust and Security Issues
14.5 Recommendations
14.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 15 Emerging Technologies in Age-Related Therapies
15.1 Challenges in Geriatric Medicines
15.2 Artificial Intelligence
15.3 Emerging Manufacturing Technologies
15.3.1 Electrohydrodynamic Techniques
15.3.2 Merging Additive Manufacturing with Electrohydrodynamic Technologies
15.4 Wearable Technologies
15.4.1 Wearables for Monitoring Health
15.4.2 Wearables for Assisted Living
15.5 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 16 Innovative Management of Pharmaceutical Product Design and Manufacturing
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Challenges in the Pharmaceutical Industry
16.2.1 Increasing Costs in Developing New Drugs
16.2.2 Need for Novel Therapies
16.2.3 Changing Patient and Regulatory Demands
16.3 Innovative Management of Pharmaceuticals
16.3.1 Internal Management
16.3.1.1 Agile Methodology
16.3.1.2 Agile Adoption
16.3.1.3 Examples of Agile
16.3.2 External Management
16.3.2.1 FAIR Data Management
16.3.2.2 Areas Where FAIR Can Be Leveraged
16.3.2.3 Examples of FAIR Management
16.4 Implications and Conclusions
16.4.1 Large Pharmaceutical Companies
16.4.2 Biotech Ventures
16.4.3 Academia
References
Index