Emerging Contaminants in Soil and Groundwater Systems: Occurrence, Impact, Fate and Transport

Front Cover
Emerging Contaminants in Soil and Groundwater Systems
Copyright Page
Contents
List of contributors
1 Introduction
1.1 Overview of soils and groundwater
1.2 Typical soil and groundwater contaminants
1.3 Emerging contaminants
1.4 Organization of this book
2 Occurrences and impacts of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in soils and groundwater
2.1 Overview
2.2 Classifications of PPCPs
2.2.1 Definition
2.2.2 Pharmaceuticals
2.2.3 Personal care products
2.3 Pathways and main sources of PPCPs in soils and groundwater
2.3.1 Pathways
2.3.2 Domestic sewage
2.3.3 Landfill
2.4 Analytical techniques
2.4.1 Overview
2.4.2 Sample collection and preservation
2.4.3 Sample preparation
2.4.4 Instrument analysis and detection
2.4.5 Data analysis
2.4.6 Quality control
2.5 Risks and impacts
2.5.1 Overview
2.5.2 Translocation of PPCPs from soils and groundwater into the food chain
2.5.3 Risks and impacts of pharmaceuticals
2.5.4 Risks and impacts of PCPs
2.5.5 Antibiotic resistance
2.6 Case studies of PPCPs in soils and groundwater
2.6.1 Sulfonamides
2.6.2 DEET
2.7 Conclusion and perspectives
References
3 Fate and transport of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in soils and groundwater
3.1 Overview
3.2 Interaction with soil components
3.2.1 Hydrophobicity, polarity, and ionization of pharmaceutical and personal care products
3.2.2 Sorption of pharmaceutical and personal care products to soil matrix
3.2.2.1 The controlling factors of pharmaceutical and personal care products sorption
3.2.2.1.1 Properties of soil
3.2.2.1.2 Soil organic matter
3.2.2.1.3 pH
3.2.2.1.4 Coexisting cations
3.2.2.2 Adsorption kinetics and equilibrium
3.2.2.3 Continuous fixed-bed adsorption
3.2.2.4 Pharmaceutical and personal care products sorption and degradation
3.2.3 Pharmaceutical and personal care product interaction with plant roots
3.3 Pharmaceutical and personal care products field transport studies and modeling
3.4 Typical systems of pharmaceutical and personal care product fate and transport research
3.4.1 Landfills
3.4.2 Septic system
3.4.3 Agriculture area
3.4.3.1 Biosolids or manure land application
3.4.3.2 Reclaimed water irrigation
3.4.4 Groundwater
3.5 Conclusion and perspectives
References
4 Occurrences and impacts of perfluorinated compounds in soils and groundwater
4.1 Overview
4.1.1 Overview of perfluorinated compounds
4.1.2 Categories of PFCs
4.1.2.1 PFCAs
4.1.2.2 PFSAs
4.1.2.3 Perfluoroalkyl sulfonamides
4.1.2.4 PFPAs
4.1.3 Chemical structure and properties
4.2 Applications and sources
4.2.1 Main applications
4.2.2 Sources
4.3 Occurrences
4.3.1 Occurrences in soils
4.3.2 Occurrences in groundwater
4.4 Analytical techniques
4.4.1 Sampling
4.4.1.1 Soil samples
4.4.1.2 Groundwater samples
4.4.2 Sample pretreatment
4.4.2.1 Groundwater samples
4.4.2.2 Soil samples
4.4.3 Instrumental analysis
4.4.4 Quality assurance and quality control
4.5 Risks and impacts
4.5.1 Risks of PFCs
4.5.1.1 Ecological risks
4.5.1.1.1 Toxicity in aquatic ecosystems
4.5.1.1.2 Toxicity in terrestrial ecosystems
4.5.1.2 Health risks
4.5.1.3 Epidemiological studies
4.6 Case studies
4.7 Conclusion and perspectives
References
5 Fate and transport of perfluorinated compounds in soils and groundwater
5.1 Overview of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances
5.2 Interactions with soils
5.2.1 Sorption of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances
5.2.2 Important factors
5.2.2.1 Alkyl chain length
5.2.2.2 pH
5.2.2.3 Cationic and anionic species
5.2.2.4 Organic matter
5.3 Retention, transport, and release
5.3.1 Fate and transport of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in soils and groundwater
5.3.2 Impact factors
5.3.2.1 Natural organic carbon
5.3.2.2 Solution chemistry
5.3.2.3 Moisture content
5.3.2.4 Medium property
5.4 Conceptual models of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance retention
5.4.1 Solid-phase adsorption
5.4.2 Partitioning to air
5.4.3 Adsorption to air–water interface
5.4.4 Nonaqueous-phase liquids-water partitioning
5.4.5 Adsorption at the nonaqueous-phase liquids–water interface
5.5 Conclusion and perspectives
References
6 Occurrences and impacts of engineered nanoparticles in soils and groundwater
6.1 Overview
6.2 Classification of nanoparticles
6.2.1 Definition
6.2.2 Natural nanoparticles
6.2.3 Engineered nanoparticles
6.2.3.1 Classification of ENPs
6.2.3.2 Metal oxide ENPs
6.2.3.3 Metal ENPs
6.2.3.4 Carbon ENPs
6.2.3.5 Quantum dots
6.3 Sources, occurrences, and pathways of ENPs
6.3.1 Pathways
6.3.2 Environmental concentrations of ENPs
6.3.3 ENPs in soils and groundwater
6.3.3.1 Air deposition
6.3.3.2 Landfill
6.3.3.3 Biosolid and compost
6.3.3.4 Runoff and others
6.4 Analytical techniques
6.4.1 Separation and sample preparation
6.4.1.1 Digestion
6.4.1.2 Centrifugation
6.4.1.3 Filtration, ultrafiltration, and dialysis
6.4.1.4 Liquid phase extraction
6.4.1.5 Solid phase extraction
6.4.2 Detection and characterization
6.4.2.1 Electron microscopy
6.4.2.2 Particle size and surface characteristics
6.4.2.3 Chemical composition
6.4.2.4 Chemical speciation
6.5 Risks and impacts
6.5.1 Transformations
6.5.2 Risks and impacts
6.6 Case study of Ag ENPs
6.7 Conclusions and perspectives
References
7 Fate and transport of engineered nanoparticles in soils and groundwater
7.1 Overview
7.1.1 Classification and applications of manufactured nanomaterials
7.1.2 ENPs in soils and groundwater
7.1.3 Risks of ENPs in soils and groundwater
7.2 Transformation and stability of subsurface ENPs
7.2.1 Transformation of ENPs in the subsurface environment
7.2.2 Stability of ENPs in the subsurface environment
7.3 Retention, transport, and release
7.3.1 Effects of physicochemical properties of ENPs
7.3.1.1 Particle size
7.3.1.2 Particle shape
7.3.1.3 Particle concentration
7.3.1.4 Particle surface properties
7.3.2 Effects of physicochemical properties of porous media
7.3.2.1 Grain size and medium heterogeneity
7.3.2.2 Medium surface roughness
7.3.2.3 Medium surface impurity
7.3.2.4 Environmental temperature
7.3.3 Effects of flow hydraulic properties and solution chemistry
7.3.3.1 Velocity and flow direction
7.3.3.2 Moisture content
7.3.3.3 Solution pH
7.3.3.4 Ionic strength and cation valence
7.3.4 Soil colloids
7.3.5 Heavy metals and organic pollutants
7.4 Modeling
7.4.1 Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek theory
7.4.2 Filtration of ENPs in the subsurface environment
7.4.3 One-dimensional convective dispersion model for saturated porous media
7.4.4 One-dimensional convective dispersion model for unsaturated porous media
7.5 Conclusions and perspectives
References
Further reading
8 Occurrences and impacts of microplastics in soils and groundwater
8.1 Overview
8.2 Occurrences and sources
8.2.1 Occurrences of MPs in soils and groundwater
8.2.2 Sources of MPs in soils
8.2.2.1 Wastewater sludge and compost
8.2.2.2 Agricultural plastic mulch
8.2.2.3 Solid waste management (landfill and littering)
8.2.2.4 Atmospheric deposition
8.2.2.5 Irrigation and flooding
8.2.2.6 Other sources
8.2.3 Sources of MPs in groundwater
8.2.3.1 Soil migration
8.2.3.2 Wastewater effluent
8.2.3.3 Other sources
8.3 Analytical techniques
8.3.1 General procedures
8.3.2 Sample collection
8.3.3 Sample preparation
8.3.4 Extraction
8.3.4.1 Separation
8.3.4.1.1 Density separation
8.3.4.1.2 Other separation methods
8.3.4.2 Digestion
8.3.4.2.1 H2O2 oxidation
8.3.4.2.2 Acid/base digestion
8.3.4.2.3 Enzymatic digestion
8.3.4.3 Filtration
8.3.4.4 Other extraction methods
8.3.5 Identification and quantification
8.3.5.1 Visual identification
8.3.5.1.1 Light microscope
8.3.5.1.2 Other microscopes
8.3.5.2 Vibration spectroscopy
8.3.5.2.1 FTIR spectroscopy
8.3.5.2.2 Raman spectroscopy
8.3.5.2.3 Near-infrared spectroscopy
8.3.5.3 Chromatography
8.3.5.4 Other identification methods
8.4 Risks and impacts
8.4.1 Soil properties and microbiota
8.4.2 Plants and animals
8.4.3 Human exposure
8.5 Case studies
8.5.1 MPs in groundwater wells in India
8.5.2 MPs in public drinking water fountains in Mexico
8.6 Conclusion and perspectives
References
9 Fate and transport of microplastics in soils and groundwater
9.1 Overview
9.1.1 Importance of microplastic transport in soils and groundwater
9.1.2 Chapter goals
9.2 Stability and aggregation of microplastics in pore water
9.2.1 Aggregation kinetic
9.2.2 Critical coagulation concentration
9.2.3 Key factors of microplastic aggregation
9.3 Retention and transport of microplastics in soil and groundwater systems
9.3.1 Chemical factors
9.3.1.1 Chemical properties of microplastics
9.3.1.1.1 Surface functional groups
9.3.1.1.2 Surface coating
9.3.1.2 Aqueous chemistry
9.3.1.2.1 Cation type and concentration
9.3.1.2.2 pH
9.3.1.2.3 Natural organic matter
9.3.1.3 Media chemistry
9.3.2 Physical factors
9.3.2.1 Physical factors of microplastics
9.3.2.1.1 Particle size
9.3.2.1.2 Particle morphology
9.3.2.1.3 Density
9.3.2.2 Flow physics
9.3.2.2.1 Concentration
9.3.2.2.2 Flow rate
9.3.2.2.3 Temperature
9.3.2.3 Medium physics
9.3.2.3.1 Grain size
9.3.2.3.2 Saturation
9.3.2.3.3 Surface roughness
9.3.3 Biological factors
9.3.3.1 Plants
9.3.3.2 Animals
9.3.3.2.1 Digger mammals
9.3.3.2.2 Soil worms
9.3.3.3 Microorganisms
9.4 Cotransport with other contaminants
9.4.1 Soluble contaminants
9.4.2 Micro/nanoparticles
9.4.3 Released contaminants by microplastics
9.5 Future prospects
Acknowledgment
References
Index
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