Elements and Mineral Resources

Foreword
Introduction
Behind the Exploitation of Minerals, There are Always People…
Contents
About the Authors
Abbreviations
Elements
1 Introduction
1.1 Changing Prices of Strategic Metals, 2009 to 2021
1.2 Changing Prices of Noble Metals from 2009 to 2021
2 Aluminum (Al) [Z = 13]
2.1 Geology
2.2 Producing Countries
2.3 Applications
2.4 Recycling
Further Readings
3 Antimony (Sb) [Z = 51]
3.1 Geology
3.2 Producing Countries
3.3 Applications
3.4 Recycling
Further Reading
4 Arsenic (As) [Z = 33]
4.1 Geology
4.2 Producing Countries
4.3 Applications
4.4 Recycling
Further Reading
5 Barium (Ba) [Z = 56]
5.1 Geology
5.2 Producing Countries
5.3 Applications
5.4 Recycling
Further Reading
6 Beryllium (Be) [Z = 4]
6.1 Geology
6.2 Producing Countries
6.3 Applications
6.4 Recycling
Further Reading
7 Bismuth (Bi) [Z = 83]
7.1 Geology
7.2 Producing Countries
7.3 Applications
7.4 Recycling
Further Reading
8 Boron (B) [Z = 5]
8.1 Geology
8.2 Producing Countries
8.3 Applications
8.4 Recycling
Further Reading
9 Bromine (Br) [Z = 35]
9.1 Geology
9.2 Producing Countries
9.3 Applications
9.4 Recycling
Further Reading
10 Cadmium (Cd) [Z = 48]
10.1 Geology
10.2 Producing Countries
10.3 Applications
10.4 Recycling
Further Reading
11 Calcium (Ca) [Z = 20]
11.1 Geology
11.2 Producing Countries
11.3 Applications
11.4 Recycling
Further Reading
12 Carbon (C) [Z = 6]
12.1 Applications
12.2 Recycling
Further Reading
13 Carbon (C) [Z = 6] (Diamond)
13.1 Geology
13.2 Producing Countries
13.3 Applications
13.4 Recycling
References
Further Reading
14 Carbon (C) [Z = 6] (Graphite)
14.1 Geology
14.2 Producing Countries
14.3 Applications
14.4 Recycling
References
Further Readings
15 Cesium (Cs) [Z = 55]
15.1 Geology
15.2 Producing Countries
15.3 Applications
15.4 Recycling
Further Reading
16 Chlorine (Cl) [Z = 17]
16.1 Geology
16.2 Producing Countries
16.3 Applications
16.4 Recycling
Further Readings
17 Chromium (Cr) [Z = 24]
17.1 Geology
17.2 Producing Countries
17.3 Applications
17.4 Recycling
Further Readings
18 Cobalt (Co) [Z = 27]
18.1 Geology
18.2 Producing Countries
18.3 Applications
18.4 Recycling
Further Readings
19 Copper (Cu) [Z = 29]
19.1 Geology
19.2 Producing Countries
19.3 Applications
19.4 Recycling
Further Readings
20 Fluorine (F) [Z = 9]
20.1 Geology of Fluorite
20.2 Producing Countries
20.3 Applications
20.4 Recycling
Further Readings
21 Gallium (Ga) [Z = 31]
21.1 Geology
21.2 Producing Countries
21.3 Applications
21.4 Recycling
Further Readings
22 Germanium (Ge) [Z = 32]
22.1 Geology
22.2 Producing Countries
22.3 Applications
22.4 Recycling
Further Readings
23 Gold (Au) [Z = 79]
23.1 Geology
23.2 Producing Countries
23.3 Applications
23.4 Recycling
Further Readings
24 Hafnium (Hf) [Z = 72]
24.1 Geology
24.2 Producing Countries
24.3 Applications
24.4 Recycling
Further Readings
25 Indium (In) [Z = 49]
25.1 Geology
25.2 Producing Countries
25.3 Applications
25.4 Recycling
Further Readings
26 Iodine (I) [Z = 53]
26.1 Geology
26.2 Producing Countries
26.3 Applications
26.4 Recycling
References
Further Reading
27 Iridium (Ir) [Z = 77]
27.1 Geology
27.2 Producing Countries
27.3 Applications
27.4 Recycling
Further Reading
28 Iron (Fe) [Z = 26]
28.1 Geology
28.2 Producing Countries
28.3 Applications
28.4 Recycling
Further Reading
29 Lead (Pb) [Z = 82]
29.1 Geology
29.2 Producing Countries
29.3 Applications
29.4 Recycling
Further Reading
30 Lithium (Li) [Z = 3]
30.1 Geology
30.2 Producing Countries
30.3 Applications
30.4 Recycling
Further Reading
31 Magnesium (Mg) [Z = 12]
31.1 Geology
31.2 Producing Countries
31.3 Applications
31.4 Recycling
References
Further Reading
32 Manganese (Mn) [Z = 25]
32.1 Geology
32.2 Producing Countries
32.3 Applications
32.4 Recycling
Further Reading
33 Mercury (Hg) [Z = 80]
33.1 Geology
33.2 Producing Countries
33.3 Applications
33.4 Recycling
Further Reading
34 Molybdenum (Mo) [Z = 42]
34.1 Geology
34.2 Producing Countries
34.3 Applications
34.4 Recycling
Further Reading
35 Nickel (Ni) [Z = 28]
35.1 Geology
35.2 Producing Countries
35.3 Applications
35.4 Recycling
Further Reading
36 Niobium (Nb) [Z = 41]
36.1 Geology
36.2 Producing Countries
36.3 Applications
36.4 Recycling
Further Reading
37 Osmium (Os) [Z = 76]
37.1 Geology
37.2 Producing Countries
37.3 Applications
37.4 Recycling
Further Reading
38 Palladium (Pd) [Z = 46]
38.1 Geology
38.2 Producing Countries
38.3 Applications
38.4 Recycling
Further Reading
39 Phosphorus (P) [Z = 15]
39.1 Geology
39.2 Producing Countries
39.3 Applications
39.4 Recycling
Reference
Further Reading
40 Platinum (Pt) [Z = 78]
40.1 Geology
40.2 Producing Countries
40.3 Applications
40.4 Recycling
Further Reading
41 Potassium (K) [Z = 19]
41.1 Geology
41.2 Producing Countries
41.3 Applications
41.4 Recycling
Further Reading
42 Radium (Ra) [Z = 88]
42.1 Applications
42.2 Recycling
Further Reading
43 Rhenium (Re) [Z = 75]
43.1 Geology
43.2 Producing Countries
43.3 Applications
43.4 Recycling
Further Reading
44 Rhodium (Rh) [Z = 45]
44.1 Geology
44.2 Producing Countries
44.3 Applications
44.4 Recycling
Further Reading
45 Rubidium (Rb) [Z = 37]
45.1 Geology
45.2 Producing Countries
45.3 Applications
45.4 Recycling
Further Reading
46 Ruthenium (Ru) [Z = 44]
46.1 Geology
46.2 Producing Countries
46.3 Applications
46.4 Recycling
Further Reading
47 Selenium (Se) [Z = 34]
47.1 Geology
47.2 Producing Countries
47.3 Applications
47.4 Recycling
Further Reading
48 Silicon (Si) [Z = 14]
48.1 Geology
48.2 Producing Countries
48.3 Applications
48.4 Recycling
Further Reading
49 Silver (Ag) [Z = 47]
49.1 Geology
49.2 Producing Countries
49.3 Applications
49.4 Recycling
Further Reading
50 Sodium (Na) [Z = 11]
50.1 Geology
50.2 Producing Countries
50.3 Applications
50.4 Recycling
Further Reading
51 Strontium (Sr) [Z = 38]
51.1 Geology
51.2 Producing Countries
51.3 Applications
51.4 Recycling
Further Reading
52 Sulfur (S) [Z = 16]
52.1 Geology
52.2 Producing Countries
52.3 Applications
52.4 Recycling
Further Reading
53 Tantalum (Ta) [Z = 73]
53.1 Geology
53.2 Producing Countries
53.3 Applications
53.4 Recycling
Further Reading
54 Technetium (Tc) [Z = 43]
54.1 Applications
54.2 Recycling
Further Reading
55 Tellurium (Te) [Z = 52]
55.1 Geology
55.2 Producing Countries
55.3 Applications
55.4 Recycling
Further Reading
56 Thallium (Tl) [Z = 81]
56.1 Geology
56.2 Producing Countries
56.3 Applications
56.4 Recycling
Further Reading
57 Thorium (Th) [Z = 90]
57.1 Geology
57.2 Producing Countries
57.3 Applications
57.4 Recycling
Further Reading
58 Tin (Sn) [Z = 50]
58.1 Geology
58.2 Producing Countries
58.3 Applications
58.4 Recycling
Further Reading
59 Titanium (Ti) [Z = 22]
59.1 Geology
59.2 Producing Countries
59.3 Applications
59.4 Recycling
Further Reading
60 Tungsten (W) [Z = 74]
60.1 Geology
60.2 Producing Countries
60.3 Applications
60.4 Recycling
Further Reading
61 Uranium (U) [Z = 92]
61.1 Geology
61.2 Producing Countries
61.3 Applications
61.4 Recycling
Reference
Further Reading
62 Vanadium (V) [Z = 23]
62.1 Geology
62.2 Producing Countries
62.3 Applications
62.4 Recycling
Further Reading
63 Zinc (Zn) [Z = 30]
63.1 Geology
63.2 Producing Countries
63.3 Applications
63.4 Recycling
Further Reading
64 Zirconium (Zr) [Z = 40]
64.1 Geology
64.2 Producing Countries
64.3 Applications
64.4 Recycling
Further Reading
Rare Earth Elements
65 Introduction
65.1 Geology
65.2 Applications
65.3 Recycling
65.4 Price Changes in Rare Earths, 2009–2021
References
Further Reading
66 Cerium (Ce) [Z = 58]
66.1 Geology
66.2 Producing Countries
66.3 Applications
66.4 Recycling
References
Further Reading
67 Dysprosium (Dy) [Z = 66]
67.1 Geology
67.2 Producing Countries
67.3 Applications
67.4 Recycling
References
Further Reading
68 Erbium (Er) [Z = 68]
68.1 Geology
68.2 Producing Countries
68.3 Applications
68.4 Recycling
References
Further Reading
69 Europium (Eu) [Z = 63]
69.1 Geology
69.2 Producing Countries
69.3 Applications
69.4 Recycling
References
Further Reading
70 Gadolinium (Gd) [Z = 64]
70.1 Geology
70.2 Producing Countries
70.3 Applications
70.4 Recycling
References
Further Reading
71 Holmium (Ho) [Z = 67]
71.1 Geology
71.2 Producing Countries
71.3 Applications
71.4 Recycling
References
Further Reading
72 Lanthanum (La) [Z = 57]
72.1 Geology
72.2 Producing Countries
72.3 Applications
72.4 Recycling
References
Further Reading
73 Lutetium (Lu) [Z = 71]
73.1 Geology
73.2 Producing Countries
73.3 Applications
73.4 Recycling
References
Further Reading
74 Neodymium (Nd) [Z = 60]
74.1 Geology
74.2 Producing Countries
74.3 Applications
74.4 Recycling
References
Further Reading
75 Praseodymium (Pr) [Z = 59]
75.1 Geology
75.2 Producing Countries
75.3 Applications
75.4 Recycling
References
Further Reading
76 Promethium (Pm) [Z = 61]
76.1 Applications
76.2 Recycling
Further Readings
77 Samarium (Sm) [Z = 62]
77.1 Geology
77.2 Producing Countries
77.3 Applications
77.4 Recycling
References
Further Reading
78 Scandium (Sc) [Z = 21]
78.1 Geology
78.2 Producing Countries
78.3 Applications
78.4 Recycling
References
Further Reading
79 Terbium (Tb) [Z = 65]
79.1 Geology
79.2 Producing Countries
79.3 Applications
79.4 Recycling
References
Further Reading
80 Thulium (Tm) [Z = 69]
80.1 Geology
80.2 Producing Countries
80.3 Applications
80.4 Recycling
References
Further Reading
81 Ytterbium (Yb) [Z = 70]
81.1 Geology
81.2 Producing Countries
81.3 Applications
81.4 Recycling
References
Further Reading
82 Yttrium (Y) [Z = 39]
82.1 Geology
82.2 Producing Countries
82.3 Applications
82.4 Recycling
References
Further Reading
Industrial Minerals
83 Introduction
83.1 The Minerals
83.2 Applications
84 Andalusite
84.1 Geology
84.2 Producing Countries
84.3 Applications
84.4 Recycling
References
Further Reading
85 Calcium Carbonate (Calcite)
85.1 Geology
85.2 Producing Countries
85.3 Applications
85.4 Recycling
Reference
Further Reading
86 Corundum
86.1 Geology
86.2 Producing Countries
86.3 Applications
86.4 Recycling
Further Reading
87 Dolomite
87.1 Geology
87.2 Producing Countries
87.3 Applications
87.4 Recycling
References
Further Reading
88 Feldspar
88.1 Geology
88.2 Producing Countries
88.3 Applications
88.4 Recycling
References
Further Reading
89 Gypsum
89.1 Geology
89.2 Producing Countries
89.3 Applications
89.4 Recycling
Further Reading
90 Kaolinite
90.1 Geology
90.2 Producing Countries
90.3 Applications
90.4 Recycling
Further Reading
91 Magnesite
91.1 Geology
91.2 Producing Countries
91.3 Applications
91.4 Recycling
References
Further Reading
92 Mica
92.1 Geology
92.2 Producing Countries
92.3 Applications
92.4 Recycling
References
Further Reading
93 Phosphorite
93.1 Geology
93.2 Producing Countries
93.3 Applications
93.4 Recycling
Reference
Further Reading
94 Salt (Halite)
94.1 Geology
94.2 Producing Countries
94.3 Applications
94.4 Recycling
Further Reading
95 Sepiolite
95.1 Geology
95.2 Producing Countries
95.3 Applications
95.4 Recycling
References
Further Reading
96 Silica (Quartz)
96.1 Geology
96.2 Producing Countries
96.3 Applications
96.4 Recycling
Further Reading
97 Sylvite
97.1 Geology
97.2 Producing Countries
97.3 Applications
97.4 Recycling
Further Reading
98 Talc
98.1 Geology
98.2 Producing Countries
98.3 Applications
98.4 Recycling
References
Further Reading
99 Thenardite
99.1 Geology
99.2 Producing Countries
99.3 Applications
99.4 Recycling
Reference
Further Reading
100 Wollastonite
100.1 Geology
100.2 Producing Countries
100.3 Applications
100.4 Recycling
Further Reading
101 Zeolites
101.1 Geology
101.2 Producing Countries
101.3 Applications
101.4 Recycling
Further Reading
102 Correction to: Elements and Mineral Resources
Correction to: J. Sanz et al., Elements and Mineral Resources, Springer Textbooks in Earth Sciences,Geography and Environment, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85889-6