Electrochemical Sensors Based on Carbon Composite Materials: Fabrication, Properties and Applications

PRELIMS.pdf
Preface
Acknowledgement
Editor biography
Dr Jamballi G Manjunatha
List of contributors
CH001.pdf
Chapter 1 An overview of voltammetric techniques to the present era
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Voltammetry
1.1.2 General theory
1.1.3 Voltammetric techniques and applications
1.2 Voltammetric techniques
1.2.1 Sweep voltammetric techniques
1.2.2 Polarography-like methods
1.2.3 Additional methods
1.3 Summary
References
CH002.pdf
Chapter 2 Development of electrochemical sensors for toxic metal detection
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Carbon-based electrode materials for the electrochemical sensing of toxic metals
2.2.1 Graphite electrodes
2.2.2 Carbon paste electrodes
2.2.3 Glassy carbon electrodes
2.2.4 Screen printed carbon electrodes
2.3 Carbon composite materials for the electrochemical sensing of toxic metals
2.3.1 Graphene and its derivatives
2.3.2 Carbon nanotubes
2.3.3 Carbon nanofibers
2.4 Conclusion
References
CH003.pdf
Chapter 3 Voltammetric sensors for environmental monitoring
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Monitoring the environment contaminants by voltammetric sensors constructed by carbon-based nanocomposites
3.2.1 Voltammetric sensors constructed by graphene-anchored composites
3.2.2 Voltammetric sensors constructed by carbon nanotubes composites
3.2.3 Voltammetric sensors constructed by g-C3N4 composites
3.2.4 Voltammetric sensors constructed by C6 composites
3.2.5 Voltammetric sensors constructed by hollow sphere and porous carbon composites
3.3 Conclusion and perspectives
References
CH004.pdf
Chapter 4 Graphene-based sensing devices for soil moisture analysis
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Classification of nanoparticles
4.3 Synthesis techniques of nanoparticles
4.4 Carbon nanoparticles and their derivatives
4.5 Synthesis of graphene using Hummers’ method
4.6 Properties and characterization techniques of graphene
4.7 Soil moisture sensors types
4.8 Deliberate qualities of soil moisture sensor and review of graphene-based soil moisture sensors
4.9 Soil moisture mechanism for graphene-based soil moisture sensors
4.10 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
CH005.pdf
Chapter 5 Carbon composite material as a sensor for pharmaceutical sample analysis
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Fabrication of carbon composite sensor for electrochemical drug analysis
5.2.1 Electrochemical deposition
5.2.2 Drop-casting preparation
5.2.3 Dip-coating preparation
5.3 Application of carbon composite material as a sensor for pharmaceutical sample analysis
5.3.1 Selected applications of carbon composite with GCE
5.3.2 Selected applications of carbon composite with CPE
5.3.3 Selected applications of carbon composite with SPCE
5.3.4 Selected applications of carbon composite with graphite and PGE
5.3.5 Selected applications carbon composite-based on other electrodes
5.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
CH006.pdf
Chapter 6 Recent innovations in voltammetric techniques
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Linear sweep voltammetry
6.3 Cyclic voltammetry
6.4 Differential pulse voltammetry
6.5 Square wave voltammetry
6.6 Stripping voltammetry
6.7 Concluding remarks
Acknowledgements
References
CH007.pdf
Chapter 7 Carbon-based electrodes for forensic sample analysis
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Electrode material
7.2.1 Carbon and graphite
7.2.2 Graphite structure
7.3 Sorption based artificially changed terminals
7.3.1 Physisorption technique
7.3.2 Chemisorption technique
7.4 Conclusion
References
CH008.pdf
Chapter 8 Carbon composite voltammetric sensors for food quality assessment
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Types of carbon nanomaterials
8.2.1 Carbon nanotubes
8.2.2 Graphene and related compounds
8.2.3 Carbon dots
8.2.4 Ordered mesoporous carbon
8.2.5 Boron-Doped Diamond
8.3 Conclusions
Conflicts of interest
References
CH009.pdf
Chapter 9 Recent advances in electrochemical monitoring of epinephrine using carbon-based (bio)sensor devices for clinical applications
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Epinephrine: a brief history
9.3 Epinephrine as a biomarker and its clinical uses
9.4 Analytical methods employed in the quantification of epinephrine
9.5 Voltammetric techniques
9.5.1 Working electrodes based on carbon materials
9.5.2 Electrochemical biosensors based in polyphenol oxidases
9.6 Recent voltammetric platforms developed for epinephrine determination
9.7 Electrochemical mechanism of epinephrine oxidation
9.8 Recent progress in microelectrodes for in vivo electrochemical sensing of epinephrine
9.9 Conclusion and future perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
CH010.pdf
Chapter 10 Electrochemical detection of amoxicillin as an antibiotic drug by using surface modified carbon based sensors
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Experimental section
10.2.1 Reagents and solutions
10.2.2 Instrumentation
10.2.3 Fabrication of working sensor
10.3 Results and interpretations
10.3.1 Electropolymerization of the AP at the surface of the bare electrode
10.3.2 Morphological studies of the prepared electrodes
10.3.3 Electrochemical characterization of the modified and unmodified electrode
10.3.4 Impedance study
10.3.5 Voltammetric sensing of AMX at the bare and modified electrode
10.3.6 Influence of supporting electrolyte pH
10.3.7 Effect of the potential sweep rate
10.3.8 Analytical curve and detection limit
10.3.9 Stability, reproducibility, repeatability
10.3.10 Selectivity of the modified electrode
10.3.11 Interference study with some metal ions and the organic compounds
10.3.12 Analytical applications
10.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
CH011.pdf
Chapter 11 Chemically modified carbon electrodes for metal ions and organic molecule sensing applications
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Different types of electrodes in the modification process
11.2.1 Metal electrodes
11.2.2 Electrodes from glassy carbon
11.2.3 Electrodes from carbon paste
11.2.4 Pyrolytic graphite electrodes
11.3 Modification of electrodes with chemical techniques
11.3.1 Chemical modification
11.3.2 Electrochemical modification
References
CH012.pdf
Chapter 12 Electrochemical sensors based on carbon nanomaterial using Langmuir–Blodgett and layer-by-layer thin films for chemical and biological analyses
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Electrochemical sensing based on carbon nanomaterials: electrode coating by Langmuir–Blodgett and layer-by-layer techniques
12.2.1 Electrochemical sensor modified by layer-by-layer technique
12.2.2 Electrochemical sensor modified by the Langmuir–Blodgett technique
12.3 Future perspectives
References
CH013.pdf
Chapter 13 Development of electrochemical sensors for the analysis of herbicides
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Electrochemical methods in herbicide detection
13.2 Conclusion
Some ambiguous contractions
References
CH014.pdf
Chapter 14 Application of electrochemical sensor for insulin detection
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Carbon-based electrochemical determination of insulin
14.2.1 Carbon-based electrodes
14.2.2 Carbon-based electrode modifiers
14.3 Commonly employed electrochemical sensing methodologies
14.3.1 Non-biorecognition element based electrochemical sensors
14.3.2 Biorecognition element based electrochemical sensors
14.3.3 Carbon-based MIP sensors for insulin
14.4 Conclusion and future aspects
References
CH015.pdf
Chapter 15 Carbon nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors for biomedical applications
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Biosensors based on graphenes
15.2.1 Glucose sensing
15.2.2 Cholesterol sensing
15.2.3 Hydrogen peroxide sensing
15.2.4 Biosensing of neurotransmitters
15.3 Carbon nanotubes as electrochemical biosensors
15.3.1 Enzymatic biosensing
15.3.2 Biosensing of dopamine
15.3.3 Non-enzymatic glucose sensing
15.3.4 Nucleic acid sensing
15.3.5 Detection of cancer biomarkers
15.4 Carbon dots as biosensors
15.4.1 Cancer diagnosis
15.4.2 Diagnosis and monitoring of cardiovascular diseases
15.4.3 Detection of pathogens and infectious diseases
15.4.4 Non-enzymatic biosensing of hydrogen peroxide and glucose
15.4.5 Electrochemical detection of dopamine
15.4.6 Detection of other organic molecules
15.5 Conclusion
References
CH016.pdf
Chapter 16 Fabrication of disposable sensors to test for environmental pollutants
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Basic characteristics of a biosensor
16.3 Electrochemical biosensors and working principle
16.4 Electrodes in electrochemical biosensors and fabrication of screen-printed electrodes
16.5 Integration of mediators, pre-anodized screen-printed carbon electrodes
16.6 Pre-anodized screen-printed carbon electrodes
16.7 Applications
16.8 Disposable electrodes in the detection of biomolecules
16.9 Screen-printed electrodes in the detection of food contaminants
16.10 Importance of disposable electrodes in pesticide detection
16.11 Environmental sample analysis (determination of pH and dissolved oxygen level in water, estimation of ions in water samples, organic compounds, heavy metal detection)
16.12 Determination of pH and dissolved oxygen levels in water
16.13 Estimation of ions in water samples
16.14 Organic compounds
16.15 Heavy metal detection
16.16 Conclusions and future perspectives
Acknowledgements
References
CH017.pdf
Chapter 17 The role of carbon materials in sensors
17.1 CDs as chemo-sensors
17.2 CDs as biosensors
17.3 Conclusions and future perspective
References
CH018.pdf
Chapter 18 Prospects of carbon based sensors for hormones detection
18.1 Introduction
18.1.1 Hormones
18.1.2 Carbon-based electrochemical sensors
18.2 Carbon-based nanomaterials
18.2.1 Fullerenes
18.2.2 Graphene
18.2.3 Carbon nanotubes
18.2.4 Carbon nanowires
18.2.5 Carbon fibers
18.2.6 Carbon dots
18.3 Electrode modification with carbon nanoparticles
18.4 Applications of carbon-based electrochemical sensors in hormone analysis
18.5 Conclusion
References