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Electroactive Polymeric Materials

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Electroactive polymers are smart materials that can undergo size or shape structural deformations in the presence of an electrical field. These lightweight polymeric materials possess properties such as flexibility, cost-effectiveness, rapid response time, easy controllability (especially physical to electrical), and low power consumption.

Electroactive Polymeric Materials examines the history, progress, synthesis, and characterization of electroactive polymers and then details their application and potential in fields including biomedical science, environmental remediation, renewable energy, robotics, sensors and textiles.

Highlighting the flexibility, lightweight, cost-effective, rapid response time, easy controllability, and low power consumption characteristics of electroactive polymers, respected authors in the field explore their use in sensors, actuators, MEMS, biomedical apparatus, energy storage, packaging, textiles, and corrosion protection to provide readers with a powerhouse of a reference to use for their own endeavors.

Features:

    • Explores the most recent advances in all categories of ionic/electroactive polymer composite materials

    • Includes basic science, addresses novel topics, and covers multifunctional applications in one resource

    • Suitable for newcomers, academicians, scientists and R&D industrial experts working in polymer technologies

    .

    Author(s): Inamuddin, Mohd Imran Ahamed, Rajender Boddula, Adil A Gobouri
    Publisher: CRC Pr I Llc
    Year: 2022

    Language: English
    Pages: 346

    Cover
    Half Title
    Title Page
    Copyright Page
    Table of Contents
    Preface
    Editors
    Contributors
    1 State-of-the-art and Perspectives for Electroactive Polymers
    1.1 Introduction
    1.2 Types of Electroactive Polymer
    1.2.1 Electronic Electroactive Polymers
    1.2.1.1 Dielectric Elastomers
    1.2.1.2 Ferroelectric Polymers
    1.2.1.3 Electrostrictive Graft Elastomer
    1.2.1.4 Liquid Crystal Elastomers
    1.2.2 Ionic Electroactive Polymers
    1.2.2.1 Carbon Nanotubes
    1.2.2.2 Ionic Polymer Gels
    1.2.2.3 Ionic Polymer–Metal Composite
    1.2.2.4 Conducting Polymers
    1.3 Polyaniline
    1.4 Polythiophene
    1.5 Polypyrrole
    1.6 Polyacetylene
    1.7 Outlook and Future Perspectives
    References
    2 Overview of Electroactive Polymers: Types and Their Applications
    2.1 Introduction
    2.2 Conducting Polymers
    2.2.1 Stimuli-Responsive Applications
    2.2.2 Energy Applications
    2.2.3 Electrocatalysis and Sensor Applications
    2.3 Polyelectrolyte Gels
    2.3.1 Applications for Polyelectrolyte Gels
    2.4 Liquid Crystal Polymers
    2.4.1 Applications for Liquid Crystal Polymers
    2.5 Piezoelectric Polymers
    2.5.1 Applications for Piezoelectric Polymers
    2.6 Final Remarks
    References
    3 Properties of Electroactive Polymers
    3.1 Introduction
    3.2 Electroactive Polymeric Materials
    3.2.1 Ionic Polymer–Metal Composites
    3.2.2 Ion Gels
    3.2.3 Carbon Nanotubes
    3.2.4 Polymer Dots
    3.2.5 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers
    3.2.6 Conductive Polymers
    3.2.7 Bistable Electroactive Polymers
    3.2.8 Ferroelectric Polymers
    3.2.9 Dielectric Elastomers
    3.2.10 Polymer Electrets
    3.2.11 Electrostrictive Polymers
    References
    4 Intelligent Electroactive Polymers
    4.1 Introduction
    4.2 Intelligent Electroactive Polymers
    4.3 Classification of Electroactive Polymers
    4.4 Conductive Electroactive Polymers
    4.4.1 Polyaniline
    4.4.2 Polypyrrole
    4.4.3 Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene)
    4.4.4 Functionalized Conducting Polymers
    4.5 Applications
    4.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
    Acknowledgments
    References
    5 History and Progress of Electroactive Polymers
    5.1 Introduction
    5.2 Historical Background
    5.3 Types of Electroactive Polymer
    5.3.1 Ionic Electroactive Polymers
    5.3.1.1 Conducting Polymers
    5.3.1.2 Ionic Polymer–Metal Composites
    5.3.1.3 Ionic Polymer Gels
    5.3.1.4 Carbon Nanotubes
    5.3.1.5 Electrorheological Fluid
    5.3.2 Electronic Electroactive Polymers
    5.3.2.1 Dielectric Elastomers
    5.3.2.2 Liquid Crystal Polymers
    5.3.2.3 Piezoelectric Polymers
    5.3.2.4 Electrostrictive Graft Polymers
    5.4 Comparative Study of Ionic and Dielectric Electroactive Polymers
    5.5 Application Areas for Electroactive Polymers
    5.6 Electroactive Polymers for Biomedical Applications
    5.7 Conclusions and Future Scope
    References
    6 Electroactive Polymers for Smart Window Technology
    6.1 Introduction
    6.2 Relevant Physical Parameters
    6.3 Smart Windows
    6.4 Conductive and Conjugated Polymers
    6.5 Polymer Doping
    6.6 Main Types of Electrochromic Conjugated Polymers
    6.6.1 Electrochromic Polythiophenes
    6.6.2 Electrochromic Polypyrrole
    6.6.3 Electrochromic Polyaniline
    6.6.4 Electrochromic Polycarbazoles
    6.6.5 Electrochromic Copolymers
    6.7 Conclusions and Prospects
    Acknowledgments
    References
    7 Systematic Investigation of the Revolutionary Role of Electroactive Polymers in Modifying Microelectromechanical Systems
    7.1 Introduction
    7.2 Methods
    7.2.1 Search Strategy
    7.3 Broad Categorization of Electroactive Polymers
    7.3.1 Ionic Electroactive Polymers
    7.3.1.1 Polymeric Gels
    7.3.1.2 Conducting Polymers
    7.3.1.3 Carbon Nanotubes
    7.3.1.4 Ionic Polymer–Metal Composites
    7.3.2 Electronic Electroactive Polymers
    7.3.2.1 Electrostrictive Elastomers
    7.3.2.2 Ferroelectric Polymers
    7.3.2.3 Dielectric Elastomers
    7.4 Microelectromechanical Systems as Revolutionizers
    7.5 Microelectromechanical Systems: Commercially Significant Applications
    7.5.1 Microcooling
    7.5.2 Microelectromechanical System-Based Microscopy
    7.6 Electroactive Polymer-Based Microelectromechanical Systems and Energy Harvesting
    7.7 Challenges and Conclusions
    References
    8 Electroactive Polymers for Sensors
    8.1 Introduction
    8.2 Electronic Electroactive Polymers for Sensors
    8.2.1 Dielectric Elastomers for Sensors
    8.2.1.1 Capacitive Sensors
    8.2.1.2 Triboelectric Sensors
    8.2.2 Piezoelectric Polymers for Sensors
    8.3 Ionic Electroactive Polymers for Sensors
    8.3.1 Conducting Ionic Polymer Gels for Sensors
    8.3.2 Ionic Polymer–metal Composites for Sensors
    8.3.3 Carbon Nanotubes for Sensors
    8.4 Summary
    References
    9 Conductive Electroactive Polymers in Electrocatalysis and Sensing Applications
    9.1 Introduction
    9.2 Conducting Polymers for Electrochemical Sensing Applications
    9.2.1 Conducting Polymers: Synthesis and Applications
    9.2.1.1 Polyaniline
    9.2.1.2 Polypyrrole
    9.2.1.3 Polythiophene
    9.2.1.4 Poly-amidoamine
    9.2.1.5 Polymerized Ionic Liquids and Other Conducting Polymers
    9.2.2 Sensors Based on Conducting Polymers for the Detection of Phenolic Compounds
    9.2.3 Conducting Polymers as Sensor Modifiers for Cancer Detection
    9.2.4 Conducting Polymer-Based Carbon Nanocomposites
    9.3 Electrodeposition Methods for Conductive Polymers
    9.3.1 Potentiodynamic Electropolymerization
    9.3.2 Potentiostatic Electropolymerization
    9.3.3 Galvanostatic Electropolymerization
    9.4 Biopolymer-Based Conducting Nanocomposites
    9.4.1 Polylactide
    9.4.2 Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-co-3-Hydroxyvalerate)
    9.5 Conclusions
    References
    10 Electroactive Polymers for Artificial Muscles
    10.1 Introduction
    10.2 Electroactive Polymers
    10.2.1 Ionic Electroactive Polymers
    10.2.1.1 Polymer Gels
    10.2.1.2 Conductive Polymers
    10.2.1.3 Ionic Polymer–metal Composites
    10.2.1.4 Carbon Nanotubes
    10.2.2 Electronic Electroactive Polymers
    10.2.2.1 Dielectric Elastomers
    10.2.2.2 Electrostrictive Polymers
    10.2.2.3 Piezoelectric Polymers
    10.2.2.4 Ferroelectric Polymers
    10.2.2.5 Liquid Crystal Elastomers
    10.3 Applications for Electroactive Polymer-Based Artificial Muscles
    10.4 Conclusions and Outlook
    References
    11 Electroactive Polymers for Electrochromic Applications
    11.1 Introduction
    11.2 Classification of Electrochromic Organic Materials
    11.2.1 Conjugated Conductive Polymers
    11.2.1.1 Polyanilines
    11.2.1.2 Polythiophenes
    11.2.1.3 Polypyrrole
    11.2.1.4 Polycarbazoles
    11.2.1.5 Polyamides
    11.2.2 Viologen-Based Electrochromes
    11.3 Conductive Composite Films
    11.3.1 Metal Coordination Complex-Based Composite Films
    11.3.2 Composites with Carbon Nanomaterials
    11.3.3 Metal Oxide Composite Films
    11.4 Conclusions and Outlook
    Acknowledgments
    References
    12 Electroactive Polymers for Batteries
    12.1 Introduction
    12.2 History
    12.2.1 Batteries
    12.2.2 Polymers
    12.3 Synthesizing Polymeric Films
    12.4 Polymers as Redox Materials
    12.5 Electrochemical Aging of Conducting Polymers
    12.6 Impedance Spectroscopy as a Characterization Method
    12.7 State of the Art
    12.7.1 Pristine Polymers
    12.7.2 Composite Materials
    12.8 the Next Challenges
    References
    13 Electroactive Polymeric Membranes
    13.1 Introduction
    13.2 Classification
    13.3 Electroactive Polymer Membranes
    13.3.1 Electroactive Polymer Membranes for Sensing
    13.3.1.1 Ionic Electroactive Polymers for Sensing
    13.3.1.2 Conducting Polymer-Based Sensors
    13.3.1.3 Conducting Polymer-Based Free-standing Membrane
    13.3.1.4 Conducting Polymer-Based Trilayer Structure
    13.3.2 Ionic Polymer–Metal Composite-Based Sensors
    13.3.3 Ionic Electroactive Polymer-Based Sensors
    13.3.4 Electronic Electroactive Polymers for Sensing
    13.3.4.1 Introduction to Electronic Electroactive Polymers
    13.3.4.2 Dielectric Elastomer-Based Sensors
    13.3.5 Liquid Crystal Polymer-Based Sensors
    13.3.6 Piezoelectric Polymer-Based Sensors
    13.4 Electroactive Polymer Membranes for Drug Delivery
    13.5 Electroactive Polymer Membranes for Tissue Regeneration Applications
    13.5.1 Conducting Polymers
    13.5.2 Polypyrrole
    13.5.3 Polyaniline
    13.5.4 Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene)
    13.6 Electroactive Polymer Membrane for Antimicrobial and Anti-fouling Applications
    References
    14 Electroactive Polymers for Environmental Remediation
    14.1 Introduction
    14.2 Environmental Concerns Related to Electroactive Polymer Fabrication
    14.2.1 Environmentally Friendly Fabrication of Electroactive Polyvinylidene Fluoride
    14.2.2 Environmentally Friendly Synthesis of Conducting Polymers
    14.3 Application of Electroactive Polymers to Remediate Environmental and Energy Issues
    14.3.1 Electroactive Polymer Actuators with Low Energy Consumption
    14.3.2 Application of Conducting Polymers in Environmental Remediation
    14.3.3 Application of Piezoelectric Polymers in Environmental Remediation
    14.3.4 Energy Harvesting from Environmental Energy Resources
    14.3.5 Application of Dielectric Electroactive Polymers in Nanogenerators
    14.3.6 Ionic Electroactive Polymers in Anticorrosion Applications
    14.4 Conclusions
    References
    15 Electroactive Polymers for Space Applications
    15.1 Introduction
    15.2 Space Environment
    15.3 Electroactive Polymers
    15.4 Electronic Electroactive Polymers
    15.5 Ionic Electroactive Polymers
    15.6 Electroactive Polymers in Space
    Applications
    15.6.1 Electroactive Polymer Actuator That Drives a Dust Wiper for a Camera Lens
    15.6.2 Dielectric Elastomers for Actuation of Large Lightweight Mirrors
    15.6.3 Jumping Rover for Mars
    15.6.4 Particle Distribution Mechanisms in Space
    15.7 Robotics Applications
    15.7.1 Humanoids
    15.7.2 Artificial Insects and Worms
    15.7.3 Human Support in Space Suits
    15.8 Electroactive Polymers for Aerospace Applications
    15.9 Aircraft Morphing Applications
    15.10 Conclusions and Recommendations
    References
    16 Electroactive Polymers in Industry
    16.1 Introduction
    16.2 Types of Electroactive Polymers
    16.2.1 Classification of Electronic Electroactive Polymers
    16.2.2 Classification of Ionic Electroactive Polymers
    16.3 Electroactive Polymers in Industry
    16.4 Applications in Industry
    16.4.1 Electroactive Polymer-Based Sensors and Actuators in Microelectromechanical Systems
    16.4.1.1 Microgripper Microactuator Array
    16.4.1.2 Microrobot
    16.4.2 Electroactive Polymers for Micro and Nanoscale Actuators and Sensors Using Thermoplastic Nanoimprint Lithography
    16.4.2.1 Imprinting of P(vinylidene Fluoride-Trifluoroethylene-Chlorofluoroethylene) Terpolymer
    16.4.3 Gold Nanoparticle-doped Electroactive Polyimide as a Chemiresistor Sensor for Hydrogen Sulfide
    16.4.3.1 Evaluation of Fabricated Sensor for Hydrogen Sulfide
    16.4.3.2 Quality Analysis of the Sensor
    16.4.4 Electroactive Polymers in Tissue Regeneration, Wound Healing, Medical Research, and Pharmaceutical Industries.
    16.4.4.1 Biological Response of Electroactive Polymers to Electrical Stimulation
    16.4.4.2 Application of Different Types of Electroactive Polymers in Tissue Regeneration
    16.4.4.3 Conducting Polymers
    16.4.4.4 Piezoelectric Polymers
    16.4.4.5 Polyelectrolyte Gels
    16.4.4.6 Challenges When Employing Electroactive Polymers for Tissue Regeneration
    16.4.5 Electroactive Polymers as Important Tools in Biomimetics
    16.4.6 Electroactive Polymers as Energy Harvesting Power Generators
    16.4.6.1 Background
    16.4.6.2 Development of Water Mill Electroactive Polymer Artificial Muscles Generator
    16.4.6.3 Current and Future Trends in Wave Power Generators
    16.4.7 Diaphragm Actuator Arrays for Haptic Displays
    16.4.8 Electrodes for Rechargeable Batteries in Electronics
    16.4.9 Electroactive Polymers in the Manufacture of Electroacoustic Transducers
    16.5 Conclusion
    References
    17 Electroactive Polymers in Biomedicine
    17.1 Introduction
    17.2 Need for Electroactive Polymers in Biomedicine
    17.3 Types of Electroactive Polymers and Their Mechanisms
    17.3.1 Mechanism of Action of Electroactive Polymers
    17.4 Processed Electroactive Polymer Products
    17.4.1 Two-Dimensional Coatings (Blends, Composite, and Hybrids)
    17.4.1.1 Three-Dimensional Processing Blends
    17.4.1.2 Composites
    17.4.2 Three-dimensional Materials (Artificial Muscles and Actuators)
    17.4.3 Porous Materials as Scaffolds
    17.5 Applications of Electroactive Polymers in Medicine
    17.5.1 Electroactive Polymers That Assist Cell Functions: Tissue Engineering
    17.5.2 Electroactive Polymers to Target Drugs and Biological Molecules: Drug Delivery
    17.5.3 Electroactive Polymers in Antimicrobial Activity
    17.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
    References
    18 Electroactive Polymers for Packaging Technology
    18.1 Introduction
    18.2 Significance of Electroactive Polymers
    18.3 Classification of Electroactive Polymers
    18.3.1 Ionic Electroactive Polymers
    18.3.2 Electronic Electroactive Polymers
    18.4 Application of Electroactive Polymers in Packaging
    18.4.1 Lunch Box Packaging
    18.5 Properties of Electroactive Polymers for Packaging Applications
    18.5.1 Properties of Gas Barriers
    18.5.2 Mechanical, Chemical, and Thermal Properties
    18.5.3 Biodegradability
    18.5.4 Moisture Barrier Properties
    18.6 Conclusion
    References
    19 Electroactive Polymers for Drug Delivery
    19.1 Introduction
    19.2 Conducting Mechanism
    19.3 Synthesis of Conducting Polymers
    19.3.1 Polyaniline
    19.3.2 Polypyrrole
    19.3.3 Polythiophene
    19.4 Biomedical Applications of Electroactive Polymers
    19.4.1 Biosensors
    19.4.2 Tissue Engineering
    19.4.3 Drug Delivery
    19.5 Smart Drug Delivery
    19.5.1 Polyaniline-Based Drug Delivery
    19.5.2 Polypyrrole-Based Drug Delivery
    19.5.3 Polythiophene-Based Drug Delivery
    19.6 Conclusion
    References
    Index