Elastography of the Musculoskeletal System

Anchor 1
Contents
Abbreviations
1: Elastography: Technical Aspects
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Physics Principles of Ultrasound Elastography
1.3 Ultrasound Elastography Technique
1.4 Primary Categories of Ultrasonic Elastography Techniques
1.4.1 Quasi-Static Ultrasound Elastography Techniques
1.4.1.1 Strain Elastography (SE)
1.4.1.2 Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse (ARFI) Strain Imaging
1.5 Shear Wave Imaging
1.5.1 Transient Elastography (TE) or Vibration-Controlled Elastography
1.5.2 ARF-Based Shear Wave Elastography (SWE)
1.5.3 Point Shear Wave Elastography (pSWE)
1.5.4 Shear Wave Elasticity Imaging and ARF Impulse
1.5.5 Supersonic Shear Imaging
1.5.6 Vibro-acoustography
1.5.7 Harmonic Motion Imaging
1.5.8 “Spatially Modulated Ultrasound Radiation Force” (SMURF)
1.5.9 Comb-Push Ultrasound Shear Elastography
1.5.10 Harmonic SWE
1.5.11 Vibro-Elastography
1.5.12 Crawling Waves Elastography
1.5.13 2D Time-Harmonic Elastography (2D-THE)
1.5.14 Reverberant Shear Wave Elastography
1.6 Shear Wave Elastography: Artefacts in Muscles and Tendons
1.6.1 Signal Void Area
1.6.2 Black Hole Phenomenon
1.6.3 Pseudo-Liquid Lesions
1.6.4 Musculotendinous Anisotropy
1.6.5 Only Elasticity Measurements Measured Perpendicular to the Fibre Axis Are Representative of the Medium’s Mechanical Properties
1.6.6 Reverberation Echoes from a Strong Reflector-Like Bone Can Cause Artefacts in Shear Wave Elastography (Fig. 1.28)
References
2: Skin and Soft Parts Benign Pathology
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Elastography: The Physical Concepts of Strain and Shear Wave
2.1.2 Types of Elastography and their Limitations
2.2 Elastography in Dermatology: Technique and Peculiarities
2.3 Elastography of Normal Skin and Adnexa
2.4 Benign Skin Tumors and Neck Masses
2.5 Malignant Skin Tumors
2.6 Lymph Node Enlargement
2.7 Elastography in Inflammatory Skin Diseases
2.8 Elastography in Other Skin Diseases
2.9 Clinical Applications
2.10 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
3: Soft Parts: Malignant Pathology
3.1 Introduction
3.2 US Imaging of the Soft Tissue Tumors
3.3 Elastography Acquisition Techniques of the Soft Tissue Tumors
3.3.1 Strain Elastography
3.3.2 Shear Wave Elastography
3.4 Clinical Applications of US and US Elastography for Evaluation of Malignant Soft Tissue Tumors and Literature Review
3.5 WHO Classification of Malignant Soft Tissue Tumors
3.5.1 Malignant Adipocytic Tumors
3.5.2 Malignant Fibroblastic and Myofibroblastic Tumors
3.5.3 Malignant Vascular Tumors
3.5.4 Malignant Smooth Muscle Tumors
3.5.5 Malignant Skeletal Muscle Tumors
3.5.6 Malignant Nerve Sheath Tumors
3.5.7 Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma
3.5.8 Soft Tissue Metastases and Lymphoma
3.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
4: Tendons and Ligaments
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Tendons
4.2.1 Achilles Tendon
4.2.2 Patellar Tendon
4.2.3 Rotator Cuff Tendons
4.2.4 Epicondylar Tendons
4.3 Ligaments
4.3.1 Coracohumeral Ligament
4.3.2 Ankle Ligaments
4.3.3 Knee Collateral Ligaments
4.3.4 Ulnar Collateral Ligament
4.4 Clinical Applications (Table 4.1)
4.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
5: Muscles and Fasciae
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Peculiarities of Muscle and Fascia Affecting Elastography and Practical Recommendations
5.1.2 Elastography of the Normal Muscle and Fascia
5.2 Clinical Applications
5.2.1 Primary and Secondary Muscle Disorders
5.2.1.1 Inflammatory Myositis
5.2.1.2 Duchenne Dystrophy
5.2.1.3 Cerebral Palsy
5.2.2 Traumatic Muscle Injury
5.2.3 Painful Muscle Disorders
5.2.4 Acute Compartment Syndrome
5.2.5 Plantar Fasciitis
5.2.6 Sarcopenia
5.3 Limitations
5.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
6: Peripheral Nerves
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Factors Influencing Accurate SWE Measurement of the Peripheral Nerves
6.2.1 Depth of Acquisition and Probe Orientation
6.2.2 Surrounding Anatomy and Relation to Bone
6.2.3 Limb Position
6.2.4 Meters/Second or Kilopascal
6.3 Upper Limb Nerves
6.3.1 Median Nerve
6.3.2 Ulnar Nerve
6.3.3 Radial Nerve
6.4 Lower Limb Nerves
6.4.1 Tibial Nerve
6.4.2 Common Fibular Nerve
6.5 The Brachial Plexus
6.6 New Horizons in Peripheral Nerve SWE
6.7 Conclusion
References
7: Rheumatological and Joint Pathology
7.1 Introduction
7.2 De Quervain’s Tendinopathy
7.3 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
7.4 Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome
7.5 Gout
7.6 Thumb Osteoarthritis
7.7 Rheumatoid Arthritis
7.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
7.9 Clinical Applications
References