Contents
Acknowledgments
Acronyms and Abbreviations
Overview
Is Everyone Getting a Chance at Education?
Are Those Given a Chance Actually Learning?
Is What They Are Learning Relevant for Work and Life?
Are Countries Investing Enough in Education and Achieving a Sound Balance across Levels of Education?
Are the Resources Well Deployed and Managed to Ensure Efficient Functioning of Education Systems?
How Is Cross-Country Diversity in Policies and Educational Outcomes Useful for Country-Specific Policy Development?
Notes
References
Country Status Reports
Chapter 1 Coverage of Education and Prospects for Expansion
Overview of the Pattern of Coverage
Relationship between Education Coverage and Per Capita GDP
Prospects for the Expansion of Education Coverage
Issues for Policy Development
Notes
References
Chapter 2 Socioeconomic Disparities in Education
Gender Disparities: Analysis of Administrative Data
Socioeconomic Disparities beyond Gender: Analysis of Household Surveys
Issues for Policy Development
Notes
References
Chapter 3 Out-of-School Children
Estimating the Number of Out-of-School Children
Profile of Out-of-School Children
Reaching Out-of-School Children
Issues for Policy Development
Notes
References
Chapter 4 Patterns of Spending on Education
Aggregate Spending
Patterns in the Distribution of Spending
Relationship between Resources and Coverage
Prioritizing Spending among School Inputs
Management of Resources
Issues for Policy Development
Notes
References
Chapter 5 Learning Outcomes
Status of Learning Outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa
How Can Students' Learning Outcomes Be Improved?
Issues for Policy Development
Notes
References
Chapter 6 Social Outcomes
Relationship between Education and Social Outcomes in Sub-Saharan African Countries
Relationship between Education and Social Outcomes by Level of Education
Cross-Country Variations in the Relationship between Education and Social Outcomes
Effectiveness of Education Systems at Generating Social Outcomes
Issues for Policy Development
Notes
References
Chapter 7 Education and Employment
Cross-Country Analysis of the Pattern of Employment
Labor Productivity by Economic Sector
Quantitative Match between Demand and Supply in the Labor Market
Relationship between Higher Education Enrollment and Unemployment
Issues for Policy Development
Notes
References
Appendix A Definitions and Background Information
References
Appendix B Enrollment Data
References
Appendix C Social Disparities
References
Appendix D Out-of-School Children
References
Appendix E Education Expenditure
References
Appendix F Gross Enrollment Rate (GER) and Its Underlying Components
Appendix G Student Learning
Appendix H Social Outcomes
On Including Wealth in Regressions
Reference
Appendix I Education and Employment
Reference
Appendix J Lists of Surveys
Appendix K The Millennium Development Goals
References
Boxes
Box 1.1: Benin School Construction through Community-Driven Development: A Decade of Lessons Learned
Box 1.2: Mauritania: Community Management of Primary School Construction
Box 1.3: Zimbabwe: Increased Access to Secondary Education through Government–Community Partnerships and School-Based Management
Box 3.1: The Central African Republic, The Gambia, Lesotho, and Malawi: Enhancing Teacher Deployment to Rural Areas
Box 3.2: Malawi: Impact of Conditional Cash Transfers on Girls' Secondary School Attendance
Box 3.3: Kenya: Girls' Scholarship Program
Box 4.1: Madagascar, Niger, and Senegal: Contract Teacher Recruitment to Expand Primary School Coverage
Box 4.2: Madagascar: Improvement in the Allocation of Teachers to Schools
Box 5.1: Ghana: Leaping in Quality from "Poor" to "Fair"
Box 5.2: Senegal: Better Management of Instructional Time to Improve Student Learning
Box 5.3: Madagascar: School Management Impact Evaluation
Box 5.4: The Gambia: Reducing Teacher Absenteeism by Strengthening Supervision
Box 5.5: Uganda: Public Access to Information Increases Effective Arrival of Grants to Schools
Box 5.6: Kenya: Teacher Incentive Pilot Program
Tables
Table O.1: Social Outcomes by Average Education Level in Sub-Saharan African Countries, ca. 2003
Table O.2: Randomness in Teacher Allocation to Primary Schools, Selected Sub-Saharan African Countries, 2000–08
Table 1.1: Education Coverage in Low-Income Countries, by World Region, ca. 2009
Table 1.2: Secondary Education Coverage in Selected Sub-Saharan African Countries, ca. 2009
Table 1.3: Absolute Gains in Coverage, by Education Level, in 33 Low-Income Sub-Saharan African Countries, 1990–2009
Table 1.4: Scenarios for the Expansion of Lower Secondary Enrollment by 2020 in 33 Low-Income Sub-Saharan African Countries
Table 2.1: Gender Disparities at All Levels of Education, Sub-Saharan African Countries, Selected Years
Table 2.2: Comparison of Sub-Saharan African Gender Disparities in Education with Those of Low-Income Countries in Other World Regions, 2008
Table 2.3: Distribution of Population Aged 5–24 by Gender, Location, Income, and Level of Schooling in Sub-Saharan African Countries, ca. 2005
Table 2.4: Disparities by Social Group and Level of Education, Sub-Saharan African Countries, ca. 2005
Table 3.1: Primary Entry and Attainment Rates Based on Different Data Sources, 33 Low-Income Sub-Saharan African Countries, ca. 2003
Table 3.2: Estimated Number of Out-of-School Children in 33 Low-Income Sub-Saharan African Countries, ca. 2003
Table 3.3: Correlation of Distance to School and Probability of Grade One Enrollment, Simulated for Aggregate of Eight Sub-Saharan African Countries, ca. 2003
Table 3.4: Education Policies to Increase Access to, and Participation in, Primary Schooling
Table 3.5: Impact of Proportion of Female Teachers on Primary-School Repetition and Retention Rates in Sub-Saharan African Countries
Table 3.6: Impact on Primary School Retention of Reduced Repetition and Increased Share of Schools with Full Primary Cycle
Table 3.7: Education Policies to Increase Retention in Primary Education
Table 4.1: Comparison of Public Spending on Education (Capital and Recurrent), ca. 2005
Table 4.2: Average Tax Revenues and ODA Relative to Total Public Spending, Sub-Saharan African Countries, 2005–07
Table 4.3: Household Spending on Education in Selected Sub-Saharan African Countries, ca. 2003
Table 4.4: Comparison of Education Spending Distribution, by Level, 2006 or Latest Available Year
Table 4.5: Public Recurrent Spending Per Student by Educational Level in Sub-Saharan African Countries, ca. 2003
Table 4.6: International Comparison of Per-Student Public Spending by Educational Level, ca. 2005
Table 4.7: Concentration of Public Education Spending within a Cohort, by Sub-Saharan African Country Income Level
Table 4.8: School Inputs in Primary Education in Sub-Saharan African Countries, ca. 2003
Table 4.9: Decomposition of Variables' Relative Influence to Explain Variability in Primary GER across Sub-Saharan African Countries
Table 4.10: Comparison of Randomness in Teacher Allocation to Primary Schools in Selected Sub-Saharan African Countries
Table 4.11: Scope for Increasing Education Spending in Selected Low-Income Sub-Saharan African Countries
Table 5.1: Test Scores and Index of Student Learning in Primary Education in Selected Sub-Saharan African Countries, 1996–2009
Table 5.2: Variance Decomposition of PASEC Learning Scores in 10 Sub-Saharan African Countries
Table 5.3: School Management and Accountability Tools in Selected Sub-Saharan African Countries, 2007
Table 6.1: Logit Regression Results: Relation between Risk of Poverty and Educational Attainment in Benin, 2001
Table 6.2: Social Outcomes by Level of Education, Sub-Saharan African Average
Table 6.3: Contribution to Social Outcomes by Year of Education, Sub-Saharan African Average
Table 7.1: Employment Status Distribution per 100 Working-Age Population, Aggregate for 23 Sub-Saharan African Countries, ca. 2003
Table 7.2: Simulation of Employment by Sector as a Function of Per Capita GDP, Average Low-Income Sub-Saharan African Country
Table 7.3: Apparent Labor Productivity by Sector, Sub-Saharan African Average, 1985–2003
Table 7.4: Employment Status by Age Group and Highest Level of Schooling Attended, Aggregate for 23 Sub-Saharan African Countries, ca. 2003
Table 7.5: Employment and Unemployment by Level of Education and Age Group in23 Sub-Saharan African Countries, ca. 2003
Table 7.6: Determinants of Unemployment Rate in 25–34 Age Cohort of Higher-Education Graduates: Cross-Country Analysis, ca. 2003
Table 7.7: Modeling Higher Education Enrollment and Share of Skilled Formal Sector Jobs
Table A.1: Classification of Sub-Saharan African Countries Used in This Report
Table A.2: Definitions of Student Flow Indicators
Table A.3: Duration of Primary and Secondary Cycles (Standardized) in 47 Sub-Saharan African Countries, 2005
Table B.1: Education Coverage by Level of Education in 47 Sub-Saharan African Countries, ca. 2009
Table B.2: Development in Education Coverage over Time in Sample of 33 Low-Incomea Sub-Saharan African Countries, 1990, 1999, and 2009
Table C.1: Gender Disparities by Level of Education and Sub-Saharan African Country, ca. 1990 and 2008
Table D.1: Number and Proportion of Out-of-School Children in 33 Low-Income Sub-Saharan African Countries, 2003
Table D.2: Characteristics of Out-of-School Children in 30 Low-Income Sub-Saharan African Countries, ca. 2003
Table D.3: Extent of Social Disparities between Children In and Out of School in 30 Sub-Saharan African Countries, ca. 2003
Table E.1: Public Spending (Capital and Recurrent) on Education in Sub-Saharan African Countries, ca. 2005
Table E.2: Public Recurrent Spending per Student per Year in Sub-Saharan African Countries, by Education Level, ca. 2003
Table G.1: PASEC and SACMEQ Scores and Their Transformation to the MLA Scale in Sub-Saharan African Countries, 1996–2009
Table H.1: Education and Risk of Being Poor in Sub-Saharan African Countries, without Wealth as Control
Table H.2: Education and Childbearing Behavior in Sub-Saharan African Countries, with and without Wealth as Control
Table H.3: Education and Maternal Health in Sub-Saharan African Countries, with and without Wealth as Control
Table H.4: Education and Child Health and Development in Sub-Saharan African Countries, with and without Wealth as Control
Table H.5: Education, Knowledge about HIV/AIDS, and Use of Information Media in Sub Saharan Africa Countries, with and without Wealth as Control
Table H.6: Relation between Education and Probability of Being in the 40 Percent Poorest, by Country
Table H.7: Relation between Education and Woman's Age at First Birth, by Country
Table H.8: Relation between Education and Months between Last Two Consecutive Births, by Country
Table H.9: Relation between Education and Number of Live Births to Date, by Country
Table H.10: Relation between Education and Probability of Using any Contraceptive Method Frequently, by Country
Table H.11: Relation between Education and Number of Prenatal Consultations during Pregnancy, by Country
Table H.12: Relation between Education and Number of Tetanus Vaccinations during Last Pregnancy, by Country
Table H.13: Relation between Education and Probability of Receiving Vitamin A during Last Pregnancy, by Country
Table H.14: Relation between Education and Probability that Last Delivery Was Assisted by Skilled Attendant, by Country
Table H.15: Relation between Education and Probability that Children Sleep under a Bed Net, by Country
Table H.16: Relation between Education and Probability that Children Are Fully Vaccinated by Age 2, by Country
Table H.17: Relation between Education and Mortality Rate of Children under 5, by Country
Table H.18: Relation between Education and Probability that Children Aged 9–11 Have Ever Attended School, by Country
Table H.19: Relation between Education and Index of Knowledge of HIV/AIDS, by Country
Table H.20: Relation between Education and Probability of Reading Newspapers Frequently, by Country
Table H.21: Relation between Education and Probability of Listening to the Radio Frequently, by Country
Table H.22: Relation between Education and Probability of Watching TV Frequently, by Country
Table H.23: Construction of Index of Improvement in Social Outcomes from Six Years of Primary School, 36 Sub-Saharan African Countries
Figures
Figure O.1: Sub-Saharan Africa's Educational Pyramid, ca. 2009
Figure O.2: Projected Primary Completion Rates by 2015 in Low-Income Sub-Saharan African Countries
Figure O.3: Correlation of Reading Ability and Length of Schooling, Selected Sub-Saharan African Countries
Figure O.4: Public Spending on Education in Sub-Saharan African Countries (Capital and Recurrent), ca. 2005
Figure O.5: Tradeoff between Teacher Salary and Pupil-Teacher Ratio at Primary Level in Selected Sub-Saharan African Countries, ca. 2003
Figure O.6: Number of Schools by Per-Student Spending, Burundi and Malawi, ca. 2004
Figure 1.1: Sub-Saharan Africa's Educational Pyramid, ca. 2009
Figure 1.2: Primary School Entry and Retention Rates in Sub-Saharan African Countries, ca. 2009
Figure 1.3: Relationship between Per Capita GDP and School-Life Expectancy in Low-Income Sub-Saharan African Countries, 1990–2009
Figure 1.4: Growth in Primary Education Coverage in 33 Low-Income Sub-Saharan African Countries, 1990–2009
Figure 1.5: Relative Gains in Education Coverage, by Education Level, in 33 Low-Income Sub-Saharan African Countries, 1990–2009
Figure 1.6: Average Annual PCR Growth in 33 Low-Income Sub-Saharan African Countries, 1999–2009
Figure 1.7: Projected Primary Completion Rates through 2015 in Low-Income Sub-Saharan African Countries
Figure 1.8: Projected Enrollment in Lower Secondary Education by 2020 as a Multiple of Enrollments in 2003
Figure 2.1: Gender Gap in the Primary Completion Rate, by Sub-Saharan Africa Country, 2008
Figure 2.2: Comparison of Gender Disparities in Three Groups of Sub-Saharan Africa Countries, 2008
Figure 2.3: Relationship between Education Coverage and Gender Disparity in Primary Education Sub-Saharan Africa Countries, 2008
Figure 2.4: Difference between Actual and Model-Predicted Gender Parity Index in Primary Education, by Sub-Saharan Africa Country, 2008
Figure 2.5: Comparison of Gender Disparities in Education by Data Source, Sub-Saharan Africa Countries, ca. 2005
Figure 3.1: Typical Schooling Profile in a Low-Income Country
Figure 3.2 Proportion of Out-of-School Children in 33 Low-Income Sub-Saharan African Countries, ca. 2003
Figure 3.3: Relationship between the Proportion of Out-of-School Children at Beginning and End of the Primary Cycle, in 33 Low-Income Sub-Saharan African Countries, 2003
Figure 3.4: Risk of Being Out of School by Gender, Location, and Wealth, Aggregate for Low-Income Sub-Saharan African Countries, 2003
Figure 3.5 Distribution of Out-of-School Children by Gender, Location, and Wealth, Aggregate for Selected Low-Income Sub-Saharan African Countries, ca. 2003
Figure 3.6: Distribution of Out-of-School Children by Gender, Location, and Wealth in Selected Low-Income Sub-Saharan African Countries, ca. 2003
Figure 3.7: Extent of Differences between Out-of-School and Enrolled Children in 30 Low-Income Sub-Saharan African Countries
Figure 3.8: Suggested Targeting to Reach 35 Million Out-of-School Children in 33 Low-Income Sub-Saharan African Countries
Figure 4.1: Public Spending on Education in Sub-Saharan African Countries (Capital and Recurrent), ca. 2005
Figure 4.2: Trend in ODA to Sub-Saharan Africa, 1990–2007
Figure 4.3: Growth in Government Revenue and ODA in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1997–2007
Figure 4.4: Ranking of Sub-Saharan African Countries by Per-Student Spending on Primary Education
Figure 4.5: Patterns of Coverage and Per-Student Spending by Educational Level in Sub-Saharan African Countries, ca. 2005
Figure 4.6: Relation of School-Life Expectancy and Education Spending in Selected Sub-Saharan African Countries, ca. 2005
Figure 4.7: Per-Student Spending and GER at the Primary Level in Low-Income Sub-Saharan African Countries, ca. 2003
Figure 4.8: Comparison of Average Teacher Salary and Pupil-Teacher Ratio at Primary Level in 16 Sub-Saharan African Countries with Similar Per-Student Spending, ca. 2003
Figure 4.9: School Distribution in Burundi and Malawi, by Per-Student Spending, ca. 2004
Figure 4.10: Relation between Numbers of Students and Teachers at Primary Level in Benin and Madagascar, 2005/06
Figure 5.1: Correlation of ASLI Scores with GDP per Capita and Primary Completion Rate in 31 Sub-Saharan African Countries, ca. 2005
Figure 5.2: Literacy and Length of Studies, Selected Sub-Saharan African Countries
Figure 5.3: Relationship between Per-Student Spending on Primary Level and the Africa Student Learning Index, 31 Sub-Saharan African Countries. ca. 2005
Figure 5.4: Relationship between Public Per Student Spending on Education and Performance on the 2009 PISA Mathematics Test, 27 OECD Countries
Figure 5.5: Relation between Primary Schools' National Exam Pass Rates and Per-Student Spending
Figure 5.6: Relationship between Primary Teacher Salary and GER in Selected Sub-Saharan African Countries
Figure 6.1: Relationship between Educational Attainment and the Risk Poverty, Benin 2001, and Sub-Saharan African Average
Figure 6.2: Relationship between Women's Educational Attainment and Childbearing, Sub-Saharan African Average
Figure 6.3: Relationship between Women's Educational Attainment and Prenatal Health Care, Sub-Saharan African Average
Figure 6.4: Relationship between Mothers' Educational Attainment and Child Health and Development, Sub-Saharan African Average
Figure 6.5: Relationship between Educational Attainment and Awareness of HIV/AIDS, Sub-Saharan African Average
Figure 6.6: Relationship between Educational Attainment and Exposure to Information Media, Sub-Saharan African Average
Figure 6.7: Cross-Country Variation in the Relationship between Education, Live Births and Child Vaccination in Selected Sub-Saharan African countries
Figure 6.8: Relationship between Effectiveness at Generating Social Outcomes and the ASLI Scores in Sub-Saharan African Countries
Figure 6.9: Relationship between National Average Level Social Outcome Indicators and Change in Indicators from Six Years of Primary Education, Sub-Saharan African Countries
Figure 7.1: Employment by Sector in 23 Sub-Saharan African Countries, Circa 2003
Figure 7.2: Farm Employment by Per Capita GDP in 23 Sub-Saharan African Countries, Circa 2003
Figure 7.3: Formal and Public Sector Employment by Per Capita GDP in 23 Sub-Saharan African Countries, Circa 2003
Figure 7.4: Relation between Employment in Informal Non-Farm Sector Employment and Unemployment Rate in 23 Sub-Saharan African Countries, Circa 2003
Figure 7.5: Highest Level of Schooling among Working-Age Population in 23 Sub-Saharan African Countries, Circa 2003
Figure 7.6: Relationship between Share of Population with Upper Secondary or Higher Education and Per Capita GDP in 23 Sub-Saharan African Countries, Circa 2003
Figure 7.7: Comparison of Educational Attainment of Two Generations in Ghana, Mozambique, Zambia and Aggregate for 23 Sub-Saharan African Countries, Circa 2003
Figure 7.8: Share of WorkForce Employed in the Formal and Informal Sectors, by Highest Level of Education Attended, Circa 2003
Figure 7.9: Shares Working in Farm vs. Non-Farm Sectors, and in Public vs. Modern Private Sectors, by Education Level, Circa 2003
Figure 7.10: Simulation of Higher Education Enrollment Associated with 25% Unemployment among 25-34 Year Olds with Higher Education, by Per Capita GDP, in Selected Sub-Saharan African Countries
Maps
Map 1.1: Primary School Completion Rates in Sub-Saharan Africa, 2009
