The basic goal of the volume is to compile the most up to date research on the effect of ecotourism on Indonesia’s primates. The tremendous diversity of primates in Indonesia, in conjunction with the conservation issues facing the primates of this region, have created a crisis whereby many of Indonesia’s primates are threatened with extinction. Conservationists have developed the concept of “sustainable ecotourism” to fund conservation activities. National parks agencies worldwide receive as much as 84% of their funding from ecotourism. While ecotourism funds the majority of conservation activities, there have been very few studies that explore the effects of ecotourism on the habitat and species that they are designed to protect. It is the burgeoning use of “ecotourism” throughout Indonesia that has created a need for this volume where the successes and pitfalls at various sites can be identified and compared.
Author(s): Sharon L. Gursky, Jatna Supriatna, Angela Achorn
Series: Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 221
City: Cham
Preface
Contents
Chapter 1: Tourism and Indonesia’s Primates: An Introduction
1.1 Why Indonesia?
1.2 Why Tourism?
1.3 This Volume
1.4 Ecological Effects of Tourism
1.5 Economic Effects of Tourism
1.6 Ethics of Wildlife Tourism
1.7 Education and Tourism
References
Chapter 2: Similar Perceptions of National and International Volunteer Ecotourists Contribute to the Conservation of the Critically Endangered Javan Slow Loris in Java, Indonesia
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Materials and Methods
2.3 Results
2.4 Discussion
References
Chapter 3: Bukit Lawang and Beyond: Primates and Tourism from a Provider’s Perspective
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 The History of Tourism at Bukit Lawang
3.1.2 Brief Overview of the Current Tourism Market
3.1.3 The Primates of Bukit Lawang and beyond
3.2 Overview of Green Hill Practices and Philosophy
3.2.1 Green Hill Jungle Trekking Philosophy and Rule Adherence
3.2.1.1 Jungle Trekking in Remote Areas
3.2.1.2 Benefits of Promoting New Alternative Tourism Areas
3.3 Conclusions
Appendix 1
From Website www.greenhillbukitlawang.com
Trekking in Bukit Lawang:
Appendix 2
Appendix 3
References
Chapter 4: Rethinking Tolerance to Tourism: Behavioral Responses by Wild Crested Macaques (Macaca nigra) to Tourists
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Stress and Primate Tourism
4.1.2 Habituation of Primates for Tourism
4.1.3 Primate Stress-Related Behaviors
4.1.4 Confounds in Measuring Stress-Related Behaviors
4.1.5 Tourism inside Tangkoko Nature Reserve
4.2 Specific Hypotheses and Predictions
4.2.1 Hypothesis 1: Possible Effects of Tourists in the Forest
4.2.2 Hypothesis 2: Possible Effects of Presence Vs Absence of Tourists within Groups
4.2.3 Hypothesis 3: Possible Effects of Researchers and Guides
4.3 Materials and Methods
4.3.1 Study Site and Species
4.3.2 Tourism
4.3.3 Field Methods and Subjects
4.3.4 Ethics and Research Permits
4.3.5 Behavioral Data Collection
4.3.6 Data Analysis
4.4 Results
4.4.1 Possible Effects of Tourists in the Forest
4.4.2 Presence Vs Absence of Tourists
4.4.3 Researchers and Guides
4.5 Discussion
Literature Cited
Chapter 5: The Effect of Tourism on a Nocturnal Primate, Tarsius Spectrum, in Indonesia
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Methods
5.3 Results
5.4 Conclusions
References
Isaacs 2000
Chapter 6: Javan Gibbon Tourism: A Review from West and Central Java Initiatives
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Wildlife Tourism Plus Gibbon Tourism
6.3 Javan Gibbon Distribution
6.4 Gibbon Tourism in the Parks in West and Central Java
6.5 Description of Ecotourism Sites
6.5.1 Bodogol Conservation and Education Center of the Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park
6.5.2 Gunung Halimun National Park: Citalahab Ecotourism
6.5.3 Gibbon Coffee: Gibbon Watching and Shade Grown Coffee Eco-Tour
References
Chapter 7: Encountering Sulawesi’s Endemic Primates: Considerations for Developing Primate Tourism in South Sulawesi, Indonesia
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Setting the Stage: Ecological and Cultural Diversity of Sulawesi
7.3 Tourism in Sulawesi
7.3.1 Foreign Tourism
7.3.2 Cultural Tourism
7.3.3 Protected Areas and Nature Tourism in Sulawesi
7.3.4 Primate Tourism in Sulawesi
7.4 Incidental Primate Tourism in South Sulawesi
7.4.1 Bantimurung
7.4.2 Karaenta
7.4.3 UNHAS’ Hutan Pendidikan
7.4.4 Pattanuang
7.4.5 Bira Beach and Le’ja Hot Springs
7.5 Primate Tourism in South Sulawesi Compared to Other Areas in Indonesia
7.6 Considerations for the Development and Management of Primate Tourism in South Sulawesi
7.6.1 Raising Awareness of Primate Biodiversity and Conservation
7.6.2 Ethical Dimensions of Primate Tourism
7.6.2.1 Biological, Ecological, and Behavioral Impacts of Tourism
7.6.2.2 The Ethics of Habituating Wild Primates
7.6.2.3 Macaque Crop Foraging
7.6.2.4 Local Livelihoods
7.6.3 Who Are the Tourists?
7.6.4 What Is the Role of the Researchers?
7.7 Emerging Concerns
7.7.1 Social Media Usage and Wildlife Tourism
7.7.2 Impacts of COVID-19
7.8 Conclusion: Expanding Tourism in Sulawesi
References
Chapter 8: Primates and Primatologists: Reflecting on Two Decades of Primatological and Ethnoprimatological Research, Tourism, and Conservation at the Ubud Monkey Forest
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Background History and Overview of the Forest
8.3 Background and History of Primate-Focused Tourism at the Ubud Monkey Forest
8.4 Successes in the Ubud Monkey Forest
8.4.1 Education and Outreach
8.4.2 Forest Structure Management
8.4.3 Reduction in Plastic Pollution
8.5 Health and Nutrition
8.5.1 Veterinary Care
8.5.2 Nutritional Changes
8.5.3 Provisioning
8.6 Challenges to the Ubud Monkey Forest
8.6.1 Population Growth and Sterilization Campaigns
8.6.2 Aggressive Behavior and Modifications
8.6.3 Ranging and Changing Dispersal Patterns
8.7 Research and Teaching
8.7.1 Balinese Macaque Ethnoprimatology Field School
8.7.2 Additional Scientific Training for Developing STEM Professionals
8.7.3 Collaborative Research and Outcomes
8.7.4 Current and Future Research at the Site
8.8 Looking to the Future
8.9 Conclusions
References
Chapter 9: Primate Tourism on Java: 40 Years of Ebony Langur Viewing in Pangandaran from Homestay Visits to Mass Tourism
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Methods
9.2.1 Study Area
9.2.2 Data Collection
9.3 Results
9.3.1 History of Tourism at Pangandaran
9.3.2 Overview of Research on Ebony Langurs in Pangandaran
9.3.3 Tourism and Tourism-Related Research in Pangandaran
9.4 Discussion
9.4.1 Primate Tourism on Java—Pangandaran as a Case Study
9.4.2 Conservation and Ecotourism in a Broader Perspective
References
Chapter 10: Indigenous Bird Ecotourism in Halmahera Island, Indonesia
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Methods
10.2.1 Research Location
10.3 Interview
10.3.1 Data Collection
10.3.2 Data Analysis
10.4 Analisis Data
10.5 Results
10.5.1 Endemic Bird Species as Tourist Destinations on Halmahera Island
10.5.1.1 Types of Birds in Paradisaeidae Family
10.5.1.2 Types of Birds in Alcedinidae Family
10.5.1.3 Types of Birds in the Pittidae Family
10.5.1.4 Types of Birds in Rallidae Family
10.5.1.5 Types of Birds in Megapodiidae Family
10.5.1.6 Types of Birds in Columbidae Family
10.5.1.7 Types of Birds in Aegothelidae Family
10.5.1.8 Types of Birds in Meliphagidae Family (Fig. 10.9)
10.5.1.9 Types of Birds in the Psittaculidae Family
10.5.2 Indigenous Knowledge in Cultural-Based Bird Conservation
10.6 Discussion
References
Index
