The 2nd edition of this comprehensive book provides one of the most complete overviews of the aquatic beetles in the family Dytiscidae, also known as predaceous diving beetles. Dytiscids constitute one of the largest families of freshwater insects with approximately 4,650 named species that come in a variety of sizes, colors, and habitat affinities. Although dytiscid adults and larvae are ubiquitous throughout a variety of aquatic habitats, and are important predators on other aquatic invertebrates and vertebrates, there are no compilations that have focused on summarizing the knowledge on aspects of their ecology, systematics, and biology.
Chapters in this book summarize hitherto scattered topics, including their anatomy and habitats, chemical and community ecology, phylogenies and larval morphology including chaetotaxy, sexual systems, predation, dispersal, conservation, and cultural and historical aspects. The 2nd edition offers updates on the newest scientific findings on dytiscids and also includes a new chapter on the subterranean fauna from Australia. The information in this new edition is potentially beneficial to anyone working in aquatic systems where dytiscids are an important part of the food web. Moreover, readers will gain a greater appreciation of dytiscids as model organisms for investigations of fundamental principles derived from ecological and evolutionary theory. Contributed chapters are by authors who are actively engaged in studying dytiscids, and each chapter provides color photos and future directions for research.
Author(s): Donald A. Yee
Series: Coleoptera: Dytiscidae
Edition: 2
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 574
City: Cham
Preface
Introduction to the Second Edition
Contents
Chapter 1: An Introduction to the Dytiscidae: Their Diversity, Historical Importance, Cultural Significance, and Other Musings
1.1 Dytiscids Past and Present
1.2 Nature Red in Tooth and Clawand Mandible
1.3 Cultural Notes
1.4 Final Words
References
Chapter 2: Larval Chaetotaxy of World Dytiscidae (Coleoptera: Adephaga) and Implications for the Study of Hydradephaga
2.1 Introduction
2.2 General Morphology of Dytiscidae Larvae
2.3 Chaetotaxy Analysis: Methodological Approach
2.4 Ground Plan Pattern of Primary Setae and Pores of the Dytiscidae
2.4.1 Cephalic Capsule
2.4.2 Head Appendages
2.4.3 Legs
2.4.4 Last Abdominal Segment
2.4.5 Urogomphus
2.5 Making the Wealth of the Dytiscidae Chaetotaxy Pattern Available for Study Other Hydradephaga Larvae
2.6 Larval Chaetotaxy and Ontogeny
2.7 Summary: Prospective Ideas
References
Chapter 3: The Phylogeny and Classification of Predaceous Diving Beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae)
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 History of Dytiscidae systematics
3.1.2 Overview of Current Diving Beetle Classification
3.2 Material and Methods
3.2.1 Taxon Sampling
3.2.1.1 Ingroup
3.2.1.2 Outgroup
3.2.2 DNA
3.2.3 Morphology
3.2.4 Analysis
3.2.4.1 Alignment
3.2.4.2 Parsimony
3.2.4.3 Bayesian
3.3 Results
3.4 Discussion
3.5 Diving Beetle Phylogeny and Classification
3.5.1 Matinae Branden, 1885
3.5.1.1 Type Genus
3.5.1.2 Diagnosis
3.5.1.3 Discussion
3.5.1.4 Taxon Content
3.5.2 Lancetinae Branden, 1885
3.5.2.1 Type Genus
3.5.2.2 Diagnosis
3.5.2.3 Discussion
3.5.2.4 Taxon Content
3.5.3 Agabinae Thomson, 1867
3.5.3.1 Type Genus
3.5.3.2 Diagnosis
3.5.3.3 Discussion
3.5.3.4 Taxon Content
3.5.4 Agabini Thomson, 1867
3.5.4.1 Type Genus
3.5.4.2 Diagnosis
3.5.4.3 Discussion
3.5.4.4 Taxon Content
3.5.5 Hydrotrupini Roughley, 2000
3.5.5.1 Type Genus
3.5.5.2 Diagnosis
3.5.5.3 Discussion
3.5.5.4 Taxon Content
3.5.6 Colymbetinae Erichson, 1837
3.5.6.1 Type Genus
3.5.6.2 Diagnosis
3.5.6.3 Discussion
3.5.6.4 Taxon Content
3.5.7 Copelatinae Branden, 1885
3.5.7.1 Type Genus
3.5.7.2 Diagnosis
3.5.7.3 Discussion
3.5.7.4 Taxon Content
3.5.8 Laccophilinae Gistel, 1848
3.5.8.1 Type Genus
3.5.8.2 Diagnosis
3.5.8.3 Discussion
3.5.8.4 Taxon Content
3.5.9 Agabetini Branden, 1885
3.5.9.1 Type Genus
3.5.9.2 Diagnosis
3.5.9.3 Discussion
3.5.9.4 Taxon Content
3.5.10 Laccophilini Gistel, 1848
3.5.10.1 Type Genus
3.5.10.2 Diagnosis
3.5.10.3 Discussion
3.5.10.4 Taxon Content
3.5.11 Cybistrinae Sharp, 1880
3.5.11.1 Type Genus
3.5.11.2 Diagnosis
3.5.11.3 Discussion
3.5.11.4 Taxon Content
3.5.12 Dytiscinae Leach, 1815
3.5.12.1 Type Genus
3.5.12.2 Diagnosis
3.5.12.3 Discussion
3.5.12.4 Taxon Content
3.5.13 Dytiscini Leach, 1815
3.5.13.1 Type Genus
3.5.13.2 Diagnosis
3.5.13.3 Discussion
3.5.13.4 Taxon Content
3.5.14 Hydaticini Sharp, 1880
3.5.14.1 Type Genus
3.5.14.2 Diagnosis
3.5.14.3 Discussion
3.5.14.4 Taxon Content
3.5.15 Aubehydrini Guignot, 1942
3.5.15.1 Type Genus
3.5.15.2 Diagnosis
3.5.15.3 Discussion
3.5.15.4 Taxon Content
3.5.16 Eretini Crotch, 1873
3.5.16.1 Type Genus
3.5.16.2 Diagnosis
3.5.16.3 Discussion
3.5.16.4 Taxon Content
3.5.17 Aciliini Thomson, 1867
3.5.17.1 Type Genus
3.5.17.2 Diagnosis
3.5.17.3 Discussion
3.5.17.4 Taxon Content
3.5.18 Coptotominae Branden, 1885
3.5.18.1 Type Genus
3.5.18.2 Diagnosis
3.5.18.3 Discussion
3.5.18.4 Taxon Content
3.5.19 Hydrodytinae Miller, 2001
3.5.19.1 Type Genus
3.5.19.2 Diagnosis
3.5.19.3 Discussion
3.5.19.4 Taxon Content
3.5.20 Hydroporinae Aubé, 1836
3.5.20.1 Type Genus
3.5.20.2 Diagnosis
3.5.20.3 Discussion
3.5.20.4 Taxon Content
3.5.21 Laccornini Wolfe and Roughley, 1990
3.5.21.1 Type Genus
3.5.21.2 Diagnosis
3.5.21.3 Discussion
3.5.21.4 Taxon Content
3.5.22 Laccornellini, Miller and Bergsten, 2014
3.5.22.1 Type Genus
3.5.22.2 Diagnosis
3.5.22.3 Discussion
3.5.22.4 Taxon Content
3.5.23 Hydroporini Aubé, 1836
3.5.23.1 Type Genus
3.5.23.2 Diagnosis
3.5.23.3 Discussion
3.5.23.4 Taxon Content
3.5.24 Hydroporina Aubé, 1836
3.5.24.1 Type Genus
3.5.24.2 Diagnosis
3.5.24.3 Discussion
3.5.24.4 Taxon Content
3.5.25 Deronectina Galewski, 1994
3.5.25.1 Type Genus
3.5.25.2 Diagnosis
3.5.25.3 Discussion
3.5.25.4 Taxon Content
3.5.26 Siettitiina Smrz, 1982
3.5.26.1 Type Genus
3.5.26.2 Diagnosis
3.5.26.3 Discussion
3.5.26.4 Taxon Content
3.5.27 Sternopriscina Branden, 1885
3.5.27.1 Type Genus
3.5.27.2 Diagnosis
3.5.27.3 Discussion
3.5.27.4 Taxon Content
3.5.28 Vatellini Sharp, 1880
3.5.28.1 Type Genus
3.5.28.2 Diagnosis
3.5.28.3 Discussion
3.5.28.4 Taxon Content
3.5.29 Methlini Branden, 1885
3.5.29.1 Type Genus
3.5.29.2 Diagnosis
3.5.29.3 Discussion
3.5.29.4 Taxon Content
3.5.30 Hydrovatini Sharp, 1880
3.5.30.1 Type Genus
3.5.30.2 Diagnosis
3.5.30.3 Discussion
3.5.30.4 Taxon Content
3.5.31 Pachydrini Biström, Nilsson and Wewalka, 1997
3.5.31.1 Type Genus
3.5.31.2 Diagnosis
3.5.31.3 Discussion
3.5.31.4 Taxon Content
3.5.32 Hygrotini Portevin, 1929
3.5.32.1 Type Genus
3.5.32.2 Diagnosis
3.5.32.3 Discussion
3.5.32.4 Taxon Content
3.5.33 Hyphydrini Gistel, 1848
3.5.33.1 Type Genus
3.5.33.2 Diagnosis
3.5.33.3 Discussion
3.5.33.4 Taxon Content
3.5.34 Bidessini Sharp, 1880
3.5.34.1 Type Genus
3.5.34.2 Diagnosis
3.5.34.3 Discussion
3.5.34.4 Taxon Content
3.6 Family-Group Classification of Dytiscidae Leach, 1815
3.7 Future Directions
Appendix
References
Chapter 4: Predaceous Diving Beetle Sexual Systems
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Sexual Variation
4.2.1 Secondary Sexual Dimorphisms
4.2.1.1 Chemical
4.2.1.2 Acoustic
4.2.1.3 Morphology
4.2.2 Genitalia
4.2.2.1 Male Genitalia
4.2.2.2 Female Genitalia
4.2.3 Sperm
4.3 Dytiscid Sexual Systems
4.3.1 Pre-insemination Sexual Systems
4.3.2 Post-insemination Sexual Systems
4.4 Summary
4.5 Future Directions
References
Chapter 5: Morphology, Anatomy, and Physiological Aspects of Dytiscids
5.1 External Morphology
5.1.1 External Morphology of Adults
5.1.2 External Morphology of Larvae
5.1.3 External Morphology of Pupae
5.2 Internal Anatomy and Physiology
5.2.1 Digestive System and Digestion
5.2.2 Reproductive System
5.2.3 Muscles of Thorax
5.2.4 Nervous System
5.2.5 Respiration and Tracheal System
5.3 Future Directions
References
Chapter 6: Chemical Ecology and Biochemistry of Dytiscidae
6.1 Chemical Ecology of Freshwater Organisms
6.2 Chemical Senses
6.3 Intraspecific Interactions: Sex Pheromones
6.4 Interspecific Interactions
6.4.1 Kairomones and Other Allelochemicals
6.4.1.1 Dytiscid Prey and Fish Predators
6.4.1.2 Dytiscids Predators and Vertebrate Prey
6.4.1.3 Dytiscid Predators and Egg-Laying Prey
6.4.2 Allomones
6.4.2.1 Pygidial Glands
6.4.2.1.1 Chemistry of the Pygidial Glands and Distribution of Pygidial Gland Constituents within Dytiscidae and Hydradephaga
6.4.2.1.2 Biological Activity of Pygidial Gland Secretions and their Regeneration
6.4.2.2 Prothoracic Defensive Glands
6.4.2.2.1 Chemistry of the Prothoracic Defensive Glands, Emphasizing those Species with Steroidal Vertebrate Hormones
6.4.2.2.2 Biological Activity and Regeneration of Prothoracic Gland Secretions
6.4.3 Other Exocrine Glands
6.5 Dermal Glands, Epicuticular Lipids, and Body Coloration by Pigments
6.5.1 Dermal Glands and Epicuticular Lipids
6.5.2 Epicuticular Lipids
6.5.3 Coloration of the Integument
6.6 Bacteria and Fungi from Dytiscids
6.6.1 Taxonomically Identified Culturable Bacterial Strains from the Dytiscid Beetle Gut, and their Steroid Metabolism under L...
6.6.2 Taxonomically Identified Culturable Bacterial Strains from the Dytiscid Beetle Gut and their Secondary Metabolites Produ...
6.6.3 Non-Culturable Bacteria from Predaceous Diving Beetles
6.6.4 Taxonomically Identified and Culturable Fungi from Aquatic Insects and Especially Dytiscid Beetles
6.7 Hemolymph: Aspects Concerning Internal Defense, Hemostasis, and Regeneration Focusing on Dytiscidae
6.7.1 Internal Defense
6.7.2 Melanization Pathway in Insect Hemolymph and Role of the Key Component Phenoloxidase
6.7.3 Hemostasis and Regeneration of Body Appendages
6.8 Future Directions
References
Chapter 7: Community Patterns in Dytiscids
7.1 An Introduction to Natural Communities
7.2 Random vs. Non-random Distributions
7.3 Ecological Similarity
7.4 Dispersal
7.5 Phylogenetic Community Composition
7.6 Summary and Future Directions
References
Chapter 8: Predator-Prey Ecology of Dytiscids
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Dytiscid Diets and Selective Predation
8.3 Consumptive and Non-consumptive Effects of Dytiscid Predation
8.4 Cannibalism and Intraguild Predation
8.5 Dytiscids as Predators of Vector and Nuisance Species
8.6 Dytiscids As Prey
8.7 Future Research
References
Chapter 9: The Unique Australian Subterranean Dytiscidae: Diversity, Biology, and Evolution
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Types of Environments
9.3 Species Diversity and Morphology
9.4 Biology
9.4.1 Life History
9.4.2 Feeding
9.4.3 Reproduction
9.5 Respiratory Physiology
9.6 Speciation Underground
9.7 Intra-Specific Phylogeography and Population Structure
9.8 Regressive/Adaptive Evolution
9.9 Conservation Considerations
9.10 Future Work
References
Chapter 10: Habitats Supporting Dytiscid Life
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Habitat Requirements and the Importance of Habitat Classifications
10.3 Abiotic Habitat Conditions
10.3.1 Lentic Versus Lotic Habitats
10.3.2 Springs
10.3.3 Permanency
10.3.4 Salinity
10.3.5 Temperature and Temperature-Related Variables, Elevation, and Latitude
10.3.6 Water pH
10.3.7 Habitat Size, Depth, Steepness, and Shading
10.3.8 Anthropogenic Habitat Degradation, Nutrients, and Pollution
10.4 Biotic Interactions
10.4.1 Vegetation Structure as a Major Habitat Factor
10.4.2 Predation, Food Resources, and Competition
10.5 Important Habitats in Anthropogenic Landscapes
10.5.1 Agricultural Habitats
10.5.2 Artificial and Urban Habitats
10.6 Peculiar Habitats for Dytiscids
10.6.1 Subterranean Habitats
10.6.2 Hygropetric Habitats
10.6.3 Interstitial Habitats
10.6.4 Rock Pools
10.6.5 Terrestrial Habitats
10.6.6 Phytotelmata
10.7 Concluding Remarks and Future Directions
References
Chapter 11: Dispersal in Dytiscidae
11.1 Introduction
11.2 The Evolution, Maintenance, and Consequences of Dispersal
11.2.1 Why Disperse?
11.2.2 The Evolution and Maintenance of Dispersal
11.3 Consequences of Dispersal
11.4 On Flight and Wings and Flightlessness
11.5 Proximate Drivers of Dispersal and How to Find Water
11.5.1 Dispersal Triggers at the Individual Level in the Field and the Lab
11.5.2 Weather, Season and the Timing of Field Flights
11.5.3 How Do the Beetles Find New Waterbodies and What Persuades Them to Stay?
11.5.4 Splendid Isolation: Predaceous Diving Beetles and Remote Oceanic Islands
11.6 Dispersal and Biogeography: The Macroecology of Movement in Diving Beetles
11.6.1 Dispersal and Geographical Range Size
11.6.2 Diving Beetles and the Lentic-Lotic Divide
11.7 Future Directions: Where Do We (and the Beetles) Go from Here?
References
Chapter 12: The Conservation of Predaceous Diving Beetles: Knowns, More Unknowns and More Anecdotes
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Dytiscidae as a Group Worth Conserving
12.3 Change
12.4 Apparent Extinction and Discovery as Motivators
12.5 The Causes of Loss
12.6 Drainage
12.7 Pollution
12.8 Encroachment
12.9 Climate Change
12.10 Globalization and the Fourth Horsemen of the Apocalypse
12.11 Misidentification as a Threat to Understanding
12.12 Types of Conservation
12.13 European Conventions: Including a Case-Study in Conservation Legislation and Its Consequences
12.14 Popularity, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
12.15 Global Lists
12.16 Dumbing-Down
12.17 The Way Ahead: ``Passive Conservation´´ and Possible Pitfalls of Connectivity
12.18 Future Directions
References
Index
