Dynamic Deformation, Damage and Fracture in Composite Materials and Structures

Dynamic Deformation, Damage and Fracture in Composite Materials and Structures
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Contributors
Introduction
Damage tolerance of composite structures under low-velocity impact
Introduction
Principles of damage tolerance
The different damage types
Impact damage
Damage detectability
Residual strength after impact
Impact threat
Conclusions
References
Dynamic interfacial fracture
Introduction
Conventional analytical approach to modelling dynamic interfacial fracture
Mode I fracture
Stationary cracks in DCBs
Propagating cracks in DCBs
Mode II fracture
Stationary cracks in ENF specimens
Stationary cracks in ELS specimens
Stationary cracks in CNF specimens
Experimental-numerical hybrid method
Dynamic mode I interfacial fracture for stationary crack
Theoretical development with vibration
Dynamic response of thin beam
Dynamic energy release rate and amplitude divergence
Theoretical development with wave propagation
ERR divergence and energy flux
Dynamic energy release rate
Simplified dynamic ERR with vibrational deflection
Numerical verification
Finite element model and verification case
Verification for developed theory with vibration
Verification for developed theory with wave propagation
Crack tip rotation compensation for stationary crack
Propagation of dynamic mode I interfacial crack
Rate dependency of fracture toughness
Theoretical development
Analytical solution for constant fracture toughness
Analytical solution for rate-dependent fracture toughness
Experimental verification
Experimental verification for DCB under 6.5ms-1 loading rate
Experimental verification for DCB under 10ms-1 loading rate
Numerical verification
Numerical verification for DCB under 6.5ms-1 loading rate
Numerical verification for DCB under 10ms-1 loading rate
Crack propagation speed assessment and dynamic ERR
Dynamic mode II interfacial fracture
Introduction
Theoretical development
Dynamic response of ELS specimen
Dynamic energy release rate
Dynamic factor
Normal modes and crack-tip-loading condition
ith vibration modal contribution to ERR
Numerical verification
Numerical verification for isotropic bilayer composite
Numerical verification for orthotropic fibre-reinforced composite
Conclusions
References
Low-velocity impact of composite laminates: Damage evolution
Introduction
Composite damage criteria
Background
Damage initiation criteria
Damage evolution criteria
Tensile failure modes
Fibre compressive failure mode
Matrix compressive failure mode
Nonlinear shear failure mode
Damage prediction of composites under low-velocity impact
Impact tests
Modelling impact-induced damage using damage criteria methods
Modelling impact-induced matrix cracking and splitting using cohesive zone elements
Conclusions
References
Low-velocity impact on preloaded and curved laminates
Low-velocity impact on thin and thick laminates
Low-velocity impact on thin and thick laminates under preload (tension/compression)
Uniaxial preloading
Biaxial preloading
Analytical and numerical solutions
Low-velocity impact on curved laminates
Conclusions
References
High-velocity impact damage in CFRP laminates
Introduction
Experiments
Factors affecting high-velocity impact damage
High-velocity impact test
Material
Experiment results
Unidirectional laminate
Simple cross-ply laminate
Cross-ply laminate with many ply interfaces
Quasi-isotropic laminate
Discussion
Mechanism of high-velocity impact damage
Influence of the stacking sequence on damage severity
Influence of toughened interlayers on damage severity
Concluding remarks
References
Dynamic damage in FRPs: From low to high velocity
Introduction
Impact response of composite materials
Low-velocity impact
Intermediate-velocity impact
High-velocity (ballistic) impact
Damage mechanisms of FRPs under high-velocity impact
Air-blast response
Ballistic response
Air-blast response of curved CFRP laminates
Introduction
Experimental procedure
Material and specimens
Shock-loading apparatus and loading conditions
Finite-element model
Material model
Damage initiation
Modelling rate dependency
Delamination modelling
Finite-element model set-up
Fluid-structure coupling and shock-wave loading
Results and discussion
Finite-element model validation
Modes of deflection in CFRP panels
Damage in CFRP panels
Energy distribution during blast
Ballistic-impact response of hybrid woven FRPs
Introduction
Ballistic experiments
Finite-element model
Results and discussions
V50 for same target thickness and per-unit areal density
Damage in composite panels
Contribution of damage modes to energy absorption
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
The dynamic-loading response of carbon-fibre-filled polymer composites
Introduction
Applications of carbon-fibre composites and dynamic-loading conditions
Shock-wave compression concepts
Impedance matching
General features of polymers and composites under shock-wave loading
Materials
Filament-wound and chopped carbon-fibre-polymer composites
Carbon-fibre-epoxy composites
Carbon-fibre-phenolic and carbon-fibre-cyanate ester composites
Methods
Gas-gun-driven plate impact experiments
Equation-of-state modelling
Linear us-up fit
Hayes model
SESAME model
Summary
Results
Resins
Epoxy resins
Phenolic resins
Carbon-fibre-polymer composites
Carbon-fibre-epoxy composites
Carbon-fibre-phenolic and carbon-fibre-cyanate ester composites
Discussion of shock response of CP and CE composites
Strength and anisotropy
Shock-driven dissociation in CP and CE composites
Equation-of-state modelling
Summary and conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
The response to underwater blast
Introduction
Laboratory-scale underwater blast experiments
The apparatus and its calibration
Unsupported air-backed configuration
Unsupported water-backed configuration
Clamped air-backed plate configuration
Generation and propagation of blast waves in the shock tube
Processing and analysis of measurements
Experimental results
Monolithic construction
Sandwich construction
Circular composite plates
Modelling and optimisation
Outline of analytical models
Analytical predictions and optimal design maps
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Dynamic loading on composite structures with fluid-structure interaction
Introduction
Experimental study of impact on composite structures with FSI
Description of experiment
Experimental results and discussion
Numerical analysis of impact on composite structures with FSI
Numerical modelling techniques
Composite failure modelling
Experimental study of vibration of composite structures in water
Numerical analysis of vibration of composite structures in water
Experimental study of cyclic loading on composite structures with FSI
Numerical analysis of cyclic loading on composite structures with FSI
Summary and conclusion
References
Shock response of polymer composites
Shock propagation in composites
Experimental techniques
The Hugoniot
The Hugoniot elastic limit of composites
Shocks through the thickness
The shape of the shock profile and shock attenuation
Spall behaviour of polymer composites
Shocks along the fibre direction
The response of composites to air-blast loads
The nature of the blast wave in air
Experimental techniques
Some basics
Damage mechanisms
The blast response of carbon- and glass-based laminates
The blast response of polyurea-based composites
The response of sandwich panels to blast loading
Concluding remarks and future research needs
References
Blast response of sandwich structures: The influence of curvature
Introduction
Materials and manufacturing
Quasistatic material characterisation
Three-point bend tests on sandwich beams
Compression tests on foam core samples
Three-point bend tests on face sheet materials
Blast test method
Blast test results
Failure modes exhibited in air-blasted sandwich panels
Discussion
Effect of curvature on impulse transfer
Failure mode initiation
Flat panels
Curved panels
Spatial distribution of failure
Delamination
Debonding
Effect of curvature on failure distribution
Front face sheets
Back face sheets
Cores
Conclusions
References
Cellular sandwich composites under blast loads
Introduction
Shock waves during blast events
Attenuation of a shock wave
Generalities of a shock wave generated by an explosion
Peak pressure
Dynamic pressure
Reflected pressure
Specific impulse generated in the explosion
Scaling of free-field explosions
Material behaviour of cellular materials
Quasistatic behaviour
Dynamic behaviour
Energy absorption in cellular materials
Test set-ups for measuring energy absorption
Shock-wave attenuation by cellular core sandwich composite
Sandwich plates with honeycombs
Sandwich panels with a structured core
Sandwich panels with metallic foams
Sandwich panels with polymeric foams
Sandwich panels with open foam and shear thickening fluid
Sandwich configuration effect
Conclusions
References
Ballistic impact behaviour of composites: Analytical formulation
Introduction
Materials for ballistic protection
Composites for high-performance applications
Ballistic impact on composite targets
Penetration and perforation process
Damage and energy-absorbing mechanisms
Analytical formulation
Assumptions
Projectile velocity through energy balance
Formulation for the first time interval
Contact force on the target and projectile displacement for the first time interval
Energy absorbed by compression of the target directly below the projectile (Region 1)
Energy absorbed by compression in the region surrounding the impacted zone (Region 2)
Energy absorbed due to stretching and tensile failure of yarns/layers in the region consisting of primary yarns
Energy absorbed due to tensile deformation of yarns/layers in the region consisting of secondary yarns
Energy absorbed by shear plugging
Energy absorbed by delamination and matrix cracking
Velocity and contact force at the end of the first iteration of the first time interval
Velocity and contact force during second and subsequent iterations of the first time interval
Formulation from the second time interval up to the end of the ballistic impact event
Projectile tip displacement
Energy absorbed by compression
Total number of layers failed
Energy absorbed by tension
Energy absorbed by shear plugging
Energy absorbed by delamination and matrix cracking
Mass of the moving cone and energy absorbed by conical deformation
Energy absorbed by friction between the projectile and the target
Velocity of the projectile, contact force, and projectile tip displacement
Solution procedure
Input parameters
Steps involved
Experimental studies
Experimental details
Experimental observations and comparison with analytical predictions
Current experimental observations and comparison with analytical predictions
Results and discussion
Energy absorbed by different mechanisms
Contact force, projectile velocity, and tip displacement
Ballistic impact behaviour of different materials
Strain rate during ballistic impact event
Effect of incident impact velocity on projectile tip displacement
Effect of target thickness on ballistic impact performance
Enhancing ballistic protection capability of composite targets
Hybrid composites
3D composites
Composites dispersed with nanoparticles
Concluding remarks
Appendix A
Stress-strain data at high strain rates: 2D plain weave E-glass/epoxy
Appendix B
Stress-strain data at high strain rates: 2D 8H satin weave T300 carbon/epoxy
Appendix C
Frictional behaviour of composites: 2D plain weave E-glass/epoxy and 2D 8H satin weave T300 carbon/epoxy
Acknowledgements
References
Dynamic fracture behaviour of additively manufactured composite materials
Introduction to additive manufacturing
Overview
Methods of additive manufacturing
Dynamic behaviour of AM metal-matrix alloys
Introduction to AM metal-matrix composites
Dynamic fracture behaviour of AM metal-matrix composites
Comparison of quasistatic and dynamic performance of AM and cast metal alloys
Comparison of quasistatic performance of AM and cast AlSi10Mg
Comparison of dynamic performance of AM and cast AlSi10Mg
Dynamic behaviour of additively manufactured polymers
Introduction to AM polymers
Influence of processing parameters on dynamic behaviour of AM polymers under impact loading
Dynamic behaviour of AM polymers with cellular structure under dynamic compression loading
Dynamic behaviour of AM polymer composites
Introduction to AM polymer composites
Effect of type of reinforcement on impact strength of AM polymer composites
Effect of type of reinforcement on dynamic fracture of AM polymer composites
Conclusion
References
Impact resistance of sandwich plates
Introduction
Damage-mitigating sandwich plate designs
Experimental assessment of impact resistance of sandwich plates
Constituent materials
Quasi-static tests
High-strain tests
Indentation
Impact
Modelling
Finite element model
Finite-element results
Closing remarks
Acknowledgements
References
Ballistic impact of woven carbon/epoxy composites with ice projectile
Introduction
Ice projectile interaction with target
Composite material and test specimens
Ballistic experimental setup
Experimental methodology
Deformation results
Damage analysis
Outlook and concluding remarks
References
Impact behaviour of fibre-metal laminates
Introduction
Parameters affecting impact behaviour of FMLs
Parameters for the FML structure
Constituent parameters
Other parameters
Effects of experimental conditions
Energy-dissipation mechanisms
Low-velocity impacts on FMLs
Experimental studies
GLARE (glass fibre/aluminium)
Other FMLs: ARALL (aramid fibre/aluminium), CARALL (carbon fibre/aluminium), and Ti/GFRP laminates
Numerical modelling
High-velocity impacts on FMLs
Experimental studies
GLARE (glass fibre/aluminium)
Other FMLs: Polypropylene-based FMLs, Al/SFRP FML, elastomer-based FMLs and CARALLs
Numerical modelling
Response of FMLs under blast loading
Comparison of properties and performance of FMLs
Summary and future prospects
Acknowledgement
References
Dynamic large-deflection bending of laminates
Introduction
Experimental methods
Material
Dynamic testing
Discussion of experimental results
Damage characterisation
Finite-element simulations
Modelling strategy
Model features and solution
Interply and intraply damage modelling
Discussion of simulation results
Response of damaged specimen
Response of fractured specimen
Conclusions
References
Energy absorption of composite shin-guard structure under low-velocity impacts
Introduction
Experimental methodology
Multi-scale finite-element model
Results and discussion
Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
Index
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