Dragonflies and Damselflies: Model Organisms for Ecological and Evolutionary Research

Cover
Titlepage
Copyright
List of Contributors
List of Reviewers
Contents
Foreword
1 Introduction to Dragonflies and Damselflies, Second Edition
SECTION 1 Genomics SECTION EDITOR: Alex Córdoba-Aguilar
2 Genomic insights into micro- and macro-evolutionary processes in Odonata
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Genomic insights into population processes
2.2.1 Dispersal and connectivity
2.2.2 Range shifts and other spatial processes
2.3 Adaptation and adaptive trait evolution
2.3.1 Environmental adaptation
2.3.2 Morphological adaptation
2.3.3 Life stage-specific adaptation
2.4 Genomic variation associated with hybridization and speciation
2.4.1 Insights from genome assemblies into species- and order-specific functional traits
2.5 Conclusions and future directions
References
3 Transcriptomic insights into Odonata ecology and evolution
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Color vision
3.3 Transcriptomic insight into the eco-evolutionary role of color variation
3.3.1 Ecological significance of color variation within and between species
3.3.2 Evolution of color phenotypes
3.3.3 Pigments
3.3.4 Structural colors
3.3.5 Genes involved in body color formation
3.4 Embryogenesis
3.4.1 Gene expression during embryogenesis
3.5 Phylo-transcriptomics
3.6 Future directions
3.6.1 Color vision
3.6.2 Color
3.6.3 Embryogenesis
3.6.4 Phylogenomics
3.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
SECTION 2 Organismal Studies
4 Functional morphology in Odonata
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Head
4.3 Head–thorax articulation
4.4 Thorax
4.5 Wings
4.6 Legs
4.7 Abdomen
Method Boxes
References
5 The biomechanics of odonate flight
5.1 Flight mechanics
5.2 Muscle activation
5.3 Wing structure
5.4 Flapping wing aerodynamics
5.4.1 Leading-edge vortex
5.4.2 Stroke plane
5.4.3 Planform
5.5 Aerodynamic interactions
5.5.1 Wing phasing
5.6 Flight control and sensing
5.6.1 Passive control
5.6.2 Active control
5.6.3 Predicting sensory inputs
5.7 Concluding remarks
Acknowledgments
References
6 Odonata immunity, pathogens, and parasites
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Parasites
6.2.1 Viruses
6.2.2 Bacteria
6.2.3 Gregarines
6.2.4 Trematodes
6.2.5 Water mites
6.2.6 Parasitoids
6.2.7 Coinfection
6.3 Odonate immunity
6.3.1 Overview of insect immunity
6.3.2 Components of odonate immunity
6.4 Ecology and evolution of immunity and parasites
6.4.1 PO and food webs
6.4.2 Metacommunity structure
6.4.3 Coevolution
6.5 Future research directions
6.5.1 Genetics
6.5.2 Microbiome
6.5.3 Climate change
6.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
7 Odonata perception is more than vision
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Adult
7.2.1 Antennae
7.2.2 Mouthparts and gustatory sensilla
7.2.3 The ovipositor sensilla: sensing the plant taste and stiffness
7.3 Nymph
7.3.1 Antennae
7.4 Conclusions and future perspectives
References
8 Thermoregulation in Odonata
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Mechanisms of thermoregulation
8.2.1 Ectothermy and behavior
8.2.2 Ectothermy and color
8.2.3 Endothermy
8.3 Global change and thermal limits
8.4 Global change and body coloration
8.5 Odonate resilience: a link to thermoregulation?
8.6 Linking thermoregulation mechanisms to global temperature changes
8.7 Some topics for future thermoregulation research
8.7.1 Genetics and physiology of thermoregulation
8.7.2 Mechanisms of thermoregulation
8.7.3 Trade-offs between thermoregulation and other functions
8.7.4 Human awareness via insect thermoregulation risk under climate change
Acknowledgments
References
SECTION 3 Population Ecology: Christopher D. Beatty
9 Genetic structure, cryptic species, and hybridization causes and evolutionary consequences in Odonata
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Gene flow within species: population genetic structure in odonates
9.3 Cryptic species in odonates
9.4 Gene flow between species: hybridization in odonates
9.5 Conclusions and research directions
Acknowledgments
References
10 Odonata survival
10.1 Introduction
10.2 The effect of marking
10.3 A review of the literature using marking methods with odonates
10.4 The effect of sex and age on survival and recapture rates
10.5 The effect of female color polymorphism
10.6 Individual and environmental covariates
10.7 Conclusions and further research
Acknowledgments
References
11 Migration in Anisoptera
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Migratory case studies in odonates
11.2.1 Anax junius
11.2.2 Pantala flavescens
11.3 Migration and weather
11.4 Migration and reproduction
11.5 Population studies in migrating dragonflies
11.6 Migrants vs. residents—how might they evolve?
11.7 Future directions
Acknowledgments
References
12 Dispersal and metapopulation ecology in Odonata
12.1 Dispersal biology in ecology and evolution
12.2 Dispersal biology in Odonata
12.3 Methods for studying dispersal in odonates
12.4 Dispersal and population structure
12.4.1 Context- and phenotype-dependent dispersal
12.4.2 Spatially structured populations
12.4.3 Dispersal and species ranges
12.5 Dispersal and colonization in the Anthropocene
12.5.1 Effects of human alteration of matrix environments on dispersal and habitat colonization
12.5.2 Colonization and ecological traps
12.6 Future research directions in the study of dispersal in Odonata
12.6.1 Dispersal in the context of anthropogenic change
12.6.2 Rapidly advancing methods
12.6.3 Research across a greater diversity of the world's landscapes
Acknowledgments
References
13 Biogeographical ecology in Odonata
13.1 Introduction to biogeography
13.1.1 Biogeographical concepts through history
13.1.2 Historical and ecological biogeography
13.2 Biogeographic realms and odonate species distributions
13.2.1 Nearctic
13.2.2 Palearctic
13.2.3 Indo–Malayan
13.2.4 Australasia
13.2.5 Oceanic–Pacific
13.2.6 Afrotropics
13.2.7 Neotropics
13.3 Factors influencing odonate distributions
13.3.1 Climatic factors
13.3.2 Precipitation
13.3.3 Temperature
13.3.4 Tracking suitable climates: differences in temperature causes different species compositions
13.3.5 Geographic barriers
13.3.6 Mountains and plains
13.3.7 River basins
13.3.8 Glaciation patterns
13.4 Considerations of scale in odonate biogeographical analysis
13.5 Life history evolution in odonate biogeography
13.5.1 Latitudinal differences in voltinism
13.5.2 Latitudinal patterns in thermal adaptation and space-for-time substitution studies
13.6 Conservation Biogeography
13.7 Future directions
Acknowledgments
References
SECTION 4 Community Ecology
14 Evolutionary community ecology of Odonata
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Interactions in odonates
14.2.1 Predation—odonates as prey
14.2.2 Predation—odonates as predators
14.2.3 Competition
14.2.4 Parasitism
14.2.5 Reproductive interactions
14.3 Natural and sexual selection in communities
14.3.1 Selection in larvae
14.3.2 Selection in adults
14.4 Eco-evolutionary effects in communities
14.4.1 Adaptation to biotic interactions
14.4.2 Adaptation during range expansion
14.5 Future directions and conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
15 Ecological differentiation, interference, and coexistence in Odonata
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Coexistence theory
15.2.1 Local coexistence
15.2.2 Regional (non-local) coexistence
15.2.3 Interspecific interference and coexistence
15.2.4 Intraspecific interference and coexistence
15.3 Empirical studies on coexistence and competition in Odonata assemblages
15.3.1 Local coexistence
15.3.2 Regional coexistence
15.3.3 Exploitative competition among larvae
15.3.4 Interference competition among larvae
15.3.5 Interspecific aggressive and reproductive interference at the adult stage
15.3.6 Intraspecific interference at the adult stage
15.4 Conclusions and recommendations
Acknowledgments
References
16 Odonata trophic ecology from hunting behavior to cross-ecosystem impact
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Background to odonate trophic ecology
16.2.1 Trophic role of odonates in aquatic food webs
16.2.2 Odonate hunting behavior
16.2.3 Visual, chemical, and olfactory cues
16.3 Shifts and variation in odonate trophic relations
16.3.1 Ontogenetic scaling and trophic niche shifts
16.3.2 Sex differences in adult diet
16.3.3 Carryover effects of larval diet on adult phenotypic traits and fitness
16.3.4 Carryover effects of predation risk on adult traits
16.3.5 Metamorphosis and shifts from aquatic to terrestrial diets
16.4 Trophic and non-trophic interactions in food webs
16.4.1 Cannibalism and intraguild predation (IGP)
16.4.2 Non-trophic interactions
16.4.3 Trophic cascades and cross-ecosystem fluxes
16.5 Importance of abiotic factors in odonate trophic ecology
16.6 Eco-evolutionary dynamics of trophic interactions
16.7 Conclusions and research directions
Acknowledgments
References
17 Metacommunity concepts, approaches, and directions with Odonata
17.1 Introduction to metacommunity thinking
17.2 Why odonates?
17.3 Some current themes in odonate metacommunity ecology
17.4 Empirical approaches to metacommunities
17.4.1 Experimental approaches
17.4.2 Observational approaches
17.4.2.1 Disentangling assembly patterns
17.4.2.2 Disentangling assembly processes
17.5 Future directions
17.5.1 Applied metacommunity thinking
17.5.1.1 Mass effects and bioassessment
17.5.1.2 Mass effects and spatial prioritization
17.5.1.3 Dispersal limitation and ecological restoration
17.5.2 Importance of historical factors
17.5.3 Toward a more high-tech and integrative metacommunity ecology
Acknowledgments
References
18 Odonata assemblages in human-modified landscapes
18.1 Introduction
18.2 General challenges and methods
18.3 Logging, agriculture, and non-urban secondary habitats
18.3.1 Logging
18.3.2 Agriculture
18.3.3 Non-urban secondary habitats
18.4 Urban landscapes
18.4.1 Water in urban landscapes
18.4.2 Urban heat island (UHI) effect
18.4.3 Urban ecological traps
18.5 Challenges and future directions
Acknowledgments
References
SECTION 5 Diversity, Systematics, and Bioinformatics
19 Species identification and description
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Species identification in Odonata
19.3 General topics in the taxonomic literature and their implication for Odonata
19.3.1 Taxa as concepts
19.3.1.1 Species
19.3.1.2 Subspecies
19.3.1.3 Taxonomic ranks below subspecies in Odonata
19.4 When is a species ``new''?
19.4.1 Species delimitation in Odonata
19.4.2 Patterns of description in Odonata
19.5 Species description
19.5.1 Details included in the description
19.5.2 Naming taxa (assigning a nomen to a concept)
19.5.3 Role of the name-bearing specimens
19.6 Conclusions and suggestions for students in Odonata taxonomy and nomenclature
Acknowledgments
References
20 The Odonatoptera a clade that contains 99% of Odonata fossil diversity
20.1 Definition of the Odonatoptera as a superorder
20.2 Major subdivisions of the Odonatoptera
20.3 What are the fossil remains of Odonatoptera?
20.4 A diversity of wing venations: a diversity of flight patterns?
20.5 Paleoecology and diversity changes since the Carboniferous
20.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
21 Odonata systematics
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Odonata systematics through time
21.2.1 Traditional systematics through morphology
21.2.2 Molecular renaissance
21.3 The modern Odonata tree of life
21.3.1 Zygoptera
21.3.2 Anisozygoptera
21.3.3 Anisoptera
21.3.4 Why are some nodes difficult to resolve?
21.4 Beyond systematics: phylogenies as a tool for studying Odonata evolution
21.4.1 Divergence time estimation and diversification analysis
21.4.2 Biogeographical analysis
21.4.3 Phylogenies for studying trait evolution
21.5 What systematics cannot do
21.6 Future of Odonata systematics
Acknowledgments
References
22 Phylogeography A spatiotemporal perspective on Odonata distributions
22.1 Introduction
22.2 A global perspective: historical biogeography
22.3 Phylogeographic patterns within biogeographic realms
22.3.1 Holarctic
22.3.2 Neotropical
22.3.3 Afrotropical
22.3.4 The Indo–Australian Archipelago
22.3.5 Oceanic–Pacific
22.4 Current limitations and future perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
23 Odonata collections and databases
23.1 Introduction
23.2 The foundational odonate taxonomists
23.2.1 Carolus (Carl) Linnaeus (1707–1778)
23.2.2 Jules Pierre Rambur (1801–1870)
23.2.3 Michael Edmond de S"00E9lys Longchamps (1813–1900)
23.2.4 Hermann August Hagen (1817–1893)
23.2.5 Friedrich Ris (1867–1931)
23.2.6 Philip Powell Calvert (1871–1961)
23.2.7 Frederic Charles Fraser (1880–1963)
23.2.8 Maurits Anne Lieftinck (1904–1985)
23.3 Physical collections
23.4 Extending physical collections
23.4.1 Community science
23.4.2 Digital collections
23.5 Odonate databases and Big Data
23.5.1 Specimen digitization
23.5.2 Spatial data
23.5.3 Taxonomic data
23.5.4 Genetic/phylogenetic data
23.5.5 Trait data
23.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
SECTION 6 Applied Ecology and Conservation
24 Linking traits to extinction risk in Odonata
24.1 Introduction
24.2 General considerations for studying trait-based Odonata extinction risk
24.2.1 Commonly studied odonate traits
24.3 An ecological and evolutionary perspective on trait variation
24.3.1 A functional ecological perspective
24.3.2 A functional evolutionary perspective
24.4 Community resilience and functional redundancy
24.5 Traits as predictors and proxies of extinction risk
24.6 Conclusions and future directions
Acknowledgments
References
25 Odonata as surrogates of biodiversity
25.1 Introduction
25.1.1 The history and terminology surrounding surrogacy
25.1.2 Chapter outline
25.2 Characteristics of good biodiversity surrogates
25.3 Dragonflies as biodiversity surrogates
25.3.1 Importance of life stage
25.3.2 Single-taxon surrogacy and self-surrogacy
25.3.3 Multi-taxa surrogacy approaches and congruence with co-occurring taxa
25.4 Challenges and opportunities
25.4.1 Sampling methods
25.4.2 Quantifying surrogate success
25.4.3 Managing the limitations of surrogacy
25.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
26 Odonata as indicators of pollution, habitat quality, and landscape disturbance
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Sampling considerations
26.2.1 Nymphs, exuviae, or adults?
26.2.2 Importance of long-term monitoring
26.3 Odonata as environmental health indicators
26.3.1 Pollution bioassessment
26.3.1.1 Ecotoxicology
26.3.1.2 Bioaccumulation in sentinel organisms
26.3.1.3 Pollution biotic indices
26.3.2 Habitat quality assessment
26.3.2.1 Dragonfly Biotic Index (DBI)
26.3.2.2 Lotic habitat quality
26.3.2.3 Assessing tropical forest habitat degradation via coarse taxonomic ratios
26.3.3 Landscape disturbance assessment
26.4 Toward large-scale environmental health assessments
26.4.1 Sensitivity traits
26.4.2 Citizen science
Acknowledgments
References
27 Odonata as focal taxa for biological responses to climate change
27.1 General introduction and chapter outline
27.2 Climatic drivers of diversity patterns
27.3 Biogeographical processes shaping diversity patterns
27.4 Mechanisms underpinning species' responses to climate change
27.5 Trait-based analysis of range shifts, population trends, and phenological changes
27.5.1 Range shifts
27.5.2 Population trends
27.5.3 Phenological changes
27.6 Climate change and competition
27.7 Climate change and habitat loss as threats to Odonata diversity
27.8 Modeling species distributions and their dynamics
27.9 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
28 Odonata as focal taxa for ecological restoration
28.1 Introduction
28.2 General principles and challenges of restoration practice
28.3 General considerations for restoring odonate populations and assemblages
28.4 Odonate-based habitat restoration
28.4.1 Lotic habitats
28.4.2 Lentic habitats
28.4.3 Mixed lentic and lotic habitats
28.5 Restoration progress and odonates as management indicators
28.5.1 Odonates as indicators of restoration progress
28.6 Restoration by translocation
28.7 Conclusions and directions
Acknowledgments
References
29 Bridging people and nature through Odonata
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Odonata in ecotourism
29.3 Odonata in childhood environmental education
29.4 Defining Odonata species ranges using community science
29.5 Odonata conservation listing
29.5.1 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
29.5.2 Odonata and the Red List
29.5.2.1 Africa
29.5.2.2 Latin America
29.6 Territorial empowerment via Odonata
29.7 The EDI barrier to globalized odonatology
29.7.1 International collaborations
29.7.2 Reconsidering the publishing process
29.7.3 International research funding and surveys
29.7.4 Giving back
29.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Glossary
Subject Index