"The incidence of tick-borne diseases affecting humans has increased with increased travel and exposure to exotic environments. Ticks are important as vectors of European tick-borne encephalitis, Russian summer-spring encephalitis, and Lyme disease in America, Europe, and Asia. No struggle methods used to date have provided complete eradication of ticks and reduced the risk of tick-borne disease transmission. Ticks are still the most important vectors in the transmission of many infectious diseases. The primarily transmitted diseases to humans from ticks can be listed as Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF), Lyme disease, Q fever, Tick-borne encephalitis, Mediterranean spotted fever, Monocytic ehrlichiosis, Granulocytic ehrlichiosis, Babesiosis. Besides causing severe health problems in humans, ticks also create significant economic losses on livestock. This group of diseases is more common than thought and can become chronic or show a severe course and result in death without being diagnosed. Tick-borne diseases are incredibly diverse, both biologically and clinically, and symptoms are often non-specific, making recognition and appropriate treatment difficult. We aimed to examine the various disease syndromes in detail from a clinical perspective and support the medical literature for these diseases, which generally occur outside the clinicians' practice field. In the book chapters, the expected risks of the patients, the epidemiology and pathogenesis of the disease, and necessary clinical applications in treatment and follow-up processes will be discussed. We aimed to draw attention to the issues about tick-borne diseases in the light of recent developments and cases. As a ready-made resource, this book will cover basic and recent literature information, which will be very useful for students and professionals in human and veterinary medicine, public health, medical entomology, acarology, and ecology"--
Author(s): Hacer İşler, Metin Özdemir
Series: Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
Publisher: Nova Science Publishers
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 408
City: New York
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1
Tularemia Epidemiology and Diagnostic Methods
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology
Routes of Transmission
Tularemia and Microbiological Laboratory Diagnosis
Selection of Biological Samples
Samples
Carrying-Storage-Transport of Samples
Processing of Samples
Direct Examination and Culture
Serological Tests
Direct Antigen Screening Tests
Molecular Methods
Conclusion
References
Chapter 2
Pathogenesis of Tularemia
Abstract
Introduction
Pathogenesis
Initial Infection
Attachment to Host Cells
Cell Entry and Intracellular Life Cycle of F. tularensis
Host Response to Infection
Innate Immunity
Adaptive Immunity
Virulence Factors
Surface Structures – Capsule
Surface Structures – Lipopolysaccharides
Surface Structures – Type IV Pili
The FPI
Evasion of the Immune Response
Conclusion
References
Chapter 3
Clinical Picture and Treatment of Tularemia
Abstract
Introduction
Clinical Picture of Tularemia
Ulceroglandular Form
Glandular Form
Oculoglandular Form
Oropharyngeal Tularemia
Typhoidal Form
Pneumonic Form
Tularemia Treatment
Other Agents
Treatment in Children
Treatment in Pregnant Women
Treatment in Immunosuppressed Individuals
Surgical Treatment
Post-Exposure Prophylaxis
Protection from the Disease
Conclusion
References
Chapter 4
Epidemiology and Laboratory Diagnosis of Lyme Disease
Abstract
Introduction
Microbiological Characteristics of Borrelia burgdorferi
Life Cycle of Borrelia burgdorferi
Epidemiology
Diagnostic Methods
Direct Detection of the Causative Agent
Microscopic Examination
Culture
Molecular Methods
Serological Diagnosis
First-Tier Tests: ELISA/IFA
Second-Tier Tests: Immunoblot Methods
Line Immunoblot
Laboratory Diagnosis of Neuroborreliosis
Conclusion
References
Chapter 5
Pathogenesis of Lyme Disease
Abstract
Introduction
The Organism
Pathogenesis
Pathogenesis of Lyme Carditis
Pathogenesis of Lyme Nephritis
Pathogenesis of Neuroborreliosis
Pathogenesis of Lyme Arthritis
Conclusion
References
Chapter 6
Lyme Disease: Dermatological Perspective
Abstract
Introduction
History
Clinical Features
Erythema Migrans
Disseminated Erythema Migrans
Diagnosis of Erythema Migrans
Borrelial Lymphocytoma
Histopathology of Borrelial Lymphocytoma
Acrodermatitis Chronica Atrophicans
Acrodermatitis Chronica Atrophicans Inflammatory Stage
Acrodermatitis Chronica Atrophicans Atrophic Stage
Diagnosis of Acrodermatitis Chronica Atrophicans
Morphea-Like Lesions
Treatment
Conclusion
References
Chapter 7
Lyme Disease: Neurological Perspective
Abstract
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations
Peripheral Nervous System
Cranial Neuropathy
Radiculoneuropathy
Garin–Bujadoux–Bannwarth Syndrome (Bannwarth Syndrome)
Other Forms of Peripheral Nerve Involvement
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Meningitis
Encephalomyelitis
Encephalopathy
Cerebral Vasculitis
Pediatric LNB
Post Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome (PTLDS)
Diagnosis
Treatment
Conclusion
References
Chapter 8
Lyme Disease: Cardiological Perspective
Abstract
Introduction
History and Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Features
Evaluation
Treatment
Prognosis
Conclusion
References
Chapter 9
Lyme Disease and Nephrologic Approach
Abstract
Introduction
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
Case 4
Conclusion
References
Chapter 10
Lyme Disease: Rheumatological Perspective
Abstract
Introduction
Clinical Symptoms
Laboratory, Synovial Fluid Analysis, and Imaging
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Conclusion
References
Chapter 11
Epidemiology and Diagnosis of Tick-Borne Relapsing Fever
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology
Diagnostic Methods
Microscopy
Animal Inoculation
Cultivation
Serologic Detection
Molecular Detection
Conclusion
References
Chapter 12
Pathogenesis of Tick-Borne Fever
Abstract
Introduction
Pathogenesis
Conclusion
References
Chapter 13
Clinical Features and Treatment of Tick-Borne Relapsing Fever
Abstract
Introduction
Clinical Features
Treatment
Prevention
Conclusion
References
Chapter 14
Q Fever Epidemiology and Diagnosis
Abstract
Introduction
Microbiology
Epidemiology
Modes of Transmission to Humans
People with a Risk of Infection
Q Fever as a Reportable Disease
Diagnosis
Bone and Joint Infection
Q Fever in Pregnancy
Diagnostic Tests
Differential Diagnosis
Flu-Like Disease and/Or Hepatitis
Pneumonia
Endocarditis
Osteomyelitis/Arthritis
Conclusion
References
Chapter 15
Pathogenesis of Q Fever
Abstract
Introduction
Pathogenesis
Conclusion
References
Chapter 16
Q Fever Clinic and Treatment
Abstract
Introduction
Acute Infection
Flu-Like Syndrome
Prolonged Fever
Pneumonia
Hepatitis
Cardiac Involvement
Skin Involvement
Neurological Involvement
Chronic Infection
Infective Endocarditis
Vascular Involvement
Bone and Joint Involvement
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS)
Q Fever in Pregnancy
Treatment
Protection
Conclusion
References
Chapter 17
Epidemiology and Diagnosis of Mediterranean Spotted Fever
Abstract
Introduction
Taxonomy
Epidemiology
Life Cycle
Laboratory Diagnosis
Conclusion
References
Chapter 18
Mediterranean Spotted Fever and Other Spotted Fever Group Rickettsial Infections’ Pathogenesis
Abstract
Introduction
Structure of Bacteria
Pathogenesis
Conclusion
References
Chapter 19
Clınıcal Features and Treatment of Medıterranean Spotted Fever and Other Spotted Fever Group Rıckettsıal Infectıons
Abstract
Introduction
Mediterranean Spotted Fever (Rickettsia conorii)
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (Rickettsia rickettsii)
Rickettsial Pox (Rickettsia akari)
Bushfire (Orientia tsutsugamushi)
Treatment
Conclusion
References
Chapter 20
Epidemiology and Diagnosis of Infections Caused by Rickettsia
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology
Diagnostic Methods
Morphology and Staining Properties
Culture
Serology
Molecular Detection
Immunohistochemistry
Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS)
Conclusion
References
Chapter 21
Pathogenesis of Infections Caused by Rickettsia
Abstract
Introduction
Pathogenesis
Adherence to the Host Cell
Escaping the Phagosome
Host Cell Interaction and Responses
Motility by Hijack
Dissemination and Spread
Secretion System
Minimalist Genome
Conclusion
References
Chapter 22
Clinical Features and Treatment of Infections Caused by Rickettsia
Abstract
Introduction
Typhus Group of Rickettsiae
Epidemic Typhus
Epidemic Typhus Clinic
Skin Rash in Epidemic Typhus
Features Related to Organ Involvement in Epidemic Typhus
Endemic Typhus (Murine Typhus)
Endemic Typhus Clinic
Scrub Typhus
Treatment
Conclusion
References
Chapter 23
Epidemiology and Laboratory Diagnosis of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever
Abstract
Introduction
Virus
Epidemiology
Ecology
Epidemic Data
Diagnosis
Virus Isolation
Neutralization Tests
Serological Tests
Viral Antigen Tests
Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDT)
Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests
Conclusion
References
Chapter 24
Pathogenesis of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever
Abstract
Introduction
Pathogenesis
Type, Structure and Features of the Virus
Cell Entry and Replication Cycle
Main Pathogenetic Features
Entry to the Human Body and Spread of the Virus
Endothelial Damage, Cytokine Release, and Increased Vascular Permeability
Impairment in the Immune Response and Delayed Induction of Interferons
Adaptive Immune Response
Coagulation Disorders
Histopathologic Findings
Conclusion
References
Chapter 25
Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Clinical Features and Treatment
Abstract
Introduction
Clinical Symptoms and Findings
Incubation Period
Prehemorrhagic Period
Hemorrhagic Period
Recovery Period
Treatment
Supportive Therapy
Antiviral Therapy
Use of Steroids
Other Treatment Approaches
Protection
Social Protection
Protection in Health Institutions
Prophylaxis
Prognosis
Conclusion
References
Chapter 26
Epidemiology and Diagnosis of Tick-Borne Encephalitis
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology
Diagnostic Methods
Conclusion
References
Chapter 27
Pathogenesis of Tick-Borne Encephalitis
Abstract
Introduction
Pathogenesis
Conclusion
References
Chapter 28
Clinical Manifestations and Treatment of Tick-Borne Encephalitis
Abstract
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations of TBE
Abortive form of TBE
Meningitis, Encephalitis, Myelitis and Other Forms
TBE in Pregnancy
Hemorrhagic form of TBE
Prognosis
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Conclusion
References
Chapter 29
Epidemiology and Diagnosis of Colorado Tick Fever
Abstract
Inroduction
Epidemiology
Diagnostic Methods
Serological Tests
Immunofluorescent Antibody Staining
Molecular Methods
Cell Cultures
Animal Inoculation
Conclusion
References
Chapter 30
Pathogenesis of Colorado Tick Fever
Abstract
Introduction
Pathogenesis
Conclusion
References
Chapter 31
Clinical Picture, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Colorado Tick Fever
Abstract
Introduction
Clinical Picture
Complications
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Conclusion
References
Chapter 32
Epidemiology and Diagnosis of Babesiosis (Pyroplasmosis)
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology of Babesiosis
Diagnosis of Babesiosis
Conclusion
References
Chapter 33
Pathogenesis of Babesia
Abstract
Introduction
Pathogenesis of Babesiosis
Conclusion
References
Chapter 34
Clinical Features and Treatment of Babesiosis (Pyroplasmosis)
Abstract
Introduction
Babesia microti-Related Infections
B. divergens-Related Infections
Infections Due to Other Babesia Species
Treatment of Babesiosis (Pyroplasmosis)
Prevention
Conclusion
References
Chapter 35
Epidemiology and Diagnosis of Southern Tick-Associated Rash Illness, Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology
Epidemiology of Southern Tick-Associated Press
Epidemiology of Human Monocytotropic Ehrlichiosis
E. chaffeensis
Ehrlichiosis ewingii
Epidemiology of Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of Southern Tick-Associated Rash Illness
Diagnosis of Human Monocytotropic Ehrlichiosis and Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis
Hematologic and Biochemical Abnormalities
Specific Laboratory Diagnostic Tests
Serologic Testing
Blood Smear Staining
Polymerase Chain Reaction Amplification
Isolation
Immunohistochemistry
Human Ehrlichiosis ewingii (HEE) Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Conclusion
References
Chapter 36
Pathogenesis of Southern Tick-Associated Rash Illness, Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis
Abstract
Introduction
Pathogenesis
Southern Tick-Associated Rash Illness
Human Monocytotropic Ehrlichiosis
Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis
Conclusion
References
Chapter 37
Clinical Features and Treatment of Southern Tick-Associated Rash Illness, Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis
Abstract
Introduction
Southern Tick-Associated Rash Illness
Clinical Features
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Ehrlichiosis
Clinical Features
Immunological Findings
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Anaplasmosis
Clinical Features
Immunological Findings
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Conclusion
References
Chapter 38
Preventive Approach to Tick-Borne Diseases in Primary Care
Abstract
Introduction
Pathophysiology of a Tick-Bite
Tick Analysis and Tick-Borne Diseases
Tick Removal
Prevention of Tick Exposure
Prophylaxis For Tick-Borne Diseases
Conclusion
References
Chapter 39
The Role of Radiology in Tick Transmitted Diseases
Abstract
Introduction
Tularemia
Lyme Disease
Rickettsiae
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Mediterranean Spotted Fever
Q Fever
Tick-Borne Encephalitis
Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever
Conclusion
References
Chapter 40
Ticks of Turkey in Health Perspective
Abstract
Introduction
Taxonomy of Ticks in Turkey
Life Cycle of Ticks in Turkey
Distribution of Ticks in Turkey
Epidemiology of Tick Infestation of Humans
Tick Infestation of Humans in Turkey
Health Importance of Ticks in Turkey
Conclusion
References
Chapter 41
Approach to Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases in the Emergency Service
Abstract
Introduction
Major Tick-Borne Diseases
Tick Removal and Diagnostic Difficulties in the Emergency Department
Conclusion
References
Editors’ Contact Information
Index
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