The lack of effective DC fault protection technology remains a major barrier for the DC paradigm shift. In addressing the key challenges, Direct Current Fault Protection: Basic Concepts and Technology Advances starts with an introduction to the advantages of DC power systems before moving on to an in-depth review of DC fault protection technologies, including mechanical circuit breaker (MCB), solid-state circuit breaker (SSCB), hybrid circuit breaker (HCB), converter based (breakerless) protection, and fault current limiter (FCL). Coverage includes a comprehensive comparison of various DC fault interruption technologies and their suitable applications, state-of-the-art DC fault protection concepts and advances in research, identification of fundamental challenges and future directions in the field, and commercialization aspects. This book will be a valuable reference for practicing engineers, researchers, and graduate students in the field of power electronics and DC power systems.
Author(s): Isik C. Kizilyalli, Z. John Shen, Daniel W. Cunningham
Series: Power Systems
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 469
City: Cham
Preface
Contents
About the Editors
About the Authors
Part I Introduction
1 Introduction
References
2 Overview of Direct Current Fault Protection Technology
1 Introduction
2 DC Fault Current Analysis
2.1 Fault Current from Capacitors
2.2 Fault Current from Batteries
2.3 Fault Current from AC Sources
2.4 Salient Features of DC Fault Currents
2.5 DC Fault Current Analysis of High Impedance Faults
3 DC Fault Detection and Identification
4 DC Fault Interruption Technologies
4.1 Mechanical Circuit Breaker
4.2 Solid-State Circuit Breakers
4.3 Hybrid Circuit Breakers
4.4 Breakerless Fault Protection
4.5 Fault Current Limiters
5 Concluding Remarks
References
Part II Solid State Circuit Breakers
3 ABB's Recent Advances in Solid-State Circuit Breakers
1 Introduction
2 Solid-State Circuit Breakers
3 Design and Development of IGCT-Based SSCBs
3.1 Selection of Semiconductor Devices
3.2 Voltage Clamping
3.3 Cooling and Mechanical Design
3.4 Control and Auxiliary System
3.5 Experimental Validation
3.6 Model-Based Design
4 Design and Development of SSCBs Based on SiC Unipolar Devices
4.1 SiC JFET vs. SiC MOSFET
4.2 A Low Resistance SiC JFET Module
4.3 Reverse Conduction and Reverse Blocking Characteristics of SiC JFETs
4.4 Cooling System Design
4.5 Voltage Clamping Circuit Selection
4.5.1 Metal Oxide Varistor (MOV)
4.5.2 Transient Voltage Suppression (TVS) Diode
4.5.3 Capacitor-Based Voltage Clamping Circuit
4.6 Design of the Gate Driver and the Protection Unit
5 Application Cases for SSCBs
6 Concluding Remarks
References
4 iBreaker: WBG-Based Tri-Mode Intelligent Solid-State Circuit Breaker
1 Introduction
2 Design Methodology
2.1 Choice of WBG Devices
2.2 Tri-Mode Operation
2.3 Combined Digital and Analog Control
2.4 Universal Hardware/Software Architectures
3 Circuit Topology
4 Control Strategy
4.1 Variable Frequency PWM Algorithm
4.2 Fault Authentication Methods
4.3 Fault Locating Algorithms
5 Design Examples
5.1 380 V/20 A iBreaker for Data Center Applications
5.2 750 V/250 A iBreaker for Hybrid Electric Aircraft Applications
6 Concluding Remarks
References
5 T-Type Modular DC Circuit Breaker (T-Breaker)
1 Introduction
2 Derivation and Variations of T-Breaker
2.1 Derivation and Reasoning of the Basic T-Breaker Topology
2.2 T-Breaker Topology Variations
3 Normal, Fault Current Limiting and Breaking Operations
3.1 Active Charging of Submodules During Normal Operation
3.2 Fault Current Limiting
3.3 Fault Current Breaking
4 Transient Stability Enhancement with T-Breaker
5 Concluding Remarks
References
6 Soft Turn-Off Capacitively Coupled SSCBs for MVDCApplications
1 Introduction
2 Soft Turn-Off Operation in SSCBs
3 Capacitively Coupled Soft Turn-Off SSCBs
4 Experimental Study of Capacitively Coupled-Based SSCBs in MVDC Systems
5 Conclusions
References
7 Review of Z-Source Solid-State Circuit Breakers
1 Introduction
2 Z-Source Breaker Concept
3 Variations on the Z-Source Breaker
4 Coupled-Inductor Z-Source Breakers
5 Integrating Z-Source Breakers into Power Converters
6 Concluding Remarks
References
8 Medium Voltage High Power Density Solid-State Circuit Breaker for Aviation Applications
1 Introduction
2 Operation Principle
3 Fault Current Limiting Scheme
4 Peak Voltage Clamping Scheme
5 High Altitude Design
6 Prototype Design and Test Results
7 Concluding Remarks
References
9 Light-Triggered Solid-State Circuit Breaker for DC Electrical Systems
1 Introduction
2 Medium Voltage DC Applications
3 MVDC PCSS-Based Solid-State Circuit Breaker
4 System Simulation and Optimization
5 Hardware Realization and Characterization
6 Future Directions and Conclusions
References
Part III Hybrid Circuit Breakers
10 ABB's Recent Advances on Hybrid DC Circuit Breakers
1 Introduction
2 PowerFul CB: A Hybrid Fault Current Limiting Circuit Breaker for AC Distribution Networks
3 A Novel Low Voltage Hybrid DC Switch Using Resonant Current Injection
4 Conclusions
References
11 Hybrid Circuit Breakers with Transient Commutation Current Injection
1 Introduction
2 Basic Concept
3 HCB Subsystems
3.1 Transient Commutation Current Injector (TCCI)
3.2 High-Speed Vacuum Switch (HSVS)
3.2.1 Fast Actuator
3.3 Power Electronic Interrupter (PEI)
4 System Control and Integration
5 Experimental Results
6 Concluding Remarks
References
12 Efficient DC Interrupter with Surge Protection (EDISON)
1 Introduction
2 Design and Topology
3 Fault Current Commutation Circuit
4 Sequential Insertion Control Scheme
5 Power Stack
6 Fast Mechanical Switch
6.1 Piezoelectric Actuator for Fast Switching
6.2 Supercritical Fluids as Dielectric Medium
7 Concluding Remarks
References
13 535 kV/25 kA Hybrid Circuit Breaker Development
1 Introduction
2 535 kV Coupling Negative Voltage Commutation Hybrid DC Circuit Breaker Overall Design
3 Ultrafast Mechanical Switching of DC Circuit Breakers
4 Design and Development of 535 kV/25 kA Solid-State Switches
4.1 Selection of Power Electronic Devices
4.2 Structural Design and Optimization
4.3 Design of the Overall Modular-Designed Solid-State Switches
4.4 Experimental Verification
5 Design and Development of Current Commutation Device Circuit
6 Integration of DC Circuit Breaker and Multipotential High-Voltage Isolation Power Supply System
7 Experimental Research of the Whole DC Circuit Breaker
8 Concluding Remarks
References
14 Ultra-fast Resonant Hybrid DC Circuit Breaker
1 Hybrid DC Circuit Breaker
1.1 DC Breaker Technologies
2 Ultra-fast Resonant DC Breaker
3 Normal Operation
3.1 Off Operation
3.2 On Operation
3.3 Transition from On to Off State
4 Resonant Current Source
5 Actuator
5.1 Design Considerations
5.2 Single-sided Thomson Coil Actuator
5.3 Holding Mechanisms
5.3.1 Bi-stable Spring
5.3.2 Helical Spring
5.3.3 Disc Spring
5.3.4 Magnet Holding
References
Part IV Other Fault Protection Topics
15 Gas Discharge Tubes for Power Grid Applications
1 Introduction
2 Brief Overview of Gas Tube Features and Capabilities
3 Gas Tube Design and Internal Operation
3.1 High-Voltage Design
3.2 Thermionic Cathode Material, Geometry, and Operating Conditions
3.3 Control Grid Design for High-Current Conduction and Interruption
3.4 Gas Pressure Management Throughout Life
4 Example Benefits of Gas Tubes in Electric Power Systems
4.1 Converter Stations
4.2 In-Line Circuit Breakers
4.3 Hybrid Circuit Breakers
5 Operational Considerations for Gas Tubes in Electrical Power Systems
5.1 Voltage Considerations
5.2 Interruption Time Considerations
5.3 Compact Installations
6 Recommendations for Development of Gas Tubes and Their Applications
6.1 High-Current Cathode
6.2 High-Voltage, High-Power Test Facilities
6.3 Basic Data on High-Voltage Breakdown of Low-Pressure Gases
6.4 A Quantitative Relationship Between Conduction Current Density and CG Plasma Density
6.5 Gas Tube Implementation in Systems
7 Fault Control for Future Large DC Power Systems
8 Concluding Remarks
References
16 Converter-Based Breakerless DC Fault Protection
1 Introduction
2 Converter Topologies and Fault Control for Breakerless Power Systems
2.1 ac-dc Rectifiers
2.1.1 Thyristor Rectifier Topology with Foldback Control
2.1.2 Double-Thyristor Configured HBSM-Based MMC
2.1.3 FBSM-Based and Mixed Cell MMC
2.2 dc-dc Solid-State Transformers (SST)
2.2.1 MMC-Based SST
2.2.2 VF-DAB-Based SST
2.2.3 CF-MDAB-Based SST
3 Concluding Remarks
References
17 DC Fault Current Limiters and Their Applications
1 Requirements on Fault Current Limiting
2 Analysis and Calculation of Fault Current Limiter
3 Superconducting Fault Current Limiter (SFCL)
4 Power Electronic Fault Current Limiter
4.1 FCL with Bridge Topology
4.2 Inductive Coupled FCL
4.3 Capacitor Commutated FCL
4.4 Resistance/Inductance Hybrid FCL
5 Concluding Remarks
References
18 Eliminating SF6 from Switchgear
1 Introduction
2 The Search for SF6 Substitutes
3 SF6 Life Cycle Considerations
4 SF6-Free Circuit Breaker Hardware
5 Concluding Remarks
References
Part V Future Outlook
19 Fundamental Challenges and Future Outlook
1 Fundamental Challenges
2 Series-Type HCB (S-HCB) Concept
3 Future Outlook
References
20 Techno-Economic Aspect and Commercialization of MVDC Power Systems
1 Introduction
2 MVDC Market Adoption
3 MVDC Applications
3.1 Distribution Grid
3.2 Microgrids
3.3 Solar PV
3.4 Offshore Wind Farm
3.5 Aviation
3.6 Data Centers
4 Regulatory Framework and Standards
References
Index
