Diagnostic Strategies for COVID-19 and other Coronaviruses

Contents
About the Editors
Insights into Novel Coronavirus and COVID-19 Outbreak
1 Introduction
2 COVID-19 Epidemiology
3 SARS-CoV-2
4 Transmission
5 Clinical Symptoms
6 Diagnosis
6.1 Standard Tests
6.2 Nucleic Acid Tests
6.3 Chest Imaging
7 Treatment
8 Prevention and Control
9 Conclusion
References
Advanced Biosensing Methodologies for Ultrasensitive Detection of Human Coronaviruses
1 Introduction
2 Label-Free Biosensor
2.1 Electrical Transducer
2.2 Plasmonic Transducer
2.3 Field-Effect Transistor (FET)
3 Labeled Biosensors
3.1 Optical Biosensor
3.2 Genosensor
3.3 Luciferase-Based Sensors
4 Conclusion
References
Radiological Perspective of the Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
1 Introduction
2 Strategy to Deal with COVID-19 Outbreak
3 Imaging of COVID-19
4 Radiological Differential Diagnosis of COVID-19 Pneumonia
4.1 Infective Causes
4.2 Secondary to Lung Injury
4.3 Non-infective Causes
5 Imaging in Follow-Up of Patients with COVID-19 Infection
6 Deep Learning Approaches in COVID-19 Using Chest CT
7 Protection of Radiology Personnel
8 Summary
9 Conclusions
10 Future Perspective
References
Differential Diagnosis and Possible Therapeutics for Coronavirus Disease 2019
1 Introduction
2 Differential Diagnosis for COVID-19
3 Possible Therapeutics for COVID-19 Treatment
3.1 Entry Inhibitors
3.2 Protease Inhibitor
3.3 Replication Inhibitors
3.4 Heterocyclic Antivirals
3.5 Biological Therapy
3.6 Herbal Therapeutics
4 Conclusion
References
Overview of Coronavirus Disease and Imaging-Based Diagnostic Techniques
1 Introduction
2 Pathobiology of Coronavirus
2.1 Structure of the Coronavirus
2.2 Overview of the Coronavirus Genome
2.3 Viral Entry and Replication
2.4 Pathological Signature of Coronavirus Infection in Humans
3 Medical Imaging-Assisted Detection of Coronaviruses
3.1 Computed Tomography
3.1.1 Findings of COVID-19 on CT
3.1.2 Categories of CT Imaging Features Related to COVID-19
3.1.2.1 Typical Appearance of COVID-19 Pneumonia
3.1.2.2 Indeterminate Appearance of COVID-19 Pneumonia
3.1.2.3 Atypical Appearance of COVID-19 Pneumonia
3.1.2.4 Negative for Pneumonia
3.1.3 Pediatric CT
3.2 Chest X-Rays
3.3 MRI Scanning
3.4 Limitations of the Popular Imaging-Based Techniques for Use in the Context of Coronavirus Disease Pandemic
3.5 Computer-Aided Approach
3.5.1 Teleradiology for Remote Diagnosis
3.5.2 Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Novel Imaging Approaches
3.5.2.1 Deep Learning-Based Algorithms
3.6 Imaging-Based Point-of-Care Devices
3.6.1 Introduction to Ultrasound Imaging
3.6.2 Ultrasound-Assisted Diagnosis of Lung Pathologies
3.6.2.1 Detecting Pneumothorax
3.6.2.2 Detecting Lung Interstitial Syndrome
3.6.2.3 Detection of COVID-19 Pneumonia
3.6.3 Advanced Ultrasound Techniques with SARS Screening Potential
4 Conclusion
References
The Applications of Biosensing and Artificial Intelligence Technologies for Rapid Detection and Diagnosis of COVID-19 in Remot...
1 Introduction
1.1 Biosensor as a Diagnostic Tool
1.2 Intertwining Nanotechnology with Biosensing Strategies
1.3 Recent Strategies for Rapid Coronavirus Detection
1.3.1 Immunosensor-Based Detection
1.3.2 DNA-Based Biosensor
2 Non-contact Diagnostic Technologies
2.1 Computer-Based Data Modelling for Remote Diagnostic and Detection
2.2 Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering
2.2.1 Computational Biological Modelling for COVID-19 Treatment
2.2.2 Fast Diagnosis Using Deep Learning Methods
2.2.3 Pandemic Tracking Using Sensor Data Analytic
3 Conclusion and Future Outlook
References
Diverse Molecular Techniques for Early Diagnosis of COVID-19 and Other Coronaviruses
1 Introduction
2 Sample Processing
3 Molecular Diagnostic Techniques
3.1 Nucleic Acid Detection Technology
3.1.1 RT-PCR-Based Methodology
3.1.2 LAMP-Based Methodology
3.1.3 RCA-Based Methodology
3.1.4 NGS-Based Methodology
3.1.5 Microarray-Based Methodology
4 Challenges and Future Directions
5 Conclusion
References
Futuristic Technologies for Advanced Detection, Prevention, and Control of COVID-19
1 Introduction
2 Challenges with Current Diagnostic Techniques
3 Technology and Newer COVID-19 Diagnostics
3.1 Current Experimentations
3.1.1 Taiwan
3.1.2 Israel
3.1.3 South Korea
3.1.4 Sample Collection Kiosk
3.1.5 Sniffer Dogs for Patient Detection
3.1.6 AI for COVID-19 Disease Management
3.1.7 Robotics
3.1.8 Drones
3.2 Learning from Similar Illnesses in the Past
3.2.1 The Monitoring of Bat Population in the Local Areas
3.2.2 Using Alternative Testing Methods
3.3 Innovations in Technology that Should Be Considered
3.3.1 Mobile Apps for Sending Sample Data to a Distant Location for Reporting
3.3.2 Rapid Antigen Detection Kits for Viral Antigens in Urine
3.3.3 Microarray for the Detection of Mutants
3.3.4 Use of Biometrics
4 Conclusions
Executive Summary
References
Next-Generation Rapid Advanced Molecular Diagnostics of COVID-19 by CRISPR-Cas
1 Introduction
2 Screening and Diagnostics for COVID-19 Patients
3 CRISPR-Cas Technology for Diagnostics
4 CRISPR-Associated Proteins (Cas) for COVID 19 Diagnostics Development
4.1 Cas9-Based Diagnostics
4.2 Cas12-Based Diagnostics
4.3 Cas13-Based Diagnostics
5 Conclusions
6 Future Perspectives
References
Negative COVID-19 Test: What Next?
1 Introduction
2 Meaning of Negative COVID-19 Test (True Negative Versus False Negative)
2.1 Serological Tests
2.2 Gene Sequencing
3 Implications of a Negative COVID-19 test
3.1 Diagnostic Implications
3.2 Clinical Implications
3.3 Mental Health Implications
3.3.1 Reactions of Test Negative Persons Among the Healthy Population
3.3.2 Reactions of Test-Negative Persons Among the COVID-19 Cases
3.3.3 Coping with Mental Health Issues After Becoming COVID-19 Test Negative
3.4 Social Implications
4 Conclusion
5 Future Perspectives
6 Executive Summary
References