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Designing Small Weapons

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This book focuses on developing small weapons, following the lifecycle of a firearm from design to manufacture. It demonstrates how modern technologies can be used at every stage of the process, such as design methodologies, CAD/CAE/CAM software, rapid prototyping, test benches, materials, heat and surface treatments, and manufacturing processes. Several case studies are presented to provide detailed considerations on developing specific topics.

Small weapons are designed to be carried by one person; examples are pistols, revolvers, rifles, carbines, shotguns, and submachine guns. Beginning with a review of the history of weapons from ancient to modern times, this book builds on this by mapping out recent innovations and state-of-the-art technologies that have advanced small weapon design. Presenting a comprehensive guide to computer design tools used by weapon engineers, this book demonstrates the capabilities of modern software at all stages of the process, looking at the computer-aided design, engineering, and manufacturing. It also details the materials used to create small weapons, notably steels, engineering polymers, composites, and emerging materials. Manufacturing processes, both conventional and unconventional, are discussed, for example, casting, powder metallurgy, additive manufacturing, and heat and surface treatments.

This book is essential reading to those in the field of weapons, such as designers, workers in research and development, engineering and design students, students at military colleges, sportsmen, hunters, and those interested in firearms.

Dr. Jose Martin Herrera-Ramirez is a military engineer with experience in the field of weapon and ammunition development. After receiving his PhD in Materials Science and Engineering from the Paris School of Mines in France, he was the head of the Applied Research Center and Technology Development for the Mexican Military Industry (CIADTIM). He now researches the development of metallic alloys and composites at the Research Center for Advanced Materials (CIMAV) in Chihuahua, Mexico.

Dr. Luis Adrian Zuñiga-Aviles is a military engineer with wide experience in the field of weapon and ammunition development. He was head of the prototypes and simulation departments at the Applied Research Center and Technology Development for the Mexican Military Industry (CIADTIM) and head of engineering of the Production directorate. He received his PhD in Science and Technology on Mechatronics from the Center for Engineering and Industrial Development (CIDESI) in Queretaro, Mexico. He now researches the new product design and development for military application, machinery, robotics, and medical devices in the Faculty of Medicine at the Autonomous University of Mexico State (UAEMex) and the Faculty of Engineering at UAEMex as part of the Researchers for Mexico program CONACYT.

Author(s): Jose Herrera-Ramirez, Luis Zuñiga-Aviles
Publisher: CRC Press
Year: 2022

Language: English
Pages: 253
City: Boca Raton

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
List of Abbreviations
Preface
Acknowledgments
Authors
Chapter 1 History of the Design of Small Weapons
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 The First Period
1.1.2 The Second Period
1.1.3 The Third Period
1.1.4 The Fourth Period
1.2 Evolution of Firearms
1.2.1 The Hand Cannon
1.2.2 The Matchlock System
1.2.3 The Wheellock System
1.2.4 The Snaphaunce System
1.2.5 The Flintlock System
1.2.6 The Percussion System
1.2.7 The Dreyse Needle System
1.2.8 The Pinfire System
1.2.9 The Rimfire Ammunition
1.2.10 The Centerfire Ammunition
1.2.11 The Rifling System
1.2.12 The Revolver
1.2.13 Self-Loading Firearms
1.3 Classification of Firearms
1.3.1 Classification by the Level of Harm
1.3.1.1 Lethal Firearms
1.3.1.2 Non-lethal Firearms
1.3.2 Classification by the Traditional Structure
1.3.2.1 Firearms
1.3.2.2 Conventional Weapons
1.3.2.3 Non-conventional Weapons
1.3.3 Classification by the Portability
1.3.3.1 Small Arms
1.3.3.2 Light Weapons
1.3.3.3 Heavy Weapons
1.3.4 Classification by the Physical Characteristics, Size, and Support
1.3.4.1 Short
1.3.4.2 Long
1.3.5 Classification by the Weapon Action
1.3.5.1 Single-Shot Action
1.3.5.2 Repeating Action
1.3.5.3 Semi-automatic Action
1.3.5.4 Burst Action
1.3.5.5 (Fully) Automatic Action
1.3.6 Classification by the Type of Firearm
1.3.6.1 Revolver
1.3.6.2 Pistol
1.3.6.3 Shotgun
1.3.6.4 Rifle or Carbine
1.3.6.5 Assault Rifle
1.3.6.6 Sub-machine Gun
1.3.6.7 Machine Gun
1.3.6.8 Other Type of Firearms
1.4 Evolution of Weapon Materials
1.4.1 Stone, Wood, and Bone
1.4.2 Metals
1.4.2.1 Bronze
1.4.2.2 Iron
1.4.2.3 Steel
1.4.2.4 Aluminum
1.4.3 Polymers
1.4.4 Composites
1.4.5 Ceramics
1.5 Evolution of Firearm Manufacturing Processes
1.6 Evolution of Design Tools
1.6.1 The First Period
1.6.2 The Second Period
1.6.3 The Third Period
References
Chapter 2 Beginning the Product Design
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Product Lifecycle Management
2.3 Design Methodologies
2.3.1 Expectation for Innovation Using the Market Pull
2.3.2 Expectation for Innovation Using the Technology Push
2.3.3 Design Criteria
2.3.4 Design Attributes
2.3.5 Requirements
2.3.6 Functional Requirements
2.3.7 Design Parameters
2.3.8 Constraints
2.3.9 Commonality Index
2.3.10 DFA Index
2.3.11 Modeling and Simulation
2.3.12 PDMs Frameworks
2.4 A Case Study Based on PDMs Toolkit
2.4.1 Preliminary Topics
2.4.2 Market Pull Analysis
2.4.3 Design Criteria
2.4.4 Requirements
2.4.5 Functional Requirements
2.4.6 Design Parameters
2.4.7 Constraints
2.4.8 Commonality Index
2.4.9 DFA Index
2.4.10 Product Portfolio
2.5 Closing Remarks and Perspectives
References
Chapter 3 Custom and Functional Requirements
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Requirements
3.3 Requirements to Reach Readiness of a System
3.4 Requirement Identification
3.5 Determination of FR and Assessment of Its Difficulty
3.6 Determination of DPs Using Axiomatic Design
3.7 Relationship DP to FR
3.8 Relationship Critical Design Parameter (CDP) to Test Bench Feature (TBF)
3.9 Relationship Process Variable (PV) to DP
3.10 Determination of Instruments to Technology Transfer
3.11 Closing Remarks and Perspectives
References
Chapter 4 CAD Modeling and CAE Simulation
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Modeling and Simulation
4.3 CAD Modeling
4.3.1 Digital Model Obtaining
4.3.2 Materials Database Storage
4.3.3 Bill of Material Property Manager
4.3.4 CAD Animation
4.3.5 Interference Detection
4.3.6 Tolerance Stack-up Analysis
4.3.7 CAD Drawings
4.4 CAE Simulation
4.4.1 CAD Model Treatment
4.4.2 CAE Analysis by FEA
4.4.3 CAE Motion
4.4.4 Flow CFD
4.4.5 CAE Multibody Dynamics
4.4.6 CAE Co-Simulation
4.4.7 CAE Multi-Domain
4.4.8 CAE Bullet Penetration and Perforation by Explicit Dynamics
4.4.9 Thermal Simulation by FEA, CFD, and FSI
4.4.10 CAE Emulation
4.5 CAD-CAE Documentation and Report
4.6 Closing Remarks and Perspectives
References
Chapter 5 CAM Assessment and Rapid Prototyping
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Technical Preliminaries
5.3 CAM Assessment
5.4 CNC Machining
5.5 Laser Cutting
5.6 3D Printing
5.7 Prototyping Workshop
5.8 Rapid Prototyping
5.9 Rapid Tooling and Manufacturing Devices
5.10 Industry 4.0
5.11 Closing Remarks and Perspectives
References
Chapter 6 Experimental Physical Models, Test Benches, and Prototypes
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Tests Protocols and Product Validation Process
6.3 Firearm Usability and UX
6.4 Firearm EPMs and Demonstration Prototypes
6.5 Test Benches and Standards to Firearm Performance
6.6 Firearm Prototypes in Real Environment
6.7 Polymer Firearms and 3D Printed Prototypes
6.8 Firearm Performance Case Studies
6.9 Closing Remarks and Perspectives
References
Chapter 7 Materials Used in the Production of Small Weapons
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Classification of Materials
7.2.1 Metals
7.2.2 Polymers
7.2.3 Ceramics
7.2.4 Composites
7.3 Binary Phase Diagrams
7.4 The Fe-C Phase Diagram
7.5 Aluminum Alloys Phase Diagrams
7.6 Mechanical Properties of Materials
7.7 Steels
7.7.1 Classification of Steels
7.7.2 Influence of Alloying and Residual Elements on Steel Properties
7.7.3 Designation of Steels
7.8 Aluminum Alloys
7.8.1 Classification of Aluminum Alloys
7.8.2 Designation of Wrought Aluminum Alloys
7.8.3 Influence of Alloying Elements and Impurities on Aluminum Alloy Properties
7.9 Titanium Alloys
7.10 Synthetic Polymers
7.10.1 Glass Transition Temperature
7.10.2 Nomenclature of Synthetic Polymers
7.10.3 Classification of Polymers by Properties
7.11 Composites
7.11.1 Matrices
7.11.2 Reinforcements
7.12 Ceramics
7.13 Closing Remarks
References
Chapter 8 Heat Treatments and Surface Hardening of Small Weapon Components
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Heat Treatments of Steels
8.2.1 The TTT Diagram
8.2.2 Annealing
8.2.2.1 Full Annealing
8.2.2.2 Process Annealing
8.2.2.3 Spheroidizing Annealing
8.2.3 Normalizing
8.2.4 Hardening
8.2.5 Tempering
8.2.6 Martempering
8.2.7 Austempering
8.3 Surface Hardening of Steels
8.3.1 Carburizing
8.3.2 Nitriding
8.3.3 Carbonitriding
8.3.4 Induction Hardening
8.3.5 Flame Hardening
8.4 Heat Treatments of Aluminum Alloys
8.5 Anodizing of Aluminum Alloys
8.6 A Case Study Based on Heat Treatments of Steels
8.7 Closing Remarks
References
Chapter 9 Manufacturing Processes for Small Weapon Components
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Casting
9.3 Forming
9.3.1 Forging
9.3.2 Extrusion
9.3.3 Stamping
9.4 Polymer Processes
9.5 Powder Metallurgy
9.6 Material Removal Processes
9.7 Additive Manufacturing Processes
9.8 Finishing, Assembly, and Testing
9.8.1 Finishing
9.8.2 Assembly
9.8.3 Testing
9.9 Closing Remarks
References
Index