Desertification and Land Degradation: Concept to Combating

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Foreword
Preface
Author Biographies
Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical Perspective
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Desertification and Land Degradation – A Global Issue
1.3 What Is DLD?
1.4 Causes of DLD
1.5 Consequences of DLD
1.6 Historical Perspective
References
Chapter 2 Desert, Desertification and Land Degradation
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Land
2.3 Ecosystem and Ecosystem Services
2.4 Drylands
2.4.1 Defining Drylands
2.4.1.1 Climate
2.4.1.2 Land Cover, Vegetation and Soil
2.4.1.3 Dryland Farming
2.4.1.4 People
2.5 Deserts
2.5.1 Types of Deserts
2.5.2 Major Deserts of the World
2.5.3 Desert Life
2.5.3.1 Flora
2.5.3.2 Fauna
2.5.3.3 People
2.5.3.4 Desert Landforms
2.5.3.5 Threat to Deserts
2.6 Land Degradation
2.7 Soil Degradation
2.8 Desertification
2.9 Wastelands
References
Chapter 3 Causes and Drivers
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Anthropogenic Causes
3.2.1 Land Use Land Cover Change
3.2.2 Deforestation
3.2.3 Overgrazing
3.2.4 Poverty
3.2.5 Insecure Land Tenure
3.2.6 Migration
3.2.7 Population Pressure
3.2.8 Agricultural Management Practices
3.2.9 Policy and Governance
3.3 Biophysical Causes – Climate
3.4 Combination of Anthropogenic and Biophysical Causes
References
Chapter 4 Desertification and Land Degradation Processes
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Physical Degradation Processes
4.2.1 Soil Erosion
4.2.1.1 Water Erosion
4.2.1.2 Wind Erosion
4.2.2 Waterlogging
4.2.3 Soil Compaction
4.2.4 Mass Movement
4.2.5 Frost Shattering
4.2.6 Frost Heaving
4.3 Chemical Degradation Process
4.3.1 Salinization and Alkalization
4.3.2 Acidification of Soil
4.3.3 Soil Nutrient Depletion
4.4 Biological Processes
4.4.1 Vegetal Degradation
4.4.2 Soil Organic Carbon
4.5 Others
4.5.1 Urbanization
4.5.2 Mining and Quarrying
4.5.3 Brick Kiln
References
Chapter 5 Environmental and Social Impact
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Land Surface Physical Properties
5.2.1 Albedo
5.2.2 Land Surface Temperature
5.2.3 Diurnal Temperature Range
5.2.4 Emissivity
5.2.5 Surface Energy Balance
5.3 Ecosystem Services
5.4 The People and the Socio-Economic Conditions
5.5 Migration
5.5.1 Mexico
5.5.2 The Sahel: Examples of Burkina Faso and Mali
5.5.3 China
5.6 Biodiversity
5.7 Climate
References
Chapter 6 Ocean Biological Deserts
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Contributing Factors Towards Ocean Biological Deserts
6.2.1 Factors Governing Ocean Productivity
6.2.1.1 Sunlight
6.2.1.2 Nutrients
6.2.1.3 Ocean Currents
6.3 Formation of Ocean Biological Deserts
6.3.1 Natural Process
6.3.2 Human Actions
6.3.2.1 River/Industrial Discharge in Oceans
6.3.2.2 Climate Change
6.3.2.3 Overfishing
6.3.2.4 Marine Debris
6.4 Ocean Biological Deserts: Examples
6.4.1 Black Sea
6.4.2 Gulf of Mexico
6.4.3 Baltic Sea
6.4.4 Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal
6.5 Combating Ocean Biological Deserts
References
Chapter 7 Indicators
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Defining Indicators
7.3 Selection of Indicators
7.4 Conceptual Framework
7.4.1 PSR Framework
7.4.2 DPSIR Framework
7.4.3 DPSER Framework
7.4.4 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Framework
7.4.5 Framework used by UNCCD
7.5 Indicator Selection as per the Conceptual Framework
7.5.1 Pressure Indicator
7.5.2 State Indicators
7.5.2.1 State Indicators Used for Mapping DLD
7.5.3 Impact Indicators
7.5.4 Response Indicators
References
Chapter 8 Remote Sensing Technique
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Electromagnetic Radiation
8.3 Source of EM Radiation for Remote Sensing
8.3.1 Atmospheric Influences
8.4 Remote Sensors
8.4.1 Sensor Performance Parameters
8.4.2 Platforms and Orbits
8.4.3 Data Product Generation
8.5 Data Analysis
8.5.1 Spectral Signature
Vegetation
8.5.2 Visual Analysis
8.5.3 Digital Classification
8.6 Validation of Analysed Data
8.7 Geographic Information System for Generating Action Plan
References
Chapter 9 Mapping and Monitoring Methods
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Maps
9.3 Mapping and Monitoring Methods
9.3.1 Indicator-based Methods
9.3.1.1 Land Cover Change
9.3.1.2 Land Productivity Dynamics
9.3.1.3 Carbon Stock Above and Below Ground
9.3.1.4 Computation of Degraded Land Area
9.3.1.5 Changes in Primary Productivity
9.3.2 Mapping DLD Processes
9.3.2.1 Identification of Signatures
9.3.2.2 Image Interpretation Key and Classification System
9.4 Case Studies
9.4.1 Global Assessment of Human-induced Soil Degradation
9.4.2 Land Degradation Assessment in Drylands
9.4.3 Global Assessment of Land Degradation and Improvement
9.4.4 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
9.4.5 World Atlas of Desertification
9.4.6 IRD Approach
9.4.7 ROSELT/OSS
9.4.8 Asian TPN-1 on Desertification Monitoring and Assessment (DM & A)
9.4.9 ASSOD
9.4.10 Land Degradation Index (2d RUE)
9.4.11 ESA – MEDALUS (Mediterranean Desertification and Land Use)
9.4.12 India’s Desertification/Land Degradation Status Map
9.4.13 China’s DLD Mapping
9.4.14 Australian Collaborative Rangeland Information System
References
Chapter 10 Desertification Vulnerability Assessment
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Factors Responsible for Desertification Vulnerability
10.2.1 Biophysical Factors
10.2.1.1 Climate
10.2.1.2 Soil
10.2.1.3 Vegetation
10.2.1.4 Land Use/Land Cover
10.2.2 Socio-Economic Factors
10.2.3 Traditions and Beliefs
10.3 Models for DLD Vulnerability Assessment
10.3.1 Models Based on Biophysical Parameters
10.3.1.1 Mediterranean Desertification and Land Use (MEDALUS)
10.3.2 Models Based on Socio-Economic Parameters
10.3.3 Models Based on Hybrid Approach
10.4 Concept of Desertification ‘Hotspots’ and ‘Bright Spots’
References
Chapter 11 Combating Strategies
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Methods for Combating DLD
11.2.1 Increasing Vegetative Cover
11.2.2 Rainwater Harvesting
11.2.2.1 Stop Dams
11.2.2.2 Percolation Tanks and Farm ponds
11.2.2.3 Sub-Surface Dykes
11.2.3 Combating Water Erosion
11.2.3.1 Contour Bunds
11.2.3.2 Contour Trenches
11.2.3.3 Drainage Line Treatment/Check Dam/Gully Plugging
11.2.3.4 Contour Farming
11.2.3.5 Terrace Farming
11.2.3.6 Strip Cropping
11.2.3.7 Buffer Striping
11.2.3.8 Farm Bunding
11.2.3.9 Conservation Tillage
11.2.3.10 Mulching
11.2.3.11 Use of Polyacrylamide on Irrigated Areas
11.2.3.12 Practices at Construction Sites
11.2.4 Wind Erosion
11.2.4.1 Agroforestry Systems
11.2.4.2 Silvipasture Systems
11.2.4.3 Windbreaks and Shelterbelts
11.2.4.4 Stabilization of Sand Dunes
11.2.5 Salinization
11.2.5.1 Methods of Prevention
11.2.6 Waterlogging
11.3 Implementation Mechanism
11.4 Monitoring the Impact of Implementation
11.4.1 India
11.4.2 Great Green Wall Project, Africa
11.5 Case Studies
11.5.1 China
11.5.2 Algeria – Green Dam Project
11.5.3 Chile
11.5.4 Turkey
11.5.5 Israel
11.5.6 Jordan
11.5.7 Mali
11.5.8 Middle East and North Africa (MENA)
References
Chapter 12 International Initiatives
12.1 Introduction
12.2 United Nations Conference on Desertification
12.3 Earth Summit – 1992
12.4 United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
12.4.1 Objectives of the Convention and Obligations of the Country Parties
12.4.2 Ten-Year Strategic Plan and Framework
12.4.3 The 2018–2030 Strategic Framework
12.5 GLASOD
12.6 Land Degradation Assessment in Drylands
12.7 GLADA and GLADIS
12.8 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
12.9 IPBES
12.10 World Atlas of Desertification
12.11 Bonn Challenge
References
Chapter 13 Land Degradation Neutrality
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Millennium Development Goals
13.3 Sustainable Development Goals
13.4 Land Degradation Neutrality
13.4.1 The Conceptual Framework
13.4.2 Baseline or Frame of Reference
13.4.3 LDN Pilot Project
13.4.4 LDN Target Setting Programme
13.4.5 LDN Transformative Projects and Programmes
13.4.6 Indicator 15.3.1
13.4.7 Synergy with Other Rio Conventions
References
Index