Dermatological diseases are extremely common around the globe, and a systematic understanding of these conditions and their relationships with various epidemiological factors could provide insights to help governments and private institutions address the challenges they need to overcome in order to improve global health.
This extensively revised second edition comprehensively discusses the fundamental areas of dermatological practice in public health. It features more than 900 figures, eight new chapters and two new sections: a) Dermatological Biopsy and Major Histopathological Patterns, exploring surgical methods for collecting cutaneous specimens from outpatients and the analysis of major histopathological patterns; b) Special Chapters, which outlines Hospital Dermatology in Public Health, covering hospital care as a backup in dermatoses of importance in public health; Dermatological Education in Public Health, examining the interface between teaching and students for the development of dermatological practice; and a Brief History of Dermatology.
Further topics include the profile of dermatological care based on epidemiological concepts; the most significant skin diseases (including dermatology in tropical medicine); the relationship between the environment and dermatological diseases; dermatoses in the human life cycles, diseases that are not primarily dermatological, but have a high impact on public health and may have skin and mucosal manifestations; a number of emerging issues in dermatology in public health; clinical approaches (diagnosis and management) to common dermatological symptoms; multidisciplinary approaches in dermatology; surgical and histopathological aspects of the main dermatological diseases; and the hospital as an aid in the management of complex dermatoses and dermatological education in public health.
Written by experts with extensive experience in their respective fields, this book is a valuable reference resource for undergraduate and graduate students, dermatologists and general practitioners, as well as anyone interested in the relationship between dermatology and public health.
Author(s): Renan Rangel Bonamigo, André Avelino Costa Beber, Clarice Gabardo Ritter, Renata Heck
Edition: 2
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Tags: Dermatology; Public Health; Epidemiology; General Practice
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Part I: Dermatology in Public Health
1: Setting Priorities in Public Health Dermatology
Introduction
Setting Priorities
Practical Applications
References
Further Reading
2: International Public Health Strategies in Dermatology
Introduction
State of the Art
WHO Strategies Related to Dermatology
Sexually Transmitted Infections
Rationale
Targets
Strategies
Interventions
Neglected Tropical Diseases
Rationale
Strategy
Interventions
HIV and AIDS
Global Health Sector Strategy on HIV, 2016–2021
Strategic Direction 1: Information for Focused Action (What Is the Situation?)
Strategic Direction 2: Interventions for Impact (What Services Should Be Delivered?)
Strategic Direction 3: Delivering for Equity (How Can These Services Be Delivered?)
Strategic Direction 4: Financing for Sustainability (How Can the Costs of Delivering the Package of Services Be Covered?)
Strategic Direction 5: Innovation for Acceleration (How Can the Trajectory of the Response Be Changed?)
Strategy Implementation
Leprosy
Skin Diseases in Primary Care
Future Perspectives
References
Further Reading
Global Health Sector Strategy on HIV, 2016–2021
Leprosy
Skin Diseases in Primary Care
3: The User of the Public Service in Dermatology
Introduction
Health Services
The Social and Demographic Profile of the Users
The Nosological Profile of Users
The Characteristics of a Public Health Dermatology Service
References
4: Impact of Preventive Campaigns in Dermatology: A Brazilian Experience
Introduction
Concepts and Practices of Preventive Health Campaigns in Health Promotion and Health Education
Current Status and Perspectives
Relevant Historical Aspects of the Brazilian Society of Dermatology Preventive Skin Cancer Campaign
The Impact Perceived by NSCC on Epidemiological Indicators and Perspectives
Relevant Historical Aspects of Brazilian Government Campaigns of Hansen’s Disease
The Impact Perceived by HD Campaigns on Epidemiological Indicators and Perspectives
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and AIDS: Relevant Historic Aspects of Brazilian Campaigns
The Perceived Impact on Epidemiological Indicators of STI and AIDS, and Perspectives
National Psoriasis Awareness Campaign: Relevant Aspects from SBD and SUS Initiatives
References
Part II: Dermatologic Diseases in Public Health: Cutaneous Infectious
5: Hanseniasis
Introduction
Epidemiology
Etiological Agent and Transmission
Clinical Presentation and Classification
Indeterminate Hanseniasis
Tuberculoid Hanseniasis
Virchowian Hanseniasis
Dimorphous Hanseniasis
Diagnosis
Clinical Examination
Nerves Examination
General Examination Looking for Complications
Complementary Examinations (See Box 5.4)
Bacilloscopy
Skin Biopsy
ML Flow
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Reactions and Its Management
Type 1 or Reversal Reaction
Type 2 or Erythema Nodosum Hansenic (ENH)
Treatment of Reactions
Type 1 Reaction
Type 2 Reaction Erythema Nodosum Hansenic (ENH)
Neuropathic Pain
Relapse, Reactions, and Efficacy of Multidrug Therapy
Systemic Involvement in Hanseniasis
Nerve Damage and Disabilities
Contacts in Hanseniasis
Hanseniasis and COVID-19
Glossary
References
6: Tuberculosis
Introduction
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Exogenous Cutaneous Tuberculosis
Tuberculous Chancre
Tuberculosis Verrucosa Cutis (TVC)
Endogenous Cutaneous Tuberculosis
By Contiguity or Autoinoculation
Scrofuloderma
Orificial Tuberculosis
By Hematogenic and/or Lymphatic Dissemination
Lupus vulgaris
Tuberculous Gumma
Acute Miliary Tuberculosis
Tuberculids
Lichen scrofulosorum
Papulonecrotic Tuberculid
Erythema Induratum of Bazin
Cutaneous Tuberculosis Secondary to BCG Vaccination
Complementary Examinations
Tuberculin Skin Test
Interferon-γ Release Assay (IGRA)
Direct Examination or Bacilloscopy
Mycobacterial Culture
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Genotyping
Histopathologic Diagnosis
Paucibacillary Forms
Lupus vulgaris
Tuberculosis verrucosa Cutis
Intermediate Forms
Scrofuloderma
Primary Tuberculosis
Multibacillary Forms
Acute Miliary Tuberculosis
Orificial Tuberculosis
Metastatic Tuberculous Abscesses and Gumma
Hypersensitivity Reactions
Lichen scrofulosorum
Erythema induratum Bazin
Papulonecrotic Tuberculid
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Surgical Treatment
Special Circumstances [1–3, 12, 81, 163]
SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Pregnancy
Elderly
Kidney Disease
Liver Disease
Glossary
References
7: Other Mycobacterioses
Introduction
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Nontuberculous Mycobacteria of Dermatologic Interest
Mycobacterium marinum
Mycobacterium fortuitum, M. abscessus, M. chelonae, M. smegmatis (RGM)
M. chelonae
Mycobacterium abscessus Complex (MABSC)
Mycobacterium ulcerans
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Complex
Mycobacterium kansasii
Mycobacterium scrofulaceum
Mycobacterium szulgai
Mycobacterium haemophilum
Other Species of Mycobacteria
Reactive Skin Manifestations
Complementary Examinations
Microbiological Diagnosis
Investigation of Acid-Fast Bacilli in Stained Smear
Mycobacterial Culture
Phenotypic Identification of the Species
Rapidly Growing NTM
Slowly Growing NTM
Molecular Diagnosis
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Identification of Mycobacterial Species (Genotyping)
Histopathologic Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Mycobacterium marinum
Mycobacterium abscessus Complex (MABSC), Mycobacterium chelonae, and Mycobacterium fortuitum (RGM)
Mycobacterium ulcerans
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Complex
Mycobacterium haemophilum
Mycobacterium kansasii
Mycobacterium szulgai
Glossary
References
8: Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Introduction
Syphilis
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Primary Syphilis
Secondary Syphilis
Early Malignant Syphilis
Late Syphilis
Complementary Examinations
Direct Demonstration of the Etiologic Agent
Serologic Tests
False-Positive Syphilis Serology
Diagnosis (Box 8.1)
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach [14, 18–21]
Chancroid
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis (Box 8.2)
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Gonorrhea
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Other Clinical Aspects
Urologic Sequelae
Female Gonorrhea
Disseminated Gonococcal Infection
Diagnosis (Box 8.3)
Complementary Examinations
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Recommended (First Line) Regimens for Anogenital Infections
Genital Warts
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Diagnosis (Box 8.4)
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Lymphogranuloma Venereum
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Complementary Examinations
Diagnosis (Box 8.5)
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Donovanosis
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Relationship with HIV
Differential Diagnosis
Complementary Examinations
Diagnosis (Box 8.6)
Therapeutic Approach
Considerations of the World Health Organization (WHO) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA (CDC) About STDs
Glossary
References
9: Bacterial Infections
Introduction
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Diagnosis
Complementary Examinations
Clinical Presentation Patterns
Impetigo
Bullous Impetigo
Nonbullous Impetigo
Ecthyma
Erysipelas and Cellulitis
Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS)
Folliculitis
Superficial Folliculitis
Deep Folliculitis or Furuncles (“Boils”)
Folliculitis Decalvans
Dissecting Cellulitis
Acne Keloidalis Nuchae
Sycosis
Cutaneous Abscesses
Necrotizing Infections
Corynebacterium Superficial Infections
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Glossary
References
Further Readings
10: Viral Infections
Human Herpesvirus
Herpes Simplex (HHV-1 and HHV-2)
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Varicella-Zoster Virus (HHV-3 or VZV)
Introduction
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis and Complementary Exams
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Prevention
Post-herpetic Neuralgia
Epstein–Barr Virus (HHV-4)
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic and Complementary Exams
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Cytomegalovirus (HHV-5)
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Diagnostic and Complementary Exams
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Human Herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6)/Exanthema Subitum
Introduction
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis and Complementary Exams
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Human Herpes Virus 7 (HHV-7)
Human Herpesvirus Type 8 (HHV-8)
Introduction
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Complementary Examinations
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Introduction
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis and Complementary Exams
Differential Diagnosis
Destructive Chemical Agents
Destructive Physical Agents
Antiproliferative Agents
Immunostimulants
Therapeutic Perspectives
Enterovirus
Introduction
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Hand-Foot-Mouth Syndrome
Herpangina
Diagnosis and Complementary Examinations
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Measles
Introduction
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis and Complementary Exams
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Treatment
Vaccination
Measles Vaccine and Immunosuppression
Rubella
Introduction
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis and Complementary Exams
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Treatment
Vaccine
Erythema Infectiosum
Introduction
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis and Complementary Exams
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Gianotti–Crosti Syndrome
Introduction
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis and Complementary Exams
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Poxvirus Diseases
Smallpox
Introduction
Etiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Treatment
Vaccine
Vaccinia
Monkeypox
Etiology
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Suspect Case
Probable Case
Confirmed Case
Epidemiologic Criteria
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Prevention
Vaccination
Post-exposure Prophylaxis
Vaccinia Immune Globulin (VIG)
Cowpox
Milker’s Nodules and Orf
Molluscum Contagiosum
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Complementary Exams
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Prions
Emerging Viruses
Ebola
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Treatment
Vaccination
Dengue, Chikungunya, and Zika
Dengue
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Classification (According to WHO 2009 Guideline) [210]
Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Treatment
Vaccination
Chikungunya
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Treatment
Vaccination
Zika
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Treatment
Vaccination
COVID-19
Introduction
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Imaging
Complementary Exams
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Treatment
Vaccination
Conclusion
References
Further Readings
11: Fungal Infections
Superficial Mycosis
Dermatophytosis
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Tinea Corporis
Tinea Cruris (“Jock Itch”)
Tinea of the Hand
Tinea Pedis
Tinea Capitis
Tinea Barbae
Tinea Incognito
Tinea Unguium or Onychomycosis
Dermatophytid or Id Reactions
Complementary Examinations
Diagnosis (Box 11.2)
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Topical Treatment
Systemic Treatment
Tinea Corporis
Tinea Pedis
Tinea Capitis
Tinea Unguium; Onychomycosis
Pityriasis Versicolor
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Diagnosis (Box 11.4)
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
White Piedra
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Diagnosis (Box 11.5)
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Black Piedra
Epidemiology
Etiopathology
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Diagnosis (Box 11.6)
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Tinea Nigra
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Diagnosis (Box 11.7)
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Candidiasis
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Oral Candidiasis
Vulvovaginal Candidiasis and Candidal Balanitis
Intertriginous Candida Infection
Candidal Onychomycosis
Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis
Complementary Examinations
Diagnosis (Box 11.8)
Therapeutic Approach
Oral Candidiasis
Vaginal Candidiasis
Intertriginous Candida Infection
Candidal Onychomycosis
Systemic Candidiasis
Subcutaneous and Systemic Mycoses
Sporotrichosis
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Lymphocutaneous
Fixed Cutaneous
Disseminated
Extracutaneous
Complementary Examinations
Culture
Histologic Examination
Sporotrichin Reaction
Serologic Tests
Diagnosis (Box 11.9)
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Saturated Solution of Potassium Iodide (SSKI)
Itraconazole
Amphotericin B
Fluconazole
Terbinafine
Thermotherapy
Chromoblastomycosis
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis (Box 11.10)
Therapeutic Approach
Phaeohyphomycosis
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Subcutaneous
Systemic
Complementary Examinations
Diagnosis (Box 11.11)
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Hyalohyphomycosis
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Localized
Systemic
Complementary Examinations
Diagnosis (Box 11.12)
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Lobomycosis (Jorge Lobo’s Disease)
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Diagnosis (Box 11.13)
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Mycetoma
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Direct Examination
Culture
Histopathology
Image
Diagnosis (Box 11.14)
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Eumycetoma
Actinomycetoma
Mucormycosis and Entomophthoromycosis (or Entomophthoramycosis)
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Mucormycosis
Entomophthoromycosis (or Entomophthoramycosis)
Clinical Presentation
Mucormycosis
Entomophthoromycosis
Complementary Examinations
Diagnosis (Box 11.15)
Differential Diagnosis
Mucormycosis
Basidiobolomycosis
Conidiobolomycosis
Therapeutic Approach
Paracoccidiodomycosis
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Diagnosis (Box 11.16)
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Coccidioidomycosis
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Diagnosis (Box 11.17)
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Histoplasmosis
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Diagnosis (Box 11.18)
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Cryptococcosis
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Diagnosis (Box 11.19)
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Glossary
References
Further Readings
12: Parasitic and Protozoal Infections
Arthropod Infections
Scabies
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Complementary Examinations
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Demodicosis
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Insect Infections
Head Lice
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Body Lice
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Hemiptera Infestations
Triatomine Bug Infestations
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Bed Bugs
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Dipterous Larvae Infestations
Myiasis
Furuncular Myiasis
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Creeping Myiasis
Wound Myiasis
Helminthic Infections
Hookworm-Related Cutaneous Larva Migrans
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Protozoal Infections
Leishmaniasis
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Syndromes
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis
Anergic Diffuse Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Diagnosis
Complementary Examinations
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Prevention
Glossary
References
13: Congenital Syphilis
Introduction
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Follow-Up
Glossary
References
Part III: Dermatologic Diseases in Public Health: Neoplasias
14: Precursor Lesions of Skin Cancer
Introduction
Precursor Lesions of Skin Cancer Related to Human Papillomavuris
Congenital Melanocytic Nevus
Dysplastic Nevus
Acquired Melanocytic Nevus
Basocellular Carcinoma Precursor Lesions
Nevus Sebaceus
Spinocellular Carcinoma Precursor Lesions
Actinic Keratosis
Porokeratosis
Cutaneous Horn
Chronic and Burn Scars
Oral Leukoplakia and Erythroplakia
Oral Lichen Planus
Lichen Sclerosus
Precursor Lesions of Skin Cancer Related to Human Papillomavirus
Glossary
References
15: Basal Cell Carcinoma
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Genetic Syndromes Associated with an Increase of BCCs
Clinical Presentation
Nodular BCC
Superficial BCC
Morpheaform BCC
Pinkus Fibroepithelioma
Diagnosis
Dermoscopy
Complementary Examinations
Histopathology
Imaging Methods
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Standard Surgical Excision
Mohs Micrographic Surgery
Curettage and Electrodessication
Cryosurgery
Nonsurgical Treatment Methods
Radiotherapy
Target Therapy: Hedgehog Pathway Inhibitors
Follow-Up
Glossary
References
16: Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure
Immunosuppression
Human Papillomavirus
Other Etiologic Factors
Clinical Presentation
Actinic Keratosis
SCC In Situ
Invasive SCC
Dermoscopy
Complementary Examinations
Anatomopathology
Imaging Examinations
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Systemic Treatment for Locally Advanced and Metastatic SCC
Follow-Up
Glossary
References
17: Melanoma
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Risk Factors
Environmental Risk Factors
Phenotypic and Host Factors
Personal or Family History of Melanoma and Genetic Factors
Other Factors
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Dermoscopy
Total-Body Photography and Digital Dermoscopy
Reflectance Confocal Microscopy
Histopathology
Immunohistopathology
Complementary Examinations
Differential Diagnosis
Staging
Therapeutic Approach
Surgical Treatment of Cutaneous Melanoma
Excisional Biopsy
Incisional Biopsy
Shave Biopsy
Fine-Needle Aspiration
Biopsy of Special Sites
Treatment of the Primary Lesion
Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy
Clinically Detectable Regional Lymph Nodes
Locoregional Advanced or Metastatic Disease
Adjuvant Treatment
Palliative Treatment
Follow-Up
Prognosis
Prevention and Screening
Glossary
References
18: Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma and Other Lymphoproliferative Dermatological Diseases
Introduction
Epidemiology
Etiopathogeny
Genetic Factors Including Chromosomal Abnormalities
Environmental Factors
Infectious Factors
Classification
Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphomas
Mycosis Fungoides
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Exams
Histopathological Examination
Immunohistochemistry
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Investigation
Prognosis
Therapeutic Approach
Sézary Syndrome
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Exams
Histopathological Examination
Immunohistochemistry
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Investigation
Prognosis
Therapeutic Approach
Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATLL)
Clinical Manifestations and Complementary Tests
Histopathological Examination
Immunohistochemistry
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Investigation
Prognosis
Therapeutic Approach
Primary Cutaneous CD30+ Lymphoproliferative Disorders (LPDs)
Primary Cutaneous Anaplastic Large Cell (C-ALCL)
Clinical Manifestations
Complementary Tests
Histopathological Examination
Immunohistochemistry
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Investigation
Prognosis
Therapeutic Approach
Lymphomatoid Papulosis (LP)
Clinical Manifestations
Complementary Exams
Histopathological Examination
Immunohistochemistry
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Investigation
Prognosis
Therapeutic Approach
Subcutaneous Panniculitis-Like T-Cell Lymphoma
Clinical Manifestations
Complementary Tests
Histopathological Examination
Immunohistochemistry
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Investigation
Prognosis
Therapeutic Approach
Extranodal NK/T-Cell Lymphoma, Nasal Type (ENKL)
Clinical Manifestations
Complementary Exams
Histopathological Examination
Immunohistochemistry
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Investigation
Prognosis
Therapeutic Approach
Primary Cutaneous Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma, Rare Subtypes
Primary Cutaneous Aggressive Epidermotropic CD8+ T-Cell Lymphoma (Provisional)
Clinical Manifestations
Complementary Exams
Histopathological Examination
Immunohistochemistry
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Investigation
Prognosis
Therapeutic Approach
Cutaneous γδ T-Cell Lymphoma
Clinical Manifestations
Complementary Exams
Histopathological Examination
Immunohistochemistry
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Investigation
Prognosis
Therapeutic Approach
Cutaneous Lymphoma CD4+ T-Cell Small-/Medium-Sized Pleomorphic Lymphoma (Provisional)
Clinical Manifestations
Complementary Exams
Histopathological Examination
Immunohistochemistry
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Investigation
Prognosis
Therapeutic Approach
Primary Cutaneous Acral CD8+ T-Cell Lymphoma (CD8+ ATCL), Provisional
Clinical Manifestations
Complementary Exams
Histopathological Examination
Immunohistochemistry
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Investigation
Prognosis
Therapeutic Approach
Cutaneous Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma, Not Otherwise Specified (PTL, NOS)
Chronic Active EBV Infection in Childhood
Clinical Manifestations
Complementary Exams
Histopathological Examination
Immunohistochemistry
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Investigation
Prognosis
Therapeutic Approach
Cutaneous B-Cell Lymphoma
Primary Cutaneous Marginal Zone B-Cell Lymphoma (PCMZL)
Primary Cutaneous Follicle Center Lymphoma (PCFCL)
Primary Cutaneous Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma, Leg Type (PCDLBCL, LT)
EBV-Positive Mucocutaneous Ulcer (Provisional) (EBV MCU)
Intravascular Large B-Cell Lymphoma
Glossary
References
Part IV: Dermatologic Diseases in Public Health: Inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases
19: Eczemas
Introduction
Contact Dermatitis
Irritant Contact Dermatitis
Predisposing Factors
Etiopathogenesis
Common Irritants
Clinical Presentation
Specific Clinical Examples
Irritant Contact Diaper Dermatitis
Irritant Hand Dermatitis
Phototoxic Contact Dermatitis
Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Cross Reactions
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Complementary Tests
Patch Test
Histopathology
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Photoallergic Contact Dermatitis
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis and Complementary Examinations
Photoallergens
Histopathology
Therapeutic Approach
Nummular Eczema
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Differential Diagnoses
Therapeutic Approach
Stasis Dermatitis (Stasis Eczema)
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Therapeutic Approach
Dyshidrotic Eczema
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Atopic Dermatitis
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Skin Barrier Change
Immunological Changes
Diagnostic and Clinical Presentation
Differential Diagnosis
Complementary Tests
Allergic Contact Dermatitis and Atopic Dermatitis
Therapeutic Approach
Nonpharmacologic Interventions
Topical Approach
Phototherapy
Systemic Therapy
Support Groups
References
20: Psoriasis
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Complementary Examinations
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Mild Psoriasis
Moderate to Severe Psoriasis
Glossary
References
21: Seborrheic Dermatitis
Introduction
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Associated Factors
Hormones
Sex
Body Fat, Body Mass Index (BMI), and Hypertension
Emotional Stress
Sun Exposure
Medications
Neurogenic Theory and Parkinson’s Disease
AIDS
Skin Color
Quality of Life
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis: Dermoscopy, Confocal Microscopy, and Histology
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Glossary
References
22: Lichen Planus
Introduction
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)
Other Viruses
Environmental Factors
Other Factors
Clinical Presentation
Classic Cutaneous Lichen Planus
Actinic Lichen Planus (Subtropical or Tropical Lichen Planus)
Exanthematous Lichen Planus (Acute, Eruptive, or Generalized)
Annular Lichen Planus
Atrophic Lichen Planus
Bullous Lichen Planus and Pemphigoid Lichen Planus
Hypertrophic or Verrucous Lichen Planus
Inverse Lichen Planus
Pigmentosus Lichen Planus
Lichen Planopilaris (LPP)/Follicular Lichen Planus
Palmoplantar Lichen Planus
Linear Lichen Planus
Nail Lichen Planus
Ulcerative Lichen Planus
Lichenoid Drug Eruption (Drug-Induced Lichen Planus)
Mucosal Lichen Planus
Discoid Lupus Erythematosus (DLE) and Lichen Planus: Overlap Syndrome
Lichen Planus and Wolf’s Isotopic Response
Associated Conditions
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Glossary
References
23: Acne Vulgaris
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Follicular Hyperkeratinization
Sebaceous Hypersecretion
Inflammation
Colonization of the Pilosebaceous Follicle
Other Factors
Gut Microbiota
Diet
Menstrual Period
Clinical Presentation and Classification
Diagnosis
Complementary Examinations
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Topical Treatment
Retinoids
Bactericidal and Bacteriostatic Agents
Salicylic Acid
Systemic Treatment
Antibiotics
Hormonal
Oral Retinoids
New Therapeutic Strategies
Complications
Variants of Acne
Fulminant Acne
Acne in Adult Women (AAW)
Classification and Clinical Presentation
Pathophysiology
Treatment
Topical Treatment
Systemic Treatment
Hormonal Treatment
Pediatric Acne
Neonatal Acne
Acne in Infants
Occupational Acne
Elaioconiosis
Chloracne
Acneiform Eruptions
Drug-Induced Acne
Acne Induced by Prolonged Mask Use: The Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pandemic Era
Glossary
References
24: Hidradenitis
Introduction
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
Classification
Quality of Life
Treatment
General Measures
Lifestyle Changes
Topical Treatments
Systemic Antibiotics
Hormonal Treatments
Retinoids in Hidradenitis Suppurativa
Corticotherapy
Dapsone
Gluconate and Zinc
Biological Treatments
Surgical Treatment
Drainage
Deroofing
Surgical Excision
Reconstruction Techniques
Primary Suture
Secondary Intention Healing
Skin Graft
Use of Flaps
Summary
Glossary
References
25: Rosacea
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Transcriptome Analysis
Deregulation of the Innate Immune System
Microorganisms
Ultraviolet Radiation
Neuroimmune Interactions
Barrier Abnormal Function
Neurovascular Changes
Neuromediators
Clinical Presentation
Phenotypes
Fixed Centrofacial Erythema
Phymatous Changes
Papules and Pustules
Flushing
Telangiectasias
Ocular Rosacea
Granulomatous Rosacea
Complementary Examinations
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnoses
Therapeutic Approach
How to Use It
Topical Treatments
Systemic Treatment
Laser and Light Treatment
Surgical Treatment
Glossary
References
26: Vitiligo
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Autoimmune Theory
Biochemical Theory
Vitiligo Genetics
Observational Studies in Vitiligo
Genome-Wide Linkage Studies to Discover Genes in Vitiligo
Genome-Wide Association Studies to Discover Genes in Vitiligo
Mechanistic Candidate Genes in Vitiligo
Clinical Presentation
Classification
Association with Other Diseases
Complementary Examinations
Diagnosis (Box 26.1)
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Topical Corticosteroids
Calcineurin Inhibitors
Systemic Corticosteroid Therapy
Systemic Immunosuppressants
Phototherapy and Photochemotherapy
Narrow-Band UVB
Psoralen Plus Ultraviolet A (PUVA)
Surgical Management
Tissue Techniques
Punch Grafting
Suction Blister Epidermal Graft (SBEG)
Split-Thickness Skin Grafting
Cellular Techniques
Noncultured Epidermal Suspension (NCES)
Noncultured Extracted Hair Follicle Outer Root Sheath Cell Suspension (NCORSHFS)
Cultured Cell Suspension
Glossary
References
Further Reading
27: Autoimmune Bullous Dermatoses
Introduction
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Glossary
References
28: Cutaneous Vasculitides
Introduction
Nomenclature and Categorization Overview
General Approach to a Cutaneous Vasculitis
Clinical and Morphological Assessment
Histopathological Study
ANCA Status
Additional Complementary Evaluation
Small-Vessel Vasculitides
IgA Vasculitis
Epidemiology
Risk Factors and Pathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis and Laboratory Workup
Differential Diagnoses to Consider
Therapeutic Approach
IgG/IgM Immune Complex Vasculitis
Cryoglobulinemic Vasculitis
Epidemiology
Risk Factors and Pathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis and Laboratory Workup
Differential Diagnoses
Therapeutic Approach
Urticarial Vasculitis
Epidemiology
Risk Factors and Pathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis and Laboratory Workup
Differential Diagnoses to Consider
Therapeutic Approach
Erythema Elevatum Diutinum
Epidemiology
Risk Factors and Pathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis and Laboratory Workup
Differential Diagnoses to Consider
Therapeutic Approach
Acute Hemorrhagic Edema of Infancy
Epidemiology
Risk Factors and Pathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis and Laboratory Workup
Differential Diagnoses to Consider
Therapeutic Approach
ANCA-Associated Vasculitides (AAVs)
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Pathology
Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Skin-Limited, Drug-Induced AAVs
Medium-Vessel Vasculitides
Polyarteritis Nodosa (PAN)
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Pathology
Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Cutaneous Arteritis (CA, Formerly Known as Cutaneous PAN)
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Pathology
Diagnosis and Therapeutic Approach
Kawasaki Disease (KD)
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Large-Vessel Vasculitides
Variable Vessel Vasculitis
Behçet’s Disease (BD)
Cogan’s Syndrome (CS)
Glossary
References
29: Aphthae
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Complementary Examinations
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Glossary
References
30: Neutrophilic Dermatosis
Introduction
Etiopathogeny
Sweet Syndrome
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Neutrophilic Dermatosis of the Dorsal Hands
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Pyoderma Gangrenosum
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Behçet’s Disease
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Bowel-Associated Dermatosis-Arthritis Syndrome
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Neutrophilic Eccrine Hidradenitis
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Amicrobial Pustulosis of the Folds
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Palmoplantar Pustulosis
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Subcorneal Pustular Dermatosis (Sneddon–Wilkinson Disease)
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
SAPHO Syndrome
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Glossary
References
31: Adverse Drug Reactions
Introduction
Severe Adverse Drug Reactions
Anaphylaxis and Anaphylactoid Reactions
Erythroderma
Clinical Spectrum of Stevens–Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (Lyell’s Syndrome)
Stevens–Johnson Syndrome
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis or Lyell’s Syndrome
Considerations on the Physiopathology of SJS and TEN
Considerations on Treating SJS and TEN
Considerations on the Prognosis
Drug Hypersensitivity Syndrome: DRESS (Drug Rash with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms) [49–52]
Incidence
Etiopathogenesis
Drugs Involved and Metabolism
Sequential Reactivation of Herpesvirus in DRESS/DIHS
Immune Aspects Involved in DRESS/ DIHS
Associations of HLA Alleles with DRESS/DIHS and Maculopapular Eruption Induced by Aromatic Anticonvulsants or Other Drugs (Pharmacogenomics)
Histopathology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnostic Criteria
Complementary Tests During Follow-Up of Patients with DRESS/DIHS
Treatment
Acute Generalized Exanthematous Pustulosis [53]
Drug-Induced Serum Sickness [53]
Drug-Induced Vasculitis [53, 54]
Anticoagulant-Induced Skin Necrosis [53]
Moderate or Mild Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reactions (CADRs) or Uncomplicated CADRs
Exanthematous Drug Eruptions [56, 57]
Acute Urticaria and Angioedema [57, 58]
Fixed Drug Eruptions [57, 59]
Acneiform Eruptions [57, 60]
Lichenoid Eruptions [57, 61]
Photosensitivity Reactions [57, 62]
Drug-Induced Coma Blisters [63]
Drug-Induced Erythema Nodosum [64]
Drug-Induced or Exacerbating Psoriasis [57, 65]
Symmetric Drug-Related Intertriginous and Flexural Exanthema [66]
Nicolau Syndrome or Embolia Cutis Medicamentosa (ECM) [69, 70]
Drug-Induced Linear IgA Bullous Dermatosis (LABD) [55, 71]
Drug-Induced Bullous Pemphigoid [55]
Drug-Induced Pemphigus [55]
Adverse Mucocutaneous Reactions to Chemotherapeutic Drugs [72–75]
Alterations of the Phaneros and Cutaneous Annexes [72–76]
Alopecia [72–76]
Trichomegaly and Hair Curling [72–76]
Ungual, Subungual, and Periungual Alterations [72–76]
Neutrophilic Eccrine Hidradenitis [72–76]
Eccrine Squamous Syringometaplasia [72–76]
Acral Erythema or Palmoplantar Erythrodysesthesia Syndrome [72–76]
Toxic Erythema Caused by Chemotherapeutic Drugs [72–76]
Acneiform Eruption [72–76]
Mucous Membrane Alterations [72–73]
Stomatitis
Scrotum Ulcer After Intraperitoneal Hyperthermic Chemotherapy with Mitomycin C [77–79]
Vascular Conditions Associated with Chemotherapy [80]
Vasomotor Changes [80]
Flushing [80]
Interactions with Radiation [80]
Interaction with UV Light [80]
Radiation Recall [80]
Exacerbation of Radiation [80]
Hypersensitivity Reactions Caused by Chemotherapy Agents [80]
Local Reactions to Chemotherapy Agents [80]
Local Toxicity [80]
Drug Extravasation [80]
Periorbital Edema [80]
Cutaneous Eruption of Lymphocyte Recovery [80]
Skin Toxicity Associated with Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors [80]
Adverse Cutaneous Reactions of Pharmacologic Interventions for COVID-19
Glossary
References
Part V: Dermatologic Diseases in Public Health: Skin Diseases and Environment
32: Cold and Heat
Cold Injuries
Frostbite
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Complementary Examinations
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Acrocyanosis
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Complementary Examinations
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Chilblains
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Complementary Examinations
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Cold Urticaria
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Complementary Examinations
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Cryoglobulinemia
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Complementary Examinations
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Cold Panniculitis
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Complementary Examinations
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Heat Injuries
Burns
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Complementary Examinations
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Erythema Ab Igne
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Complementary Examinations
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Glossary
References
33: Solar Radiation and Photodermatoses
Ultraviolet Radiation
Photodermatosis
Polymorphic Light Eruption
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Complementary Examinations
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutics
Actinic Prurigo
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Complementary Examinations
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutics
Hydroa Vacciniforme
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutics
Chronic Actinic Dermatitis
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Differential Diagnosis
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutics
Solar Urticaria
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutics
Glossary
References
34: Dermatoses by Plants
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Irritant Contact Dermatitis
Phytophotodermatitis
Contact Urticaria
Nonimmunologic Contact Urticaria
Immunologic Contact Urticaria
Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Woods
Botanicals and Essential Oils
Pseudophytodermatitis
Complementary Examinations
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Conclusion
References
Further Reading
35: Skin Lesions Caused by Venomous Animals
Introduction
Envenomations Caused by Animals (Injuries by Venomous/Poisonous Animals)
Clinical, Diagnostic, and Therapeutic Aspects of Envenomations with Cutaneous Impact
Invertebrates
Snakebites
Injuries Caused by Aquatic Animals
Clinical, Diagnostic, and Therapeutic Aspects of Envenomations with Cutaneous Impact
Cnidarians
Sea Urchins
Fish
References
36: Occupational Dermatosis
Introduction
Concept of Occupational Dermatosis
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Contact Dermatitis
Other Occupational Dermatoses
Diagnosis
Clinical
Complementary Examinations
Sectors Where Occupational Dermatosis Occurs More Often
Housekeeping
Civil Construction
Health Sector
Beautification Sector
Food and Catering Industries
Metal Industry
Differential Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Treatment
Prevention
Glossary
References
Further Reading
37: Air Pollution and the Skin Health
Introduction
State of the Art
Skin Damage Induced by Pollution
Ways of the Interaction of Pollutants with the Skin
Inside–Outside Mechanism
Outside–Inside Mechanism
Possible Mechanisms of Skin Damage
Generation of Free Radicals and Oxidative Stress
Possible Interactions of Airborne Contaminants with UV Radiation
Activation of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor
Induction of the Inflammatory Cascade and Skin Barrier Disturbances
Skin Microflora Alterations
Associations Between Pollution and Systemic Disease
Cardiovascular System
Respiratory System
Nervous System
Other Systems
Cutaneous Diseases Triggered and Aggravated by Pollution
Early Skin Aging
Atopic Dermatitis
Urticaria
Acne
Melasma
Skin Cancer
Approach to Pollution-Induced Skin Damage and Preventive Measures
Photoprotection
The Use of Antioxidants
Vitamin C
Vitamin E
Combination of Antioxidants
Protection of the Skin Barrier and Maintenance of Healthy Skin Microbiota
Skin Microbiome
Healthy Diet
Gut Microbiota
Synchronous Circadian Cycle
Future Perspectives
Glossary
References
Part VI: Dermatologic Diseases in Public Health: Vital Cycle and Dermatology
38: Skin Diseases and Pregnancy
Introduction
Physiologic Changes During Pregnancy
Pregnancy-Altered Dermatoses
Pregnancy-Specific Dermatoses
Gestational Pemphigoid
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Pregnancy Polymorphic Eruption
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Atopic Eruption of Pregnancy
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Glossary
References
39: Neonatal Dermatosis
Introduction
Physiologic Aspects of Newborn Skin
Transient Dermatosis
Vernix Caseosa
Physiologic Desquamation
Generalized Redness and Acrocyanosis
Physiologic Cutis Marmorata
Lanugo
Mini Puberty
“Harlequin” Color
Suction Blisters
Gingival and Palatine Epidermal Cyst
Milia
Miliaria
Hyperplasia of Sebaceous Glands
Neonatal Acne
Neonatal Cephalic Pustulosis
Toxic Erythema
Transient Neonatal Pustular Melanosis (TNPM)
Infantile Acropustulosis
Birthmarks
Salmon Patch or Nevus Simplex
Mongolian Spots
Vascular Lesions
Hemangioma
Capillary Vascular Malformation
Other Hyperpigmented Lesions
Congenital Melanocytic Nevus
Café-au-Lait Spots
Granular Parakeratosis
Other Diagnoses That May Present Hyperchromic or Hypochromic Spots at Birth
Tuberous Sclerosis
Incontinentia Pigmenti
Nevus Depigmentosus
Neonatal and Congenital Lupus Erythematosus
Chikungunya
Syphilis
Glossary
References
40: Cutaneous Aging and Dermatosis in Geriatric Patients
Epidemiology
Aging of the Population
Concepts and Etiopathogenesis
Aging and the Geriatric Patient
Functional Changes in the Elderly
Multiple Diseases/Plurimorbidities
Geriatric Syndromes
Iceberg Phenomenon
Polypharmacy
Scenarios of Care
Cutaneous Aging
Intrinsic or Chronological Skin Aging
Extrinsic Skin Aging
Dermatosis in Geriatric Patients
Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, and Therapeutic Approach
Skin Manifestations of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Skin Aging
Skin Infections in the Elderly
Bacterial Infections
Cellulitis and Erysipelas
Necrotizing Fasciitis
Impetigo
Folliculitis and Furuncles
Secondary Infections
Hanseniasis
Viral Infections
Fungal Infections
Candidiasis
Dermatophytosis
Onychomycosis
Cutaneous Parasitosis
Scabies
Pediculosis
Xerosis
Pruritus
Eczemas
Pressure Ulcers
Malignant Dermatosis
Skin Manifestations of Systemic Diseases and Disorders
Adverse Drug Reactions
The Elderly and the Risk of Falls
Elderly Abuse and Neglect
COVID-19 and the Geriatric Challenges
Glossary
References
Part VII: Skin Manifestations of Major Diseases in Public Health
41: Diabetes Mellitus
General Epidemiology
Skin Manifestations
Diabetes-Specific Skin Conditions
Diabetic Dermopathy
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Necrobiosis Lipoidica
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Granuloma Annulare
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Acanthosis Nigricans
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Diabetic Bullosis
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Scleredema Diabeticorum
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Kyrle’s Disease
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Nonspecific Skin Conditions Associated with Diabetes
Skin Tags
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Rubeosis Faciei
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Yellow Skin
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Xerosis
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Diabetic Pruritus
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Psoriasis
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Vitiligo
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Lichen Planus
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Skin Complications Associated with Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetic Foot Syndrome
Plantar Ulcers
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Charcot Foot
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Diabetic Hand Syndrome
Cutaneous Infections
Conclusion
Glossary
References
42: Diseases of Thyroid
Epidemiology
The Thyroid and the Environment
Skin Manifestations of Hyperthyroidism
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Special Considerations
Graves Ophthalmopathy
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Pretibial Myxedema
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Thyroid Acropachy
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Hyperthyroidism and Gestation (Hipertireoidismo e Gestação)
Skin Manifestations of Hypothyroidism
General Skin Manifestations and Generalized Myxedema
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Skin Manifestations Related to the Thyroid Gland and Not to Its Function
Thyroglossal Duct Cyst
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Ultrasonography
Therapeutic Approach
Thyroid Cancer and Cutaneous Metastases
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Glossary
References
43: Dyslipidemias
Introduction
General Epidemiology
Etiopathogeny
Clinical Presentation
Eruptive Xanthomas
Tuberous/Tuberoeruptive Xanthomas
Tendinous Xanthomas
Plane Xanthomas and Xanthelasma
Verruciform Xanthomas
Xanthomas in Children
Complementary Exams
Lipid Profile
Metabolic Profile
Skin Biopsy/Histopathology
Therapeutic Approach
References
44: Nutritional Disorder, Morbidly Obese, and Post-Bariatric
Acanthosis Nigricans
Nutritional Correlation
Skin Manifestations
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Acne
Nutritional Correlation
Skin Manifestations
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Acrodermatitis Enteropathica and Zinc Deficiency
Nutritional Correlation
Skin Manifestations
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Atopic Dermatitis
Nutritional Correlation
Food Allergy
Microbioma
Maternal Diet and Breastfeeding
Micronutrients
Obesity
Skin Manifestations
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Food Elimination/Avoidance Diets
Maternal Diet During Pregnancy and Lactation
Probiotic
Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Nutritional Correlation
Skin Manifestations
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Autoimmune Cutaneous Diseases
Nutritional Correlation
Eating Disorders
Vitamin D
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Eating Disorders
Vitamin D
Bullous Diseases
Nutritional Correlation
Pemphigus
Bullous Pemphigoid
Linear IgA Disease
Dermatitis Herpetiformis
Epidermolysis Bullosa
Skin Manifestations
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Energy-Protein Malnutrition
Nutritional Correlation
Skin Manifestations
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Hair Disorders
Nutritional Correlation
Malnutrition and Weight-Loss Diets
Vitamin C
Zinc
Essential Fatty Acids
Selenium
Vitamin A
Biotin
Iron
Copper
Vitamin D
Hypervitaminosis
Skin Manifestations
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Hidradenitis Suppurativa
Nutritional Correlation
Skin Manifestations
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Oral Mucosa Disorders
Nutritional Correlation
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
Vitamin B3 (Niacin or Nicotinic Acid)
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid)
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin or Cyanocobalamin)
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
Vitamin A (Retinol)
Vitamin D
Vitamin E (Tocopherol)
Vitamin K (Phylloquinone)
Calcium
Fluoride
Iron
Zinc
Skin Manifestations
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Nail Disorders
Nutritional Correlation
Chromonychia
Splinter Hemorrhages
Terry Nails
Muehrcke Lines
Onycholysis
Transverse Leukonychia
Clubbing
Koilonychia
Hapalonychia
Beau’s Lines
Onychomadesis
Onychorrhexis
Trachyonychia
Skin Manifestations
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Necrolytic Migratory Erythema
Nutritional Correlation
Skin Manifestations
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Obesity, Morbid Obesity, and Bariatric Surgery
Obesity and Morbid Obesity
Skin Manifestations
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Dermatosis and Bariatric Surgery
Pellagra
Nutritional Correlation
Skin Manifestations
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Skin Manifestations of Peripheral Vascular Disease
Nutritional Correlation
Skin Manifestations
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Phrynoderma and Vitamin A Deficiency (VAD)
Nutritional Correlation
Skin Manifestations
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Porphyria
Nutritional Correlation
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda
Alcohol
Iron
Antioxidants
Variegate Porphyria
Hereditary Coproporphyria
Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria
Erythropoietic Protoporphyria
Skin Manifestations
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Pressure Ulcers
Nutritional Correlation
Skin Manifestations
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Psoriasis
Nutritional Correlation
Weight Loss
Alcohol
Polyunsaturated Omega-3 Fatty Acid (PUFA)
Gluten
Folic Acid
Vitamin D
Selenium and Other Antioxidants
Inositol and Zinc
Taurine
Probiotics
Skin Manifestations
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Rosacea
Nutritional Correlation
Skin Manifestations
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Scurvy and Vitamin C Deficiency
Nutritional Correlation
Skin Manifestations
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Skin Cancer
Nutritional Correlation
Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer (NMSC)
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin C
Selenium
Low-Fat Diet
Melanoma
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
Alcohol
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Selenium
Green Tea Polyphenols
Resveratrol
Lycopene
Microbioma
Skin Manifestations
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Melanoma
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Urticaria
Nutritional Correlation
Pseudoallergens
Gluten
Vitamin D
Wheat
Alcohol
Probiotics
Skin Manifestations
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Vitiligo
Nutritional Correlation
Vitamin B12
Vitamin D
Gluten
Iron
Skin Manifestations
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
References
45: Renal Failure
Introduction
Epidemiology
Cutaneous Manifestations of Chronic Renal Failures
Nonspecific Cutaneous Entities with Higher Prevalence in Patients with Chronic Renal Failure
Xerosis
Pruritus
Dischromy
Ecchymosis
Gynecomastia
Cutaneous Infections
Skin Cancer
Mucosal Alterations
Faneral Disorders
Uremic Fetor
Specific Skin Entities That Are Characteristic of Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease
Acquired Perforating Disorders
Bullous Dermatoses
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda
Pseudoporphyria
Calcification Disorders
Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis
Specific Nail Changes
Uremic Frost
Dermatoses on the Arteriovenous Shunt
Kaposi Pseudosarcoma
Adverse Drug Reactions
Etiopathogenic Mechanisms
Xerosis
Pruritus
Dyschromy
Diffuse Hyperpigmentation
Sallow Skin
Ecchymosis
Gynecomastia
Cutaneous Infections
Skin Cancer
Faneral Disorders
Acquired Perforating Dermatoses
Bullous Dermatoses
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda
Pseudoporphyria
Disorders of Calcification
Benign Nodular Calcification
Calciphylaxis
Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis
Lindsay Nails
Uremic Frost
Clinical Presentation
Nonspecific Cutaneous Entities with Higher Prevalence in Patients with Chronic Renal Failure
Xerosis
Pruritus
Dyschromy
Diffuse Hyperpigmentation
Sallow Skin
Ecchymosis
Skin-Specific Entities That Are Characteristic of Patients with Chronic Renal Failure
Acquired Perforating Dermatosis
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda
Pseudoporphyria
Benign Nodular Calcification
Calciphylaxis
Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis
Lindsay Nails
Uremic Frost
Complementary Exams
Acquired Perforating Dermatoses
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda
Pseudoporphyria
Benign Nodular Calcification
Calciphylaxis
Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis
Therapeutic Approach
Xerosis
Pruritus
Dyschromy
Diffuse Hyperpigmentation
Sallow Skin
Acquired Perforating Disorder
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda
Pseudoporphyria
Benign Nodular Calcification
Calciphylaxis
Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis
References
46: Connective Tissue Diseases
Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus
Introduction
General Epidemiology
Etiopathogeny
Genetics
Ultraviolet
Infection
Hormones
Drugs and Chemicals
Apoptosis
Innate Immune System
Adaptive Immune System
Cytokines and Chemokines
Clinical Presentation
Acute Cutaneous Lupus Erythematous (ACLE)
Subacute Lupus Erythematous (SCLE)
Chronic Cutaneous Lupus Erythematous (CCLE)
Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus Variants
Complementary Exams
Therapeutic Approach
Dermatomyositis
Introduction
General Epidemiology
Etiopathogeny
Genetics
Immunologic Abnormalities
Antibodies
Infectious Agents
Drug-induced Dermatomyositis
Implants and Cosmetic Fillers Injection
Malignancy
Clinical Presentation
Cutaneous Manifestations
Muscle Manifestations
Systemic Manifestations
Classification
Differential Diagnosis
Complementary Exams
Therapeutic Approach
Morphea
Introduction
General Epidemiology
Etiopathogeny
Radiation Therapy
Infections
Chimerism
Vaccinations
Drug-Induced Morphea
Trauma
Clinical Presentation
Plaque Morphea
Generalized Plaque Morphea
Pansclerotic Morphea
Linear Morphea
Complementary Exams
Therapeutic Approach
References
Cutaneous Lupus Erythematous
Dermatomyositis
Morphea
47: Smoking, Alcoholism, and Use of Illicit Drugs
Tobacco Smoking
Epidemiology
Etiopathogeny
Cutaneous Manifestations
Obliterans Thromboangeitis
Cutaneous and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Carcinogenesis
Keratoacanthoma
Malignant Melanoma
Postsurgical Complications
Other Dermatoses
Oral Melanosis
Nicotinic Stomatitis/Palatal Leukokeratosis
Yellow Discoloration
Harlequin Nails
Tobacco Smoking Protective Effects
Alcoholism
Epidemiology
Skin Manifestations
In Endocrinological Changes
Hypogonadism
Hyperestrogenism
Pseudo-cushing Syndrome
In Nutritional Deficiencies
Signs of Alcoholic Hepatopathy
Psoriasis and Alcohol Use
Solar Exposition and Alcohol
Alcohol and Other Dermatoses
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda
Seborrheic Dermatitis
Rosacea
Urticaria
Systemic Contact Dermatitis
Discoid Eczema
Alcohol and Procedures
Alcohol and Drug Interactions
Therapeutic Approach
Illicit Drugs: Drug Addiction
Stigmas Related to the Use of Injectable Drugs
Cutaneous Infections
Pruritus and Signs of Excoriation
Acneiform Eruption
Damage to the Nasal and Oral Mucosa
Other Cutaneous and Mucosal Manifestations
Cocaine, Levamisole, and Adjuvant Syndrome
Glossary
References
48: Skin Manifestations Associated with HIV/AIDS
Introduction
Infectious Skin Disorders
Viral Diseases
Acute HIV Infection
Etiopathogenesis and General Epidemiology
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Herpes Simplex Virus
General Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Interrelationship Between HSV and HIV
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Varicella-Zoster Virus
General Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Molluscum Contagiosum
General Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Oral Hairy Leukoplakia
General Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Human Papillomavirus
General Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Acquired Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis
Bacterial Diseases
Cutaneous Bacterial Infections
General Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Syphilis
General Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Bacillary Angiomatosis
General Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Cutaneous Mycobacterial Infections
General Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Fungal Infections
Candidiasis
General Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Dermatophytosis
General Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Cryptococcosis
General Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Histoplasmosis
General Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Sporotrichosis
General Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Ectoparasitic Infestations
Scabies
General Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Demodicidosis
General Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Protozoal Diseases
Tegumentary Leishmaniasis
General Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Parasitologic Diagnosis
Immunologic Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Noninfectious Skin Disorders
Xerosis
Seborrheic Dermatitis
General Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Psoriasis
General Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Papular Pruritic Dermatoses
Antiretroviral Therapy-Associated Manifestations
Cutaneous Toxicities of Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV
Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Dermatologic IRIS
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Neoplastic Disorders
Kaposi’s Sarcoma
General Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Glossary
References
Suggested Reading and Consulting
49: Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type-1 (HTLV-1) Infection in Dermatology
Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type (HTLV-1)
Introduction
Epidemiology
Pathogenicity
Diagnosis of Infection
HTLV-1-Related Diseases
Juvenile Infective Dermatitis Associated with HTLV-1 (IDH)
Clinical Aspects
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Pathology
IDH Progression to HAM/TSP and ATL
Treatment
Adulthood Infective Dermatitis Associated with HTLV-1
Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATL)
Classification, Clinical Features, and Diagnosis
Primary Cutaneous Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma
Histopathologic and Immunohistochemical Aspects of Skin Lesions
Histopathologic Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
HTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/ TSP)
Xerosis and Acquired Ichthyosis
Noninfectious Inflammatory Dermatoses
Infectious and Parasitic Dermatoses
Glossary
References
Suggestions Reading In Portuguese
Suggestions Reading In English
Citação
50: Liver Diseases
Hepatitis
Introduction
Hepatitis B
General Epidemiology
Cutaneous Manifestation
Therapeutic Approach
Serum Sickness-Like Syndrome
Polyarteritis Nodosa
Papular Acrodermatitis of Childhood
Hepatitis C
General Epidemiology
HCV and Skin
Therapeutic Approach
Mixed Cryoglobulinemia
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda
Lichen Planus
Skin Diseases with Possible Association with HCV Psoriasis
Chronic Itching (Pruritus)
Necrolytic Acral Erythema
Adverse Cutaneous Reactions Related to HCV Treatment
References
51: Transplant Recipients
Epidemiology
Skin Manifestations
Infections
Viral Infections
Etiopathogenesis
CMV
HPV
HSV
VZV
Clinical Presentation
CMV
HPV
HSV
VZV
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
CMV
HPV
HSV
VZV
Fungal Infections
Etiopathogenesis
Systemic and Deep Cutaneous Fungal Infections
Superficial Fungal Infections
Clinical Presentation
Systemic and Deep Cutaneous Fungal Infections
Superficial Fungal Infections
Complementary Examinations
Systemic and Deep Cutaneous Fungal Infections
Superficial Fungal Infections
Therapeutic Approach
Systemic and Deep Cutaneous Fungal Infections
Superficial Fungal Infections
Bacterial Infections
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Other Infections
Malignancies and Premalignancies
Actinic Keratosis and Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Prevention
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Melanoma
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Examinations
Therapeutic Approach
Skin Cancer and Immunosuppression Reduction
Side Effects of Immunosuppressant Drugs
Glossary
References
Further Information Can Be Found at the Following Internet Addresses
52: Skin Manifestations of Major Diseases in Public Health Psychiatric Diseases
Introduction
Epidemiology
Classification and Diagnosis: Dermatology and Psychiatry Approaches and Systematization of Studies
Dermatology
Psychiatry
Psychodermatosis: Clinical Presentation
Dermatological
Neurotic Excoriation
Artifact Dermatitis
Synonymia: factitious dermatitis
Trichotillomania
Epidemiology
Etiology
Clinical Presentation
Delusional Parasitosis
Clinical Presentation
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Clinical Presentation
Psychiatric/Psychologic
Etiopathogenesis of Psychodermatosis
Treatments: Dermatological, Psychiatric, and Psychotherapeutic
Dermatological
Psychiatric
Psychotherapeutic
Some Words About Coronavirus Pandemic and Dermatologic Suffering
Final Considerations
Glossary
References
Additional Suggested Readings
53: Paraneoplasias
Introduction
Skin Manifestations
Malignant Acanthosis Nigricans
Acquired Pachydermatoglyphy or “Tripe Palms”
Sign of Leser-Trélat
Florid Cutaneous Papillomatosis (Schwartz-Burgess Syndrome)
Acquired Ichthyosis
Bazex Syndrome
Erythema Gyratum Repens (EGR)
Necrolytic Migratory Erythema
Dermatomyositis
Paraneoplastic Scleroderma
Paraneoplastic Pemphigus
Sweet Syndrome
Pyoderma Gangrenosum
Multicentric Reticulohistiocytosis
Necrobiotic Xanthogranuloma
Acquired Hypertrichosis Lanuginosa
Other Paraneoplastic Dermatoses
Pruritus
Erythroderma
Genetic Syndromes Associated with Malignant Neoplasias and Cutaneous Manifestations (Table 53.5)
Glossary
References
Part VIII: Emerging Issues of Dermatology in Public Health
54: Ethnicity and Dermatology
Introduction
State of the Art
Defining Ethnic Skin
Ethnic Differences
Biology of Pigmentation
Ethnic Differences in Stratum Corneum Structure
Ethnic Differences in Epidermal Structure
Ethnic Differences in Cutaneous Appendages
Eccrine Sweat Glands
Apocrine Sweat Gland
Apoeccrine Gland
Sebaceous Gland
Hair Follicles
Ethnic Differences in the Dermis
Cutaneous Disease Implications
Skin Cancer
Photoaging
Pigmentary Disorders
Melasma
Post-inflammatory Hyperpigmentation (PIH)
Pityriasis Versicolor (PV)
Progressive Macular Hypomelanosis (PMH)
Dermatosis Papulosa Nigra (DPN)
Hair and Scalp Disorders
Central Centrifugal Cicatricial Alopecia (CCCA)
Dissecting Cellulitis of the Scalp (DCS)
Folliculitis Keloidalis Nuchae (FKN)
Traction Alopecia (TA)
Acquired Trichorrhexis Nodosa
Pseudofolliculitis Barbae (PFB)
Hair Breakage
Keloidal Scar
Contact Dermatitis
Atopic Dermatitis (Fig. 54.8)
Acne
Confluent and Reticulated Papillomatosis (CARP)
Future Perspectives
Glossary
References
55: Skin Disorders in Transgender Patients
Introduction
Transgender Patient Care
State of the Art
Disorders and Dermatological Treatments in Trans Women
Effects of Hormone Therapy
Hair Disorders
Gender Reassignment Surgery-Related Issues
Dermatoses of the Neogenitalia
Complications from Dermal Fillers for Facial/Body Contouring
HIV, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, and Other Health Disparities
Disorders and Dermatological Treatments in Trans Men
Acne
Androgenic Alopecia
Gender Reassignment Surgery-Related Issues
Perspectives
Glossary
References
56: Dermatosis in Conflict Zones and Disaster Areas
Introduction
Disasters Associated with Natural Hazards
War and Armed Conflicts
State of the Art
Skin Injuries Related to Chemical Warfare
War-Related Burn Injuries
Dermatology and Bioterrorism
Communicable Skin Diseases and Epidemics in Displaced Populations
Measles Outbreaks
Skin and Soft-Tissue Skin Infections
Vector-Mediated Skin Diseases
Malnutrition and Vitamin Deficiencies
Immersion Foot (Trench Foot) and Warm Water Immersion Injuries
Psychoemotional Stress as an Aggravating Factor for Skin Diseases
Future Perspectives
Glossary
References
Suggested Literature
57: Dermatology and Sports
Introduction
State of the Art
Lesions Caused by Infectious Agents
Herpes Gladiatorum
Common Warts
Tinea Corporis Gladiatorum
Tinea Pedis
Onychomycosis
Swimmer’s Ear
Sea Bather’s Eruption
Cercarial Dermatitis
Other Skin Infections
Lesions Caused by Traumatic Conditions
Friction Blisters
Calluses and Callosities
Calcaneal Petechiae (Black Heel)
Jogger’s Toe
Piezogenic Pedal Papules
Jogger’s Nipples
Knuckle Pads
Environment-Related Cutaneous Conditions
Contact Dermatitis
Xerosis
Mechanical Acne
Urticaria
Miscellaneous
Striae
Green Hair
Skin Cancer and Sun Protection
Doping Control and Dermatology
Perspectives: Final Remarks
Glossary
References
58: Photoprotection and the Environment
Introduction
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Ultraviolet Rays
Visible Light
Infrared Radiation
Radiation Influences on the Environment
Latitude and Altitude
Ozone
Time of Day and Season
Sites
State of the Art
Influence of Sun Radiation on the Organism
The Influence of Sun Radiation on the Skin
Influence of Sun Radiation on Outdoor Activities
Sports and Recreational Activities
Outdoor Occupational Activities
Pandemic and Indoor Activities
Photoprotective Measures
Topical Photoprotection
Photoprotection by Clothing and Accessories
Systemic Photoprotection
Photoprotection by Behavioral Strategies
Time and Place of Activities
UV Index
Shadow Rule
Eating Habits
Self-Examination of the Skin
Photosensitizing Agents
Educational Approaches for the Population
Photoprotection and Sustainable Development
Perspectives and Photoprotection Innovations
Conclusion
Glossary
References
59: Human Skin Bank
Introduction
Skin Harvesting
Skin Processing
Tissue Quality Control
Preservation Methods and Tissue Storage
Tissue Release and Distribution
Tissue Release
Distribution of Tissue for Clinical Use
Clinical Use of Allogeneic Skin
Burns
Classification of Burns and the Use of Allogeneic Skin
First-Degree Burns
Second-Degree Burns
Third-Degree Burns
Skin Defects Caused by Trauma
Chronic Wounds
Glossary
References
60: Marketing Influence on Body Image Perception: A Bioethical Perspective
Introduction
Aesthetics
Aesthetic Surgery and Bioethics
Principles of Bioethics
The Principle of Respect for Autonomy
The Principle of Nonmaleficence
The Principle of Beneficence
The Principle of Justice
The Patient-Health Professional Relationship and Decision-Making
Informed Consent
Aesthetic Medicine and the Media
Body Image Disorders
Future Perspectives
References
Recommended Reading
61: Quality of Life in Dermatology
Introduction
State of the Art
Methods of Measurement of Quality of Life
Quality of Life Scales in General
World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment (WHOQOL-100)
WHOQOL-BREF
The 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36)
Nottingham Health Profile (NHP)
Sickness Impact Profile (SIP)
Patient-Generated Index (PGI)
Quality of Life Scales in Dermatology
Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI)
Skindex-29
Dermatology-Specific Quality of Life (DSQL)
Quality of Life Scales in Specific Dermatoses
Psoriasis
Psoriasis Disability Index (PDI)
Psoriasis Life Stress Inventory (PLSI)
Psoriasis Index of Quality of Life (PSORIQoL)
Psychometric Assessment Tool (PsoDisk)
Individual Burden of Psoriasis (I-BOP)
Acne
Acne Disability Index (ADI)
Cardiff Acne Disability Index (CADI)
Assessment of the Psychological and Social Effects of Acne (APSEA)
Acne Quality of Life Scale (Acne-QoL)
Rosacea
Hidradenitis Suppurativa
Vitiligo
Vitiligo Life Quality Index (VLQI)
Vitiligo-Specific Health-Related Quality of Life Instrument (VitiQoL)
Vitiligo Impact Scale-22 (VIS-22)
Melasma
Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Dermatitis of the Scalp
Alopecia
Atopic Dermatitis (AD)
Cadis-SF15
Quality of Life Index for Atopic Dermatitis (QoLIAD)
Atopic Dermatitis Disability Index (ADDI)
Pruritus
QoL in Vulvar Lesions
Ichthyosis
Chronic Wounds
Quality of Life in Immunomediated Diseases
Urticaria
The Cholinergic Urticaria Quality of Life Questionnaire (CholU-QoL)
Angioedema
Lupus
Behçet’s Disease
Mastocytosis
The Mastocytosis Quality of Life Questionnaire (MC-QoL)
Quality of Life in Oncodermatology
The Skin Cancer Quality of Life Impact Tool (SCQOLIT)
Non-melanoma Skin Cancer
The Skin Cancer Quality of Life (SCQoL) Questionnaire
The Skin Cancer Index (SCI)
Quality of Life Scales Specific for the Evaluation of Pediatric Patients in Dermatology
Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL 4.0)
Children’s Dermatology Life Quality Index (CDLQI)
The Infants’ Dermatitis Quality of Life Index (IDQOL)
The Quality of Life Scale for Children (AUQEI)
Teenagers’ Quality of Life (T-QoL)
Quality of Life Assessment in Family Members
Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory: Family Impact Module (the PedsQL Family Impact Module)
Family Dermatology Life Quality Index (FDLQI)
Dermatitis Family Impact (DFI)
Parents’ Index of Quality of Life in Atopic Dermatitis (PIQoL-AD)
Childhood Atopic Dermatitis Impact Scale (CADIS)
The Psoriasis Family Index (PFI-15)
Conclusion and Perspectives
References
62: Vaccines and the Prevention of Dermatologic Diseases
Introduction
State of the Art
Vaccines Against HPV
Formulations
Schedules
Clinical Evidence
Special Populations
Safety
Vaccines Against Varicella Zoster
Varicella (Chicken Pox)
Formulations
Schedules
Clinical Evidence
Contraindications and Special Populations
Postexposure Prophylaxis
Safety
Herpes Zoster (Shingles)
Formulations
Schedule
Clinical Evidence
Contraindications and Special Populations
Safety
Vaccines Against Herpes Simplex
BCG Vaccination Against Tuberculosis, Leprosy (Hanseniasis), Buruli Ulcer, and Nontuberculous (Atypical) Mycobacterial Infections
Formulations
Schedule
Contraindications and Special Populations
Safety
Perspectives
Glossary
References
Suggested Literature
63: Dermatoscopy in the Public Health Environment
Introduction
Lower Cost “Instruments”
Colors and Structures
Two-Step Dermoscopy Algorithm
First Step: Melanocytic Versus Nonmelanocytic Lesions
Second Step: Benign Versus Malignant Melanocytic Lesions
Benign Melanocytic Nevi
Atypical Nevi or Clark Nevus
Atypical Mole Syndrome
Total Nevi, Atypical Nevi, and Melanoma Thickness
Nevi in Specific Body Sites
Facial Nevi
Acral Volar
Mucosal
Melanoma
Nodular Melanoma
Acral Melanoma
Melanoma in Facial Chronically Damaged Skin: Lentigo Maligna
Melanoma with Special Characteristics
Mucosal Melanoma
Non-nodular Hypomelanotic Melanoma
How Reliable Is Dermoscopy and How Much Time Is Needed to Perform It?
Nonmelanocytic Lesions
Seborrheic Keratosis
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Dermatofibroma
Vascular Lesions: Hemangioma and Angiokeratoma
Actinic Keratosis
Classical Nonpigmented Actinic Keratosis
Pigmented Actinic Keratosis
Other Frequent Uses of Dermoscopy
Common Daily Uses for Infections
Molluscum Contagiosum
Warts
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Intraepidermal Squamous Cell Carcinoma or in Situ Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Invasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Keratoacanthoma
Dermoscopy of Inflammatory Skin Diseases (Inflammoscopy)
Psoriasis
Eczematous Dermatitis
Lichen Planus
Rosacea
Demodicosis
Future Perspectives
References
Further Reading
64: Teledermatology
Introduction
State of the Art
Future Perspectives
Post-Pandemic Outlook
Post-Pandemic World
Glossary
References
Part IX: Signs and Symptoms of Skin Diseases in Public Health—A Practical Guide to Management
65: Pigmented Lesions
Introduction
Nevocellular or Common Pigmented Nevus
Concepts
Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
Congenital Melanocytic Nevi
Concepts
Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
Halo Nevus
Concepts and Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Nevus Spilus
Concepts and Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Becker’s Nevus
Concepts
Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Freckles
Concepts, Clinical Presentation, and Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Lentigines
Concepts and Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Café-au-Lait Spots
Concepts, Clinical Presentation, and Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Dermal Melanocytic Lesions
Mongolian Spots
Concepts, Clinical Presentation, and Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Nevus of Ota and Nevus of Ito
Concepts, Clinical Presentation, and Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Blue Nevi
Concepts, Clinical Presentation, and Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Pigmented Lesions Important in the Differential Diagnosis of Melanoma (See Also Chap. 17)
Spitz Nevus
Concepts, Clinical Presentation, and Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Reed Tumor
Concepts, Clinical Presentation, and Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Recurrent Nevus
Concepts and Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Atypical Nevus
Concepts
Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
References
Further Reading
66: Purpura
Concept
Morphology and Approach to the Patient with Purpura
Causes and Clinical Presentation
Mechanical Purpura
Platelet Disorders
Changes in Platelet Count
Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Drug-Induced Thrombocytopenia (DITP)
Thrombotic Microangiopathies
Decrease in Platelet Production
Sequestration of Platelets
Congenital and Acquired Platelet Dysfunction
Coagulation Disorders
Vessel Disorders
Actinic Purpura or Senile Purpura
Scurvy
Pigmented Purpuric Dermatoses
Schamberg’s Purpura
Gougerot and Blum’s Disease
Eczematide-Like Purpura of Doucas and Kapetanakis
Lichen Aureus
Microvascular Occlusion
Hypergammaglobulinemic Purpura of Waldenström
Heparin-Induced Necrosis
Cryoagglutination Disorders
Vascular Occlusion Due to Microorganisms
Ecthyma Gangrenosum
Lucio’s Phenomenon
Disseminated Strongyloidiasis
Opportunistic Fungai Infections
Embolization Disorders
Cholesterol Embolus or “Blue Toe Syndrome”
Atrial Myxomas
Infective Endocarditis
Other Purpuras
Gardner-Diamond Syndrome
Diagnosis
Management
Glossary
References
67: Pruritus
Concepts
Epidemiology
Classification
Neurophysiology
Mediators of Pruritus
Pruritus in Systemic Diseases
Pruritus in Chronic Kidney Diseases
Pruritus in Liver Disease
Pruritus in Hematologic Diseases
Pruritus in Endocrinological Diseases
Pruritus in Psychiatric Diseases
Pruritus in Neurological Diseases
Pruritus in HIV Infection
Pruritus in Dermatological Diseases
Drug-Induced Pruritus
Diagnosis
Management
Topical Treatment
Systemic Treatment
References
68: Prurigo
Concepts
Clinical Presentation
Acute Prurigo
Acute Prurigo: Simplex
Acute Prurigo Simplex: Adulthood
Prurigo Hebra
Subacute Prurigo
Chronic Prurigo
Endogenous and Exogenous Factors Related to Prurigo
Atopy
Internal Diseases
Malabsorption
Malignancy
Emotional Factors
Prurigo of Pregnancy
Ethnic Predisposition
Infections and Parasitic Infections
Contact Allergy and Drug Reactions
Light Eruption
Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Topical Treatments
Systemic Treatments
Glossary
References
69: Ulcers Legs and Lymphedema
Chronic Leg Ulcers
Introduction
Venous Ulcer
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Test
Therapeutic Approach
Compression Therapy
Ulcer Treatment
Systemic Drug Therapy
Surgical Treatment of Venous Ulcer
Ancillary Measures
Methods to Prevent Relapses
Arterial Ulcer
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Test
Therapeutic Approach
Neuropathic Ulcers
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Complementary Test
Therapeutic Approach
Less Common Causes of Chronic Leg Ulcers
Hypertensive Ischemic Ulcer (Martorell Ulcer)
Clinical Presentation
Therapeutic Approach
Pyoderma Gangrenosum
Leg Ulcers in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Leg Ulcers Due to Vasculitis
Leg Ulcers Due to Thrombophilia
Livedoid Vasculopathy
Leg Ulcers Associated with Hematologic Diseases
Leg Ulcer Due to Infections
Leg Ulcer of Neoplastic Origin
Leg Ulcer Due to Lymphedema
Other Causes of Chronic Leg Ulcers
Lymphedema
Glossary
References
70: Urticaria
Introduction
Acute Urticaria
Chronic Urticaria
Physiopathologic Mechanisms/Etiologic Factors
Helicobacter pylori Infection and Its Relation to CU
Chronic Urticaria: Food as a Cause of Pseudoallergic Reactions
Dental Infections and Urticaria
Hepatitis B and C Infection
Helminthic Parasites and Infestations
Chronic Urticaria and Thyroid
Autoimmune/Autoreactive Chronic Urticaria
Chronic Urticaria and Allergic Etiology
Definition, Classification, and Course of the Disease
Diagnosis
Considerations on Autologous Serum Skin Test
Considerations on the Autologous Plasma Skin Test
Treatment
Other Pharmacologic Interventions in Chronic Urticaria (Third-Line Agents)
Immunosuppressors
Cyclosporine
Methotrexate
Cyclophosphamide
Biologic Agents
Omalizumab
Intravenous Immunoglobulin
Anti-CD20 Drugs (Rituximab and Others)
Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNF-α) Agents
Corticosteroids
Drugs with Anti-Inflammatory Effects
Hydroxychloroquine
Colchicine
Dapsone
Sulfasalazine
Leukotriene Receptor Antagonist (Montelukast)
Anticoagulants
Levothyroxine
Therapeutic Strategies in Clinical Practice
Chronic Urticaria: Severity Markers and Disease Prognosis
The Possible Future of Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria Treatment
Summary
References
71: Erythema Nodosum
Introduction
Concepts
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnoses
Therapeutic Approach
Etiologic Treatment: The Impact of Etiologies Associated with EN
Streptococcal Pharyngitis
Tuberculosis and Atypical Mycobacteriosis
Sarcoidosis
Pregnancy and Oral Contraceptives
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
Behcet’s Disease
Medications
Malignancies
COVID 19
Future Perspectives
Glossary
References
Suggested Literature
72: Rash
Introduction
Current Condition of the Disease
Clinical Presentation
Rash: Children
Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease
Erythema Infectiosum
Exanthema Subitum
Scarlet Fever
Varicella
Measles
Rubella
Kawasaki Disease
Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome
Gianotti–Crosti Syndrome
Miliaria
Meningococcemia
Rash: Adults
Drug Eruptions
Erythema Multiforme
Contact Dermatitis
Pityriasis Rosea
Secondary Syphilis
Emerging Dermatologic Viral Diseases
Coronavirus Disease
Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Future Perspectives
Glossary
References
Further Reading
73: Alopecia
Hair Shaft Disorders
Monilethrix
Trichorrhexis Invaginata
Trichorrhexis Nodosa
Pili Torti
Pili Annulati
Trichothiodystrophy
Woolly Hair
Inflammatory Scalp Diseases
Psoriasis
Seborrheic Dermatitis
Scalp Infectious Diseases
Syphilitic Alopecia
Tinea Capitis
Acquired Nonscarring Alopecia
Acute Telogen Effluvium
Chronic Telogen Effluvium
Alopecia Areata
Androgenetic Alopecia or Female and Male Pattern Hair Loss
Trichotillomania
Primary Cicatricial Alopecia
Lichen Planopilaris
Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia
Lassueur Graham-Little Piccardi Syndrome
Fibrosing Alopecia in a Pattern Distribution
Discoid Lupus Erythematosus Alopecia
Folliculitis Decalvans
Dissecting Cellulitis
Central Centrifugal Cicatricial Alopecia
Traction Alopecia
Glossary
References
74: Stains
Introduction
State of the Art and Future Perspectives
Hypochromic Stains
Acquired Hypomelanosis
Vitiligo
Guttate Leukoderma (Idiopathic Guttate Hypomelanosis)
Progressive Macular Hypomelanosis
Melanoma-Associated Leukoderma
Postinflammatory Hypomelanosis
Pityriasis Alba
Hypopigmented Mycosis Fungoides
Scleroderma
Lichen Sclerosus
Lupus Erythematosus
Leukoderma by Chemical Substances
Drug-Induced Leukoderma
Sarcoidosis
Infectious/Parasitic Hypomelanosis
Pityriasis Versicolor
Leprosy
Syphilis
Hereditary and Congenital Hypomelanosis
Albinism
Piebaldism
Tuberous Sclerosis
Nevus Achromicus
Hyperchromic Stains
Acquired Hyperchromic Stains
Postinflammatory Hyperpigmentation
Melasma
Phytophotodermatitis
Erythema Dyschromicum Perstans
Fixed Pigmented Erythema
Flagellate Dermatitis
Poikiloderma de Riehl-Civatte
Lichen Planus
Lichen Planus Pigmentosus
Atrophoderma of Pasini and Pierini
Hereditary Hyperchromic Stains
Mongolian Spot
Nevus of Ota
Nevus of Ito
Becker Nevus
Speckled Lentiginous Nevus
Ephelides (Freckles)
Café-au-Lait Spots
Other Genetic Hyperpigmentations
Hyperchromia Secondary to Systemic Diseases
Addison’s disease
Cutaneous Amyloidosis
Mastocytosis
Hyperchromia Secondary to External Components
Ochronosis
Miscellaneous Hyperchromia
Vascular and Blood Stains
Purpura
Nonpalpable Purpura
Palpable Purpura
Henoch-Schönlein Purpura
Pigmented Purpuric Dermatoses
Raynaud’s Phenomenon
Livedo Reticularis
Glossary
References
75: Xerosis
Introduction
State of the Art
Pathogenesis of Dry Skin
Epidemiology and Clinical Aspects of Xerosis
Skin Diseases and Conditions Related to Xerosis
Environmental Humidity and Temperature
Surfactant-Related Xerosis
Aging
Atopic Dermatitis
Ichthyosis
Systemic Diseases and Drugs
Treatment
Prevention
General Measures
Topical Treatment
Adverse Effects of Topical Treatment for Xerosis
Future Perspectives
Glossary
References
Suggested Reading
76: Hyperhidrosis
Introduction
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Classification
Primary Hyperhidrosis
Axillary Hyperhidrosis
Plantar and Palmar Hyperhidrosis
Inguinal Hyperhidrosis or Hexsel’s Hyperhidrosis
Localized Unilateral Hyperhidrosis
Secondary Hyperhidrosis
Secondary Generalized Hyperhidrosis
Secondary Focal Hyperhidrosis
Gustatory Sweating
Cutaneous Disorders
Other Forms of Secondary Hyperhidrosis
Associated Factors and Conditions
Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Nonpharmacologic Treatment
Weight Control
Nonthermogenic Diet
Physical Exercise
Clothing
Weather Conditions
Topical Treatments
Oral Treatments
Iontophoresis
Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A (BoNT-A) Treatment
Lasers
Microwave-Based Treatment
Focused Ultrasound Therapy
Surgical Therapy
Glossary
References
77: Nail Diseases
Onychomycosis
Introduction
Concepts
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Nail Lichen Planus
Introduction
Concepts
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Nail Psoriasis
Introduction
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Periungual Warts
Introduction
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Melanocytic Lesions in the Nail Unit
Concepts
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Tumors in the Nail Unit
Concepts
Myxoid Cyst
Glomus Tumor
Nail Keratoacanthoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Bowen’s Disease
Onychomatricoma
Nail Apparatus Melanoma
Ingrown Toenail
Concepts
Clinical Presentation
Ingrown Toenail in Infancy
Lateral and Distal Nail Fold Hypertrophy
Pincer Nails
Juvenile Ingrown Toenail
Therapeutic Approach
Conservative Treatment
Surgical Treatment
Nail Edge Excision without Matricectomy
Definitive Narrowing of the Nail Plate
Debulking of Periungual Soft Tissues
Paronychia
Concepts
Acute Paronychia
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Chronic Paronychia
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Clinical Treatment
Surgical Treatment
Glossary
References
78: Metatarsalgia, Calluses, and Callosities of the Feet
Introduction
Anatomic and Biomedical Considerations of the Foot
Clinical Presentation
Primary Metatarsalgia
Secondary Metatarsalgia
Calluses (Helomas)
Toe Calluses
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Therapeutic Approach
Orthopedic Deformities in the Toes
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Treatment
Interdigital Calluses
Clinical Presentation
Treatment
Intertriginous Callus
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Treatment
Callosities (Tylomas)
Diagnosis
Treatment
Plantar Wart
Concepts
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Treatment
Glossary
References
Part X: Dermatological Biopsy and Major Histopathological Patterns
79: Skin Biopsy
Introduction
Choice of Lesion Area for Biopsy
Complementary Research
Standard Protocol for Skin Biopsies
Types of Biopsy
Punch
Technique
Curettage
Technique
Shave Biopsy
Technique
Deep Shave Biopsy/Saucerization
Technique
Elliptical Biopsy
Technique
Nail Biopsy
Technique
Glossary
References
80: Major Histopathological Patterns in Dermatology
Introduction
Spongiotic Dermatitis (Eczema)
Pityriasis Rosea
Lichenoid/Vacuolar Interface Dermatitis
Lichen Planus (LP)
Benign Lichenoid Keratosis (Lichen Planus-Like Keratosis)
Lichen Nitidus
Lichen Striatus
Lichen Sclerosus (et atrophicus)
Pityriasis Lichenoides
Erythema Multiforme (EM), Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), and Steven-Johnson Syndrome (SJS)
Fixed Drug Eruption
Graft-Versus-Host Disease
Neutrophilic Diffuse Dermal Inflammatory Dermatosis
Acute Febrile Neutrophilic Dermatosis (Sweet Syndrome)
Pyoderma Gangrenosum (PG)
Wells Syndrome (Eosinophilic Cellulitis)
Interstitial Granulomatous Dermatitis (IGD) (Palisaded Neutrophilic and Granulomatous Dermatitis)
Psoriasiform Dermatitis [1–3]
Psoriasis
Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris
Pellagra
Necrolytic Acral Erythema
Necrolytic Migratory Erythema
Vesiculobullous Diseases [1–3]
Grover’s Disease: Transient Acantholytic Dermatosis
Darier Disease
Hailey-Hailey Disease: Familial Benign Chronic Pemphigus
Bullous pemphigoid
Dermatitis herpetiformis: Duhring Brocq
Cicatricial Pemphigoid: Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid
Epidermolysis bullosa Acquisita: Dermolytic Pemphigoid
Linear IgA Bullous Dermatosis
Porphyria cutanea tarda
Pemphigus vulgaris
Pemphigus vegetans
Pemphigus foliaceus
Paraneoplastic pemphigus [1–4]
Perivascular and Interstitial Dermatitis [1, 5]
Urticaria
Arthopod Bite Reaction
Polymorphous Light Eruption
Jessner Lymphocytic Infiltrate
Erythema annulare Centrifugum
Perniosis
Purpuric Pigmented Dermatosis
Granulomatous Dermatoses [1, 5]
Granuloma annulare
O’brien’s Actinic Granuloma
Necrobiosis lipoidica
Necrobiotic Xanthogranuloma
Rheumatoid Nodule
Sarcoidosis
Foreign Body Granuloma
Vasculitis [1–4]
Leukocytoclastic Vasculitis
Granuloma faciale
Erythema elevatum diutinum
Collagenosis
Lupus Erythematosus
Chronic Cutaneous Lupus
Subacute Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus (SCLE)
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
Neonatal LE
Bullous Lupus Erythematosus
Differential Diagnosis
Dermatomyositis
Differential Diagnosis
Panniculitis
Septal Panniculitis
Lobular Panniculitis
Septal Panniculitis
Erythema Nodosum (EN)
Differential Diagnosis
Lobular Panniculitis
Pancreatic Panniculitis
Alpha-1-Antitrypsin Deficiency
Differential Diagnosis
Erythema Induratum and Nodular Vasculitis
Differential Diagnosis
Subcutaneous Fat Necrosis of the Newborn (SCFN)
Sclerema Neonatorum
Differential Diagnosis
Genodermatosis [1, 3, 5]
Incontinentia pigmenti
Porokeratosis
Ichthyosis
Confluent and reticulated papillomatosis (of Gougerot and Carteaud) (CARP)
Differential Diagnosis
Acrokeratosis Verruciformis of Hopf
Alopecia [1, 5, 6]
Androgenetic alopecia (AGA)
Telogen effluvium (TE)
Alopecia Areata (AA)
Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia (FFA)
Lichen Planus Pilaris (LPP)
Folliculitis Decalvans (FD)
Dissecting Folliculitis (DF)
Discoid Lupus Erythematosus
Glossary
References
Part XI: Multidisciplinary Team and Dermatological Care
81: Dermatological Assistance in the Primary Health Care: A Brazilian Nursing Approach
Introduction
The Practice of the Nurse in the Skin Care
The Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19) Pandemic and the Treatment of Lesions
Final Considerations
Glossary
References
82: Care Wounds: Dressings
Introduction
Evaluation
The Etiology
Management Chart for Chronic Wounds
Evaluation of Wounds
The Time Span
The Depth
The Presence of Infection
Regarding the Type of Wound Healing
The Phases of the Healing Process [4]
Tissues Found in the Bed of the Wounds
Treatment of Wounds
Debridement
Types of Debridement
Dressings: A Rapid Guide
Glossary
References
83: Physical Therapy in Leprosy
Introduction
State of Art
Pathophysiology of Nerve Damage in Leprosy
Face
Facial Nerve
Trigeminal Nerve
Nose
The Arms
Ulnar Nerve Injury
Median Nerve Injury
Injury to the Radial Nerve
Lower Limbs
Common Peroneal Nerve
Tibial Nerve
Psychosocial Aspects of Leprosy
Assessments and Preventive Measures
Simplified Neurological Assessment
Investigation of the Main Complaint
Inspection
Nerve Palpation (Figs. 83.7–83.11)
Sensitivity Assessment
Evaluation of Corneal Sensitivity
Sensitivity Test for the Hands and Feet
Motor Assessment (Figs. 83.15–83.19)
Classification of the Degree of Disability (WHO)
Simple Techniques to Prevent Disability and for Self-care
Assistive Technology
Orthoses and Adaptations
Self-care
Assessment of Quality of Life
Assessments and Measures for Surgical Rehabilitation
Reconstructive Surgeries
Neural Decompression
Sensory Education in a Leprosy Context
Future Perspectives
References
84: Psychological Approaches in Treating Patients with Dermatological Diseases
Introduction
State of the Art
Psychology and Integrality
Skin and Psyche Interface
Therapeutic Modalities
Individual Therapy
Family Therapy
Couple Therapy
Group Therapy
Psychodermatosis Group with Children
Psychodermatosis Group with Adults
Psychoeducational Group: Group Therapy for Patients with Atopic Dermatitis
Multidisciplinary Approach: Integrating Psychology and Nutrition
Perspectives and Final Considerations
Glossary
References
Part XII: Special Chapters
85: Dermatological Education in Public Health: The Teaching of Dermatology
Introduction
The Medical Course and the Positioning of Dermatology
Dermatology Teaching Methodology
Teaching Dermatology for Undergraduate
Teaching at the Dermatology Residency
Evaluation
Computerization of Teaching and Distance Learning
The Role of Social Media in Teaching
Artificial Intelligence Revolutionizing Learning in Dermatology
Teledermatology
Patient Education
Final Considerations
References
86: Hospital Dermatology: The Role of Dermatologists in Hospital Settings
Introduction
General Aspects
Dermatological Diseases and Hospital Admissions
The Origins of Hospital Dermatology: From Saint Louis Hospital to the Society of Dermatology Hospitalists
Dermatology Consultations
Hospital Dermatology Contributions to Medical Education
Hospital Care and Training in Dermatology
Difficulties and Challenges for Hospital Dermatology Consolidation
Clinical Aspects
Dermatoses in Dermatology Consultations
Hospital Consultations for Internal Medicine
Erythroderma
Hospital Consultations for Hematology and Transplantation Specialties
Graft-Versus-Host Disease (GVHD)
Hospital Consultations for Nephrology
Calciphylaxis
Hospital Consultations for Oncology and Surgery
Cutaneous Metastases
Hospital Consultations for Pneumology and Infectology
Covid-19
Hospital Consultations for Intensive Medicine and Nursing
Pressure Ulcers
Demonstrative Images of Skin Diseases Managed in Hospital Settings
Conclusion
Glossary
References
87: Brief History of Dermatology (Pandemics Included)
Introduction
History
Primitive Dermatology
Egyptian Civilization, Edwìn-Smith and Ebers Papyrus: From Wounds and Tumors to the First Cosmiatric Formulations
Hippocrates: The Legacy of the “Father of Medicine” for Dermatology
The Roman Empire and the Dermatological Descriptions of Aurelius Celsus
Pre-Modern Dermatology
From Medieval Inertia to the First Classifications of Skin Diseases
Modern Dermatology
The Great European Medical Schools and the Rise of Dermatology
The Austrian School
The British School
The French School
Scientific Dermatology
The Science of Dermatology: the First Journals, Congresses, and Societies
Microbiology: Discovering the Etiology of Infectious Diseases
Syphilis and Penicillin: The Ethics Abandonment in the Tuskegee Study
The Innovations of the Twentieth Century
Dermatoscopy
Phototherapy
Cryosurgery
Patch Test
Lasers
Retinoids
Immunosuppressants
Probiotics and Prebiotics
Technoscientific Dermatology
Teledermatology: The Use of Digital Media as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Resource
Nanomedicine: Nanoemollients, Nanoprotectors, and Drug Delivery
Special Topics in the History of Dermatology
Hanseniasis: The Oldest Skin Disease of Humanity?
Dermatological Depictions Throughout History: From Paintings to the Invention of Photography
A Brief History of Dermatological Surgery
A Brief History of Dermatological Cosmiatry
Dermatology and Global Pandemics
Smallpox: The Pandemics that Brought Down Empires
HIV and AIDS: The Silent Pandemic that Challenged Medicine
COVID-19: Humanity Tested in the Greatest Pandemic of the Twenty-First Century
Conclusion
References
Suggested Reading
Index
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