Dermatology Essentials

Dermatology Essentials
Copyright page
Preface
Acknowledgments
Dedication
List of Abbreviations
1 Basic Principles of Dermatology
2 Bedside Diagnostics
Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) Preparation of Scales
Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) Preparation of Hair Shafts
Mineral Oil Scraping for Suspected Scabies
Tzanck Smear
Microscopic Examination of Molluscum Bodies
Gram Stain
Dermal Scrapings and Touch Preps
Giemsa Stain for Eosinophils or Amastigotes
Acid-Fast Stain for Leprosy
Evaluation of Folliculitis
Dark Field Microscopy for Treponemal Infections
Hair Shaft Examination
3 Fever and Rash
Kawasaki Disease
Periodic Fever Syndromes
4 Pruritus and Dysesthesia
Definitions
Pruritus
Etiologies
Diagnostic Pearls
Approach to the Patient with Pruritus
Management of Pruritus
Classic Clinical Findings from Chronic Pruritus
Lichen Simplex Chronicus (LSC)
Prurigo Nodularis
Neurologic Etiologies of Pruritus and Dysesthesia
Neuropathic Itch
Trigeminal Trophic Syndrome (TTS)
Radiculopathies
Notalgia Paresthetica
Brachioradial Pruritus
Meralgia Paresthetica
Small Fiber Polyneuropathies (SFPN)
Dysesthesia Syndromes
Burning Mouth Syndrome (Orodynia)
Burning Scalp Syndrome (Scalp Dysesthesia)
Dysesthetic Anogenital Syndromes
5 Psychocutaneous Disorders
Introduction
The More Common Primary Psychiatric Disorders Seen in Dermatology
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Psychogenic (Neurotic) Excoriations
Acne Excoriée
Trichotillomania
Cutting (Self-Injury)
Dermatitis Artefacta
Delusions of Parasitosis
6 Psoriasis
Key Points
Variants
Chronic Plaque Psoriasis
Guttate Psoriasis
Linear Psoriasis
Erythrodermic Psoriasis
Pustular Psoriasis
Special Sites
Scalp
Flexural (Inverse Psoriasis)
Oral
Nail (See Chapter 58)
Sneddon–Wilkinson Disease (Subcorneal Pustular Dermatosis)
Psoriatic Arthritis (See Table 6.1)
Treatment
7 Other Papulosquamous
Disorders
Parapsoriasis
Pityriasis Lichenoides et Varioliformis Acuta (PLEVA) and Pityriasis Lichenoides Chronica (PLC)
Pityriasis Rosea
Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris
Pityriasis Rotunda
Granular Parakeratosis
8 Erythroderma
Introduction
9 Lichen Planus and Lichenoid Dermatoses
Lichen Planus
Lichenoid Drug Eruption
Lichen Striatus
Lichen Nitidus
Erythema Dyschromicum Perstans (EDP; Ashy Dermatosis)
Keratosis Lichenoides Chronica
Actinic Lichen Nitidus (Summertime Actinic Lichenoid Eruption)
Annular Lichenoid Dermatitis (of Youth)
10 Atopic Dermatitis
Introduction
Clinical Features and Disease Stages of AD
Infantile AD (Age < 2 Years)
Childhood AD (Age 2–12 Years)
Adolescent/Adult AD (Age > 12 Years)
Associated Features of AD
Keratosis Pilaris
Pityriasis Alba
Complications of AD
Triggers of AD
Treatment of AD
11 Other Eczematous Eruptions
Seborrheic Dermatitis
Asteatotic Eczema (Xerotic Eczema, Eczema Craquelé)
Stasis Dermatitis
Autosensitization Dermatitis (Id Reaction)
Infectious Eczematous (Eczematoid) Dermatitis
Nummular Eczema (Nummular Dermatitis)
Dyshidrotic Eczema (Acute and Recurrent Vesicular Hand Dermatitis)
Juvenile Plantar Dermatosis
Infective Dermatitis
12 Irritant and Allergic Contact Dermatitis, Occupational Dermatoses, and Dermatoses Due to Plants
Key Points
Irritant Contact Dermatitis
Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Common Allergens
Metals
Topical Antibiotics
Fragrances
Preservatives
Other Important Allergens
Topical Corticosteroids
Systemic Contact Dermatitis
Occupational Dermatoses
Plant Dermatoses
13 Clinical Approach to Regional Dermatoses
Dermatitis of the Hands and Feet
Intertriginous Dermatitis
Diaper Dermatitis
Cheilitis
Eyelid Dermatitis
14 Urticaria and Angioedema
Spontaneous (‘Ordinary’) Urticaria: Acute and Chronic
Physical (Inducible) Urticaria
Dermographism (‘Skin Writing’)
Delayed Pressure Urticaria
Cold Urticaria
Cholinergic Urticaria
Solar Urticaria
Contact Urticaria
Schnitzler’s Syndrome
Hereditary Angioedema (HAE)
15 Figurate Erythemas
Erythema Annulare Centrifugum (EAC)
Erythema Marginatum
Erythema Gyratum Repens
Erythema Migrans (EM; Erythema Chronicum Migrans [ECM])
16 Erythema Multiforme, Stevens–Johnson Syndrome, and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis
Erythema Multiforme
Stevens–Johnson Syndrome (SJS) and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN)
17 Drug Reactions
18 Purpura and Disorders of Microvascular Occlusion
Selected Microvascular Occlusion Syndromes (See Table 18.2)
Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APLS)
Livedoid Vasculopathy
Other Purpuric Disorders
Pigmented Purpuric Dermatoses (Capillaritis)
Hypergammaglobulinemic Purpura of Waldenström
19 Vasculitis
Cutaneous Small Vessel Vasculitis (CSVV)
Henoch–Schönlein Purpura (HSP)
Acute Hemorrhagic Edema of Infancy
Urticarial Vasculitis
Erythema Elevatum Diutinum
Small and Medium-Sized Vessel Vasculitis
Cryoglobulinemic Vasculitis (See Table 18.3)
ANCA-Associated Vasculitis
Predominantly Medium-Sized Vessel Vasculitis
Polyarteritis Nodosa (PAN): Classic (Systemic) and Cutaneous Variants
Classic (Systemic) PAN
Cutaneous PAN
Diagnostic Approach to Patients with Suspected Cutaneous Vasculitis
20 Eosinophilic Dermatoses
Granuloma Faciale
Exaggerated Insect Bite and Insect Bite-Like Reactions (Eosinophilic Dermatosis Associated with Hematologic Disorders/Malignancies)
Papuloerythroderma of Ofuji
Wells’ Syndrome (Eosinophilic Cellulitis)
Hypereosinophilic Syndrome
21 Neutrophilic Dermatoses
Sweet’s Syndrome (Acute Febrile Neutrophilic Dermatosis)
Pyoderma Gangrenosum (PG)
Behçet’s Disease
Bowel-Associated Dermatosis–Arthritis Syndrome (Bowel Bypass Syndrome)
Synovitis, Acne, Pustulosis, Hyperostosis, and Osteitis (SAPHO) Syndrome
22 Pregnancy Dermatoses
Polymorphic Eruption of Pregnancy (PEP; Pruritic Urticarial Papules and Plaques of Pregnancy [PUPPP])
Pemphigoid Gestationis (PG; Gestational Pemphigoid)
Atopic Eruption of Pregnancy
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy
Physiological Changes During Pregnancy
23 Pemphigus
Pemphigus Vulgaris and Pemphigus Vegetans
Pemphigus Foliaceus, Pemphigus Erythematosus, and Fogo Selvagem
Paraneoplastic Pemphigus
IgA Pemphigus
Drug-Induced Pemphigus
24 Bullous Pemphigoid, Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid, and Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita
Bullous Pemphigoid (BP)
Mucous Membrane (Cicatricial) Pemphigoid
Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita (EBA)
25 Dermatitis Herpetiformis and Linear IgA Bullous Dermatosis
Dermatitis Herpetiformis (DH)
Linear IgA Bullous Dermatosis (LABD)
26 Epidermolysis Bullosa
Clinical Features of EB
Management of EB
27 Other Vesiculobullous Diseases
Friction Blisters
Edema Bullae (Edema Blisters)
Bullosis Diabeticorum (Diabetic Bullae)
Delayed Postburn/Postgraft Blisters
Coma Bullae (Coma Blisters)
28 Vesiculopustular and Erosive Disorders in Newborns and Infants
Common Transient Conditions
Erythema Toxicum Neonatorum (‘e tox’)
Transient Neonatal Pustular Melanosis
Miliaria (Heat Rash)
Neonatal Cephalic Pustulosis (Neonatal Acne)
Sucking Blister
Infectious Diseases
Cutaneous Candidiasis
Bullous Impetigo (See Chapter 61)
Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Infection (See Chapter 67)
Uncommon Conditions
Eosinophilic Pustular Folliculitis in Infancy
Infantile Acropustulosis (Acropustulosis of Infancy)
Incontinentia Pigmenti (IP) (See Chapter 51)
29 Acne Vulgaris
Clinical Features and Variants of Acne
Post-Adolescent Acne
Acne Excoriée
Acne Fulminans
Solid Facial Edema (Morbihan’s Disease)
Neonatal Acne (Neonatal Cephalic Pustulosis) (See Chapter 28)
Infantile Acne
Contact Acne
Chloracne
Drug-Induced Acne and Acneiform Eruptions
Acne Associated with a Syndrome
Evaluation and Treatment of Acne
Tips for Topical Therapy
30 Rosacea and Periorificial Dermatitis
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
31 Folliculitis
Superficial Folliculitis
Deep Folliculitis
Pseudofolliculitis Barbae (PFB)
Acne Keloidalis
Hidradenitis Suppurativa
32 Disorders of Eccrine and
Apocrine Glands
Eccrine Glands
Apocrine Glands
Hyperhidrosis
Hypohidrosis (and Anhidrosis)
Bromhidrosis (Foul-Smelling Sweat)
Chromhidrosis
Sweat Retention Disorders
Miliaria
Fox–Fordyce Disease (Apocrine Miliaria)
Grover’s Disease
Hidradenitis
Neutrophilic Eccrine Hidradenitis
Idiopathic Palmoplantar Hidradenitis
Other
Keratolysis Exfoliativa
33 Lupus Erythematosus
General
Drug-Induced Lupus Erythematosus
Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus: Specific Lesions
Chronic Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus (CCLE)
Discoid Lupus Erythematosus (DLE)
Lupus Erythematosus (LE) Tumidus
Lupus Panniculitis (See Chapter 83)
Chilblain Lupus (SLE Pernio)
Subacute Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus (SCLE)
Neonatal SCLE (NLE)
Acute Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus (ACLE)
Other
Bullous Eruption of SLE
Acute Syndrome of Apoptotic Pan-Epidermolysis (ASAP)/ Rowell’s Syndrome
Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus: Nonspecific Lesions
Vascular Lesions and the Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome (APL)
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
34 Dermatomyositis
35 Systemic Sclerosis and Sclerodermoid Disorders
Systemic Sclerosis (SSc)
Raynaud’s Phenomenon
Sclerodermoid Disorders
Eosinophilic Fasciitis (Shulman’s Syndrome)
Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis (NSF)
Stiff Skin Syndrome
36 Morphea and Lichen Sclerosus
Morphea (Localized Scleroderma)
Lichen Sclerosus (LS)
Genital LS in Females
Genital LS in Males
Extragenital LS
37 Other Rheumatologic Diseases
Systemic-Onset Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (SoJIA; Still’s Disease) and Adult-Onset Still’s Disease (AoSD)
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Interstitial Granulomatous Dermatitis (IGD) and Palisaded Neutrophilic and Granulomatous Dermatitis (PNGD)
Sjögren’s Syndrome
Relapsing Polychondritis
Mixed Connective Tissue Disease (MCTD)
38 Mucinoses
Scleredema
Scleromyxedema/Papular Mucinosis
Pretibial Myxedema
Generalized Myxedema
Self-Healing Cutaneous Mucinosis
Reticular Erythematous Mucinosis (REM)
Cutaneous Lupus Mucinosis/Papulonodular Mucinosis (of Gold)
Follicular Mucinosis (Alopecia Mucinosis)
Other Entities
39 Amyloidosis
Systemic Amyloidosis
Localized Cutaneous Amyloidosis
40 Deposition Disorders
Gout
Lipoid Proteinosis
Colloid Milium
Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS)
41 Porphyrias
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda (PCT)
Erythropoietic Protoporphyria (EPP)
Variegate Porphyria (VP)
Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria (CEP)
Pseudoporphyria (Pseudo-PCT, Bullous Dermatosis of Dialysis)
42 Calcinosis Cutis and Osteoma Cutis
Calcinosis Cutis
Calcinosis Cutis – Dystrophic
Calcinosis Cutis – Metastatic
Calcinosis Cutis – Iatrogenic and Idiopathic
Osteoma Cutis
43 Nutritional Disorders
Malnutrition
Marasmus (Protein- Energy Malnutrition)
Kwashiorkor (Protein or Wet Malnutrition)
Vitamins
Vitamin D
Minerals
Essential Fatty Acids (EFAs)
Anorexia/Bulimia
Carotenoderma
Obesity
44 Graft-Versus-Host Disease
Acute GVHD
Chronic GVHD
45 Skin Signs of Systemic Disease
Introduction
Pulmonary Disease and the Skin
Cardiac Disease and the Skin
Gastrointestinal Disease and the Skin
Liver Disease and the Skin
Renal Disease and the Skin
Skin Signs of Internal Malignancy
Skin Signs of Endocrine Disorders and Metabolic Disease
46 Ichthyoses and Erythrokeratodermas
Ichthyosis Vulgaris (IV)
X-Linked Recessive Ichthyosis (XLRI; Steroid Sulfatase Deficiency)
Epidermolytic Ichthyosis (EI; Bullous Congenital Ichthyosiform Erythroderma, Epidermolytic Hyperkeratosis [EHK])
Nonsyndromic Autosomal Recessive Congenital Ichthyosis (ARCI): Lamellar Ichthyosis and Congenital Ichthyosiform Erythroderma (CIE)
Collodion Baby
Lamellar Ichthyosis
Congenital Ichthyosiform Erythroderma
Other Ichthyoses and Erythrokeratodermas
47 Keratodermas
48 Darier Disease and Hailey–Hailey Disease
Darier Disease (Keratosis Follicularis)
Hailey–Hailey Disease (Familial Benign Chronic Pemphigus)
49 Primary Immunodeficiencies
Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis (CMC)
Complement Disorders
Hyperimmunoglobulin E Syndromes (HIESs)
50 Neurofibromatosis and Tuberous Sclerosis
Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (von Recklinghausen Disease)
Tuberous Sclerosis
51 Mosaic Skin Conditions
Epidermal Nevi and ‘Epidermal Nevus Syndromes’
Mosaicism in Autosomal Dominant Skin Conditions
Mosaicism in X-Linked Conditions
Incontinentia Pigmenti (IP)
Goltz Syndrome (Focal Dermal Hypoplasia)
X-Linked Dominant Ichthyosiform Conditions
Lethal Disorders Rescued by Mosaicism
Mosaic Manifestations of Acquired Skin Conditions
52 Other Genodermatoses
Disorders Featuring Extracutaneous Tumorigenesis
Cowden Disease and Other Forms of PTEN Hamartoma Tumor Syndrome
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes
Muir–Torre Syndrome (MTS)
Gardner Syndrome
Birt–Hogg–Dubé Syndrome
Reed Syndrome (Hereditary Leiomyomatosis and Renal Cell Cancer Syndrome)
Enzyme Deficiency Disorders
Alkaptonuria
Fabry Disease
Phenylketonuria
Mitochondrial Disorders
Premature Aging Disorders
Hutchinson–Gilford Progeria Syndrome
Werner Syndrome
Ectodermal Dysplasias
53 Developmental Anomalies
Midline Lesions of the Nose or Scalp
Dermoid Cysts
Cephaloceles
Nasal Gliomas, Other Heterotopic Brain Tissue, and Rudimentary Meningoceles
Midline Cervical, Sternal, and Supraumbilical Clefts
Midline Lesions Overlying the Spine
Aplasia Cutis Congenita (Congenital Absence of Skin)
Congenital Lip and Ear Pits
Accessory Tragi (Preauricular Tags)
Branchial Cleft Cysts, Sinuses, and Fistulae
Thyroglossal Duct Cysts and Bronchogenic Cysts (See Fig. 53.1)
Supernumerary Nipples and Other Accessory Mammary Tissue
Omphalomesenteric Duct Cysts and Urachal Cysts
Rudimentary Supernumerary Digits (Rudimentary Polydactyly)
Amniotic Band Sequence and Disorganization Syndrome
54 Vitiligo and Other Disorders of Hypopigmentation
Introduction/Definitions
Approach to Disorders of Hypopigmentation
Vitiligo
Hereditary Hypomelanosis
Oculocutaneous Albinism (OCA)
Disorders of Melanocyte Development
Piebaldism
Waardenburg Syndrome (WS)
Disorders of Melanosome Biogenesis
Hermansky–Pudlak Syndrome (HPS)
Chediak–Higashi Syndrome (CHS)
Disorders of Melanosome Transport and/or Transfer to Keratinocytes
Griscelli Syndrome (GS)
Other
Tuberous Sclerosis (TS) (See Chapter 50)
Hypopigmentation in Mosaic Patterns
Linear Nevoid Hypopigmentation
Nevus Depigmentosus
Phylloid Hypomelanosis
Postinflammatory Hypomelanoses
Pityriasis Alba (See Chapter 10)
Sarcoidosis
Hypopigmented Mycosis Fungoides (MF) (See Chapter 98)
Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus (LE) (See Chapter 33)
Systemic Sclerosis (SSc or Generalized Scleroderma) (See Chapter 35)
Lichen Sclerosus (LS) (See Chapter 36)
Infectious and Parasitic Hypomelanosis
Tinea (Pityriasis) Versicolor (See Chapter 64)
Leprosy (See Chapter 62)
Treponematoses (See Chapters 61 and 69)
Onchocerciasis (River Blindness) (See Chapter 70)
Other
Melanoma-Associated Leukoderma (See Chapter 93)
Chemical Leukoderma
Miscellaneous
Idiopathic Guttate Hypomelanosis (IGH)
Progressive Macular Hypomelanosis of the Trunk (PMH)
Hair Hypomelanosis
55 Disorders of Hyperpigmentation
Definitions
Approach to Disorders of Hyperpigmentation
Circumscribed Hyperpigmentation
Melasma
Drug-Induced Circumscribed Hyperpigmentation and Discoloration
Postinflammatory Hyperpigmentation
Diffuse Hyperpigmentation
Linear Hyperpigmentation
Hyperpigmentation Along Blaschko’s Lines and in Other Mosaic Patterns
Linear Hyperpigmentation that is Not Along Blaschko’s Lines
Linear Hyperpigmentation That May or May Not be Along Blaschko’s Lines
Reticulated Hyperpigmentation
Dyschromatoses
56 Alopecias
Non-Scarring Alopecias
Male and Female Pattern Hair Loss (Androgenetic Alopecia)
Telogen Effluvium
Alopecia Areata
Trichotillomania
Postoperative (Pressure- Induced Alopecia)
Drug-Induced Alopecia
Secondary Syphilis
Scarring (Cicatricial) Alopecias
Central Centrifugal Cicatricial Alopecia (CCCA)
Lichen Planopilaris
Discoid Lupus Erythematosus (DLE)
Acne Keloidalis
Dissecting Cellulitis
Folliculitis Decalvans
Pseudopelade
Traction Alopecia (Late-Stage)
Hair Shaft Abnormalities
57 Hypertrichosis and Hirsutism
Definitions
Hypertrichosis
Generalized Hypertrichosis
Localized Hypertrichosis
Hirsutism
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
Idiopathic Hirsutism
Nonclassic Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (NC-CAH)
Ovarian Hyperthecosis
Tumoral Hirsutism
HAIR-AN Syndrome
Hirsutism Associated with Other Endocrine Abnormalities
58 Nail Disorders
Onycholysis
Onychomadesis
Pitting in Psoriasis
Darier Disease
Trachyonychia
Lichen Planus
True Leukonychia
Apparent Leukonychia
Koilonychia
Beau’s Lines
Longitudinal Melanonychia
Onychorrhexis
Onychoschizia
Pitting in Alopecia Areata
Dorsal Pterygium
Proximal Nail Fold Telangiectasias
Proximal Nail Fold Telangiectasias with Capillary Dropout
Clubbing
Splinter Hemorrhages
Subungual Hematoma
Green Nail
Paronychia, Acute
Paronychia, Chronic
Pustular Psoriasis
Median Nail Dystrophy (Tic Deformity)
Malalignment
Nail Patella Syndrome
Ingrown Toenails
Onychomycosis
Onychogryphosis
Subungual Exostosis
Yellow Nail Syndrome
Tumors
59 Oral Diseases
Common Oral Mucosal Findings
Fordyce Granules
Geographic Tongue (Migratory Glossitis)
Scrotal (Fissured) Tongue
Hairy Tongue (Black Hairy Tongue)
Leukoedema
Median Rhomboid Glossitis
Periodontal and Dental Conditions with Dermatologic Relevance
Desquamative Gingivitis
Gingival Enlargement (Hyperplasia, Overgrowth)
Dental Sinus
Sequelae of Trauma or Toxic Insults
Fibroma (Bite Fibroma)
Morsicatio Buccarum (Chronic Cheek Chewing)
Mucocele
Chemotherapy- and Radiation Therapy-Induced Mucositis
Cheilitis
Other Inflammatory Conditions
Aphthae (Aphthous Stomatitis; Canker Sores)
Granulomatous Cheilitis and Other Forms of Orofacial Granulomatosis
Contact Stomatitis
Nicotine Stomatitis
Atrophic Glossitis
Oral Signs of Systemic Disease
Premalignant and Malignant Conditions
Leukoplakia and Erythroplakia
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Melanoma
60 Anogenital Diseases
Introduction
Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Condyloma Acuminata
Dysesthetic Genital Pain Syndromes
61 Bacterial Diseases
Gram-Positive Cocci
Staphylococcal and Streptococcal Skin Infections
Impetigo
Ecthyma
Bacterial Folliculitis
Abscesses, Furuncles, and Carbuncles
Erysipelas
Streptococcal Intertrigo/ Perianal Disease
Cellulitis
Blistering Distal Dactylitis
Botryomycosis
Necrotizing Fasciitis
Pyomyositis
Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS)
Toxic Shock Syndrome (Other Than Streptococcal) (TSS)
streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (Streptococcal TSS)
Scarlet Fever
Bacteremia/Septicemia
Gram-Positive Bacilli
Clostridial Skin Infections
Corynebacterium (And Kytococcus) Skin Infections
Erythrasma
Pit ted Keratolysis
Trichomycosis Axillaris
Other Gram-Positive Skin Infections
Anthrax
Erysipeloid
Gram-Negative Cocci
Acute Meningococcemia
Chronic Meningococcemia
Gonorrhea & Disseminated Gonococcal Infection
Gram-Negative Bacilli
Pseudomonal Infections
Gram-Negative Toe-Web Infection
Otitis Externa (‘Swimmer’s Ear’)
Pseudomonal Folliculitis (Hot Tub Folliculitis)
Pseudomonas Hot-Foot Syndrome
Cellulitis
Ecthyma Gangrenosum
Treatment of Pseudomonal Infections
Diseases Caused by Bartonella Species
Other Gram-Negative Skin Infections with Fever and Skin Findings
Spirochetes
Lyme Disease
Syphilis
Other Treponemal Diseases
Filamentous Bacteria
Actinomycosis
Actinomycotic Mycetoma
Nocardiosis
62 Mycobacterial Diseases
Key Points
Leprosy
Cutaneous Tuberculosis (TB)
Atypical Mycobacteria
63 Rickettsial Diseases
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF)
Typhus – Epidemic and Endemic (Murine)
Rickettsialpox
Ehrlichiosis
Anaplasmosis (Human Granulocytotropic Anaplasmosis)
64 Fungal Diseases
Key Points
Superficial Fungal Infections
Tinea (Pityriasis) Versicolor
Tinea Nigra, Black Piedra, and White Piedra
Dermatophytoses (Tinea Infections)
Examples of Specific Types of Dermatophytoses
Superficial Mucocutaneous Candida Infections
Systemic Candidiasis
Congenital Candidiasis
Perianal Pseudoverrucous Papules (Granuloma Gluteale Infantum)
Deep Fungal Infections
Dermal/Subcutaneous
Chromoblastomycosis
Mycetoma (Madura Foot)
Sporotrichosis
Systemic (Unless Primary Inoculation into Skin)
Blastomycosis
Coccidioidomycosis
Cryptococcosis
Histoplasmosis
Paracoccidioidomycosis
Opportunistic Pathogens
65 Cutaneous Manifestations of HIV Infection
Epidemiology
Exanthem of Primary HIV Infection (Acute Retroviral Syndrome)
Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS)
Antiretroviral Therapy (ART)
66 Human Papillomaviruses
Key Points
Common Warts (Verrucae Vulgares)
Plantar/Palmar Warts
Flat Warts (Verrucae Planae)
Oral Warts
Condylomata Acuminata
Bowenoid Papulosis (Intraepithelial Neoplasia-3; High-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion)
Squamous Cell Carcinoma In Situ (Intraepithelial Neoplasia-3 or High-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion If Anogenital; Bowen’s Disease If Periungual; Historically Erythroplasia of Queyrat If Penile)
Verrucous Carcinoma
Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis (EDV)
67 Human Herpesviruses
General
Herpes Simplex Viruses (HSV-1/HHV-1 and HSV-2/HHV-2)
Varicella–Zoster Virus (VZV or HHV-3)
Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV or HHV-4)
Cytomegalovirus (CMV or HHV-5)
Human Herpesvirus 6 and 7 (HHV-6 and HHV-7)
Human Herpesvirus 8 (Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus [KSHV])
68 Other Viral Diseases
Enterovirus Infections
Measles (Rubeola)
Rubella (German Measles)
Parvovirus B19 Infection (Erythema Infectiosum, Fifth Disease, ‘Slapped Cheek Disease’)
Unilateral Laterothoracic Exanthem (Asymmetric Periflexural Exanthem of Childhood)
Gianotti–Crosti Syndrome (Papular Acrodermatitis of Childhood)
Molluscum Contagiosum (MC)
Other Poxvirus Infections
Hemorrhagic Fevers and Other Viral Infections with Cutaneous Manifestations
69 Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Syphilis (Lues)
Gonorrhea
Chancroid
Lymphogranuloma Venereum (LGV)
Granuloma Inguinale (Donovanosis)
70 Protozoa and Worms
Leishmaniasis
Amebiasis
Free-Living Ameba
Trypanosomiasis – American
Trypanosomiasis – African
Toxoplasmosis
Cutaneous Larva Migrans
Onchocerciasis
Filariasis
Schistosomiasis
Swimmer’s Itch
Cysticercosis
Echinococcosis
Gnathostomiasis
71 Infestations
Scabies
Head Lice (Pediculosis Capitis)
Crab Lice (Pediculosis Pubis)
Body Lice (Pediculosis Corporis)
Tungiasis
Cutaneous Myiasis
72 Bites and Stings
Insects
Arachnids
Hard Ticks
Mites
Spiders
Dog and Cat Bites
Marine Stings/Injuries
73 Photodermatoses
Photo Facts
Cutaneous Effects of UVR Exposure: Acute
Cutaneous Effects of UVR Exposure: Chronic
Photodermatoses
Grover’s Disease (Transient Acantholytic Dermatosis)
74 Environmental and Sports-Related Skin Diseases
Cutaneous Injury Due to Heat Exposure
Thermal Burns
Erythema Ab Igne
Burns Associated with MRI and Fluoroscopy
MRI
Fluoroscopy
Cutaneous Injury Due to Cold Exposure
Frostbite
Pernio (Chilblains)
Cutaneous Injury Due to Chemical Exposure
Chemical Hair Discoloration
Chronic Arsenical Dermatoses
Cutaneous Findings Resulting from Toxic and Heavy Metal Exposure
Cutaneous Findings of Frictional and Traumatic Injury to the Skin
Corns and Calluses
Black Heel (Talon Noir)
Chondrodermatitis Nodularis Helicis (CNH)
Acanthoma Fissuratum
Weathering Nodules of the Ears
Sports-Related Dermatoses
75 Cutaneous Signs of Drug, Child, and Elder Abuse
Drug Abuse
Child Abuse
Elder Abuse
76 Histiocytoses
Langerhans Cell Histiocytoses
Letterer–Siwe Disease (Multifocal, Multisystem)
Hand–Schüller–Christian Disease
Eosinophilic Granuloma (Unifocal)
Hashimoto–Pritzker Disease (Congenital Self-Healing Reticulohistiocytosis)
Non-Langerhans Cell Histiocytoses
Juvenile Xanthogranuloma
Benign Cephalic Histiocytosis
Generalized Eruptive Histiocytoma
Indeterminate Cell Histiocytosis
Necrobiotic Xanthogranuloma
Multicentric Reticulohistiocytosis/Giant Cell Reticulohistiocytoma
Rosai–Dorfman Disease (Sinus Histiocytosis with Massive Lymphadenopathy)
Xanthoma Disseminatum
Papular Xanthoma
Progressive Nodular Histiocytoma
77 Xanthomas
Key Points
Xanthomas Associated with Hyperlipidemia
Eruptive Xanthomas
Tuberous/Tuberoeruptive Xanthomas
Tendinous Xanthomas
Plane Xanthomas and Xanthelasma
Normolipemic Xanthomas
Plane Xanthomas Associated with Monoclonal Gammopathy
Verruciform Xanthoma
78 Non-infectious Granulomatous Disorders, Including Foreign
Body Reactions
Sarcoidosis
Granuloma Annulare
Necrobiosis Lipoidica
Annular Elastolytic Giant Cell Granuloma
Cutaneous Crohn’s Disease
Foreign Body Granulomas
79 Perforating Disorders
Acquired Perforating Dermatosis (APD)
Elastosis Perforans Serpiginosa (EPS)
Familial Reactive Perforating Collagenosis (RPC)
Perforating Calcific Elastosis
80 Heritable Connective
Tissue Disorders
Ehlers–Danlos Syndrome
Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum
Cutis Laxa
Other Disorders
81 Dermal Hypertrophies
Hypertrophic Scar
Keloid
Dupuytren’s Contracture
Cutis Verticis Gyrata
Hyaline Fibromatosis Syndrome (Juvenile Hyaline Fibromatosis and Infantile Systemic Hyalinosis)
82 Atrophies of Connective Tissue
Striae (Distensae)
Pizogenic Pedal Papules (Piezogenic Papules)
Anetoderma
Atrophoderma of Pasini and Pierini
Mid-Dermal Elastolysis
Follicular Atrophoderma
Atrophia Macularis Varicelliformis Cutis (AMVC)
83 Panniculitis
Introduction
84 Lipodystrophies
Key Points
85 Infantile Hemangiomas and Vascular Malformations
Infantile Hemangioma (IH)
Complications of IHs
Treatment of IHs
Hemangioma Variants
Kasabach–Merritt Phenomenon (KMP)
Vascular Malformations
Capillary Malformations (CMs) and Related Conditions
Nevus Simplex (Salmon Patch)
Port-Wine Stain (PWS)
Cutis Marmorata Telangiectatica Congenita (CMTC)
Venous Malformations (VMs; Former Misnomer of ‘Cavernous Hemangioma’)
Classic VMs
Glomuvenous Malformations (GVMs; Previously Known As Glomangiomatosis)
Maffucci Syndrome
Lymphatic Anomalies
Lymphatic Malformations
Primary Lymphedema
Arteriovenous Malformations (AVMs)
Syndromes Associated with Complex–Combined or Multiple Types of Vascular Malformations
86 Ulcers
Venous Ulcers
Arterial Ulcers
Neuropathic (Mal Perforans) and Diabetic Ulcers
Pressure (Decubitis) Ulcers (Bed Sores)
Lymphedema
General Approach to Wound Healing
87 Other Vascular Disorders
Livedo Reticularis
Flushing
Erythromelalgia
Telangiectasias
Spider Telangiectasia (Spider Angioma)
Generalized Essential Telangiectasia
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (Osler–Weber– Rendu Disease)
Ataxia–Telangiectasia (See Chapter 49)
Venous Lake
Angiokeratomas
Nevus anemicus
Angiospastic Macules (Bier Spots)
88 Actinic Keratosis, Basal Cell Carcinoma, and Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Introduction
Actinic Keratoses (AKs)
SCC In Situ (Bowen’s Disease)
Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)
89 Benign Epithelial Tumors and Proliferations
Seborrheic Keratosis
Acrokeratosis Verruciformis
Clear Cell Acanthoma
Large Cell Acanthoma
Porokeratosis
Epidermal Nevus (See Chapter 51)
Inflammatory Linear Verrucous Epidermal Nevus (See Chapter 51)
Nevus Comedonicus
Flegel’s Disease (Hyperkeratosis Lenticularis Perstans)
Cutaneous Horn
Solitary Lichenoid Keratosis/Lichen Planus-Like Keratosis
Confluent and Reticulated Papillomatosis (of Gougerot and Carteaud)
90 Cysts
Introduction
True Cysts – Common
Epidermoid Inclusion Cyst (EIC) (Epidermal Inclusion Cyst, ‘Sebaceous Cyst’)
Milium (Milia – Plural)
Pilar Cyst (Wen)
Pilonidal Cyst
True Cysts – Less Common
Vellus Hair Cyst
Steatocystoma
Hidrocystoma
Apocrine
Eccrine
‘False’ Cysts (No True Epithelial Lining)
Mucocele
Digital Mucous Cyst
Ganglion Cyst
Pseudocyst of the Auricle
91 Adnexal Neoplasms
92 Benign Melanocytic Neoplasms
Benign Pigmented Cutaneous Lesions Other Than Melanocytic Nevi
Acquired Melanocytic Nevi (Moles)
Common (Banal) Acquired Melanocytic Nevi
Atypical (Dysplastic or Clark’s) Acquired Melanocytic Nevi
Halo Nevus
Blue Nevi
Spitz Nevi (Spindle and Epithelioid Cell Nevi)
Nevi of Special Sites
Other ‘Specially Named’ Nevi
Congenital Melanocytic Nevi (CMN)
Speckled Lentiginous Nevus (SLN, Nevus Spilus)
93 Cutaneous Melanoma
Epidemiology
Clinical
Diagnosis
Prognosis and Staging
Management
Follow-Up
94 Vascular Neoplasms and Reactive Proliferations
Neoplasms/Tumors
Infantile Hemangioma and Congenital Hemangioma
Cherry Angioma
Glomus Tumor
Tufted Angioma
Hobnail Hemangioma/Targetoid Hemosiderotic Hemangioma
Kaposiform Hemangioendothelioma
Kaposi’s Sarcoma
Angiosarcoma
Malformations (See Chapter 85)
Glomuvenous Malformation (Previously Referred to as Glomangioma)
Reactive Proliferations
Pyogenic Granuloma
Angiolymphoid Hyperplasia with Eosinophilia
Glomeruloid Hemangioma
Reactive Angioendotheliomatosis
Diffuse Dermal Angiomatosis
95 Common Soft Tissue Tumors/Proliferations
Neural/Neuroendocrine
Neurofibroma
Schwannoma/Neurilemmoma
Granular Cell Tumor
Traumatic Neuroma
Merkel Cell Carcinoma
Fibrous/Fibrohistiocytic
Skin Tag (Acrochordon, Fibroepithelial Polyp, Soft Fibroma)
Angiofibroma (Fibrous Papule)
Pearly Penile Papules
Dermatofibroma
Acral Fibrokeratoma
Sclerotic Fibroma
Giant Cell Tumor of Tendon Sheath
Nodular Fasciitis
Connective Tissue Nevus
Infantile Digital Fibroma
Infantile Myofibromatosis
Fibromatoses
Muscle/Adipose
Leiomyoma
Smooth Muscle Hamartoma
Lipoma
Angiolipoma
Nevus Lipomatosus
Soft Tissue Sarcomas (See Table 95.1)
96 Mastocytosis
Clinical Features of Cutaneous Mastocytosis
Mastocytomas (Solitary or Multiple)
Urticaria Pigmentosa (UP; Maculopapular or Plaque-Type Cutaneous Mastocytosis)
Diffuse Cutaneous Mastocytosis
Telangiectasia Macularis Eruptiva Perstans (TMEP)
Systemic Manifestations of Mastocytosis
Evaluation and Treatment
97 B-Cell Lymphomas of the Skin
General
PCBCL
Plasma Cell Dyscrasias, Including Multiple Myeloma
98 Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma
Mycosis Fungoides (MF)
Sézary Syndrome (SS)
99 Other Lymphoproliferative and Myeloproliferative Diseases
Benign Lymphoctic Infiltrates
Lymphocytic Infiltrate of Jessner
Cutaneous Lymphoid Hyperplasia (CLH); also known as ‘Pseudolymphoma’ or ‘Lymphocytoma Cutis’
Extramedullary Hematopoiesis
Malignant Hematopoietic Infiltrates
Leukemia Cutis
Hodgkin Disease (HD; Hodgkin Lymphoma)
Angioimmunoblastic T-Cell Lymphoma (AITL)
Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis (LYG)
100 Cutaneous Metastases
Metastatic Breast Carcinoma
Alopecia Neoplastica
Sister Mary Joseph Nodule
Appendix
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z