DeLee, Drez and Miller’s Orthopaedic Sports Medicine

Cover
DeLee Drez & Miller's Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
Copyright Page
Dedication
Section Editors
Preface
Contributors
Video Table of Contents
Section 1: Basic Principles
Chapter 1: Physiology and Pathophysiology of Musculoskeletal Tissues
Abstract
Keywords
Tendon and Ligament
Structure
Extracellular Matrix
Injury
Repair
Inflammatory Phase
Reparative Phase
Remodeling Phase
Factors Affecting Healing
Methods for Augmentation of Tendon and Ligament Healing
Meniscus
Structure
Extracellular Matrix
Injury
Meniscal Repair
Factors Affecting Healing
Repair in vascular regions of the meniscus.
Repair in avascular portions of the meniscus.
Augmentation of Meniscus Healing
Scaffolds.
Articular Cartilage
Structure and Composition of Articular Cartilage
Zones of Articular Cartilage
Superficial zone.
Transitional zone.
Deep zone.
Calcified cartilage zone.
Chondrocytes
Extracellular Matrix
Cell-Matrix Interactions
Relevance for Articular Cartilage Repair
Joint Loading
Depth of the Defect
Size of the Defect
Age
Clinical Relevance and Further Developments
Bone
Types of Bone
Cellular Biology
Bone Matrix
Bone Remodeling
Bone Circulation
Tissue Surrounding Bone
Types of Bone Formation
Endochondral Bone Formation and Mineralization
Intramembranous Bone Formation
Appositional Ossification
Biology of Fracture Healing
Overview
Fracture Repair
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 2: Basic Concepts in Biomechanics
Abstract
Keywords
Basic Concepts
Units of Measure
Scalars and Vectors
Coordinate Systems
Anatomic Coordinate System
Degrees of Freedom
Newton’s Laws
Newton’s First Law (Inertia)
Newton’s Second Law (Acceleration)
Newton’s Third Law (Action-Reaction)
Statics
Force Vectors
Moment/Torque Vectors
Free-Body Diagrams
Ligament and Joint Contact Forces
Dynamics
Kinematics
Linear and Angular Kinematics
Relative Motion
Joint Motions
Kinetics
Classes of Mechanics
Rigid Body Mechanics
Fluid Mechanics
Viscoelasticity
Biomechanical Methods
Structural Properties
Mechanical Properties
Factors Affecting Biomechanical Properties
Tissue Storage
Testing Rate
Stiffness Versus Flexibility Testing
Practical Application
Improving Performance
Injury Prevention
Surgical Reconstruction
Functional Tissue Engineering
Conclusions
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 3: Basic Science of Graft Tissue in Sports Medicine
Autograft
Bone-Tendon-Bone Autograft
Augmented Autograft
Semitendinosus or Soft Tissue Autograft
Allograft
Augmentation of Allograft
Healing of Autograft Versus Allograft
Future Directions
Summary
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 4: Basic Science of Implants in Sports Medicine
Abstract
Keywords
Implants for Tendon Repair
Implants for Ligament Reconstruction
Implants for Meniscus Repair
Implants for Cartilage and Osteochondral Repair
Sutures
Suture Anchors
Summary
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 5: Orthobiologics: Clinical Application of Platelet-Rich Plasma and Stem Cell Therapy
Abstract
Keywords
Platelet-Rich Plasma and Sports Medicine
Definitions and Properties of Platelet-Rich Plasma
Preparation and Composition
Platelet-Rich Plasma in Tendon- and Ligament-Related Disorders and Repair
Tendon and Ligament Injuries
Rotator Cuff Repair
Achilles Tendon Repair
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Surgery
Platelet-Rich Plasma in Cartilage Restoration
Platelet-Rich Plasma in Meniscal Repair
Platelet-Rich Plasma for Muscle Injuries
Stem-Cell–Based Therapy in Sports Medicine
Definitions and Preparations of Stem Cell Therapy
Challenges for Application of Cell-Based Therapies
Cell-Based Therapy in Tendon and Ligament Healing and Repair
Cell-Based Therapy in Cartilage Repair
Cell-Based Therapy in Meniscal Repair
Summary
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 6: Exercise Physiology
Abstract
Keywords
Skeletal Muscle Physiology
Structure of a Skeletal Muscle
Physiology of Skeletal Muscle Contractions
Force Production of Muscle
Types of Muscle Contractions
Energy Metabolism of Skeletal Muscle
Phosphagen Energy System
Glycolytic Energy System
Lactate.
Mitochondrial Respiration (Oxidative System)
Muscular Response to Training
Muscle Fatigue
Neuromuscular Adaptation to Exercise
Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness
Strength Training in Young Athletes
Effects of Aging on Skeletal Muscle
Core Strength and Neuromuscular Training
Hormonal Adaptation to Exercise
Pituitary
Adrenal Hormones
Gonadal Hormones
Pancreatic Hormones
Exercise Capacity
Cardiorespiratory Response to Exercise
Respiratory Response
Conclusion
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 7: Imaging Overview
Abstract
Keywords
Imaging Techniques
Conventional Radiography
Technical Considerations
Fluoroscopy
Arthrography
Advantages
Disadvantages
Ultrasonography
Technical Considerations
Musculoskeletal Ultrasound: Appearance of Normal and Pathologic Structures
Ultrasound Elastography
Dynamic Ultrasound
Advantages
Disadvantages
Computed Tomography
Technical Considerations
Advantages
Disadvantages
Nuclear Medicine
Technical Considerations
Planar, Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography, and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography/Computed Tomography Imaging
Bone Scans
Labeled White Blood Cell Scans
Gallium Scans
Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography Scans
Advantages
Disadvantages
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Technical Considerations
Imaging protocols.
Image formation.
Tissue contrast: T1, T2, and proton density.
Pulse sequences.
Spin echo.
Gradient echo.
Inversion recovery.
2D and 3D acquisitions.
Fat suppression.
Magnetic resonance artifacts.
Magnetic resonance contrast agents.
Magnetic field strength.
Coils.
Image quality.
Diffusion Weighted Imaging
Ultrashort Time to Echo Sequence
dGEMRIC (Delayed Gadolinium)
Dynamic Contrast Enhancement
Advantages
Disadvantages
Contraindications to Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Radiation Exposure in Medical Imaging
Key Points
Acknowledgment
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 8: Basic Arthroscopic Principles
Abstract
Keywords
Arthroscopic Applications
Equipment
Arthroscope
Fluid Pump
Instruments and Motorized Shavers
Arthroscopic Probe
Basket Forceps
Grasping Forceps
Scissors
Knives
Motorized Shavers
Cannulas and Switching Sticks
Electrocautery and Radiofrequency Instruments
Arthroscopic Principles
Surgical Technique
Preoperative
Patient Positioning and Preparation
Anesthesia
Arthroscopic Portals
Diagnostic Arthroscopy
Arthroscopic Complications
Intraoperative Complications
Postoperative Complications
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 9: Overview of Sport-Specific Injuries
Abstract
Keywords
Baseball
Shoulder Injuries
Elbow Injuries
Lower Extremity Injuries
Young Athlete Injuries
Sliding Injuries
Basketball
Ankle Sprains
Knee Injuries
Tendinitis
Finger/Hand
Facial/Dental Injury
Concussion
Sudden Death
Boxing
Professional Versus Amateur
Facial Injuries
Upper Extremity Injuries
Neurologic Injuries
Auto Racing
Figure Skating
Foot Injuries
Ankle Injuries
Knee and Hip/Pelvis Injuries
Back and Upper Extremity Injuries
American Football
Head and Neck Injuries
Upper Extremity
Lower Extremity
Golf
Lower Back Injuries
Elbow/Forearm Injuries
Shoulder Injuries
Wrist/Hand Injuries
Gymnastics
Lower Extremity Injuries
Upper Extremity Injuries
Back and Pelvis Injuries
Ice Hockey
Head Injuries
Upper Extremity Injuries
Lower Extremity Injuries
Team Handball
Shoulder Injuries
Facial/Dental Injuries
Lacrosse
Ankle Injuries
Knee Injuries
Concussions
Rowing
Lumbar Spine Injuries
Chest Injuries
Upper Extremity Injuries
Knee Injuries
Rugby
Running
Skiing and Snowboarding
Skiing
Knee Injuries
Shoulder and Thumb Injuries
Other Skiing Injuries
Snowboarding
Upper Extremity Injuries
Lower Extremity Injuries
Injuries in Both Skiing and Snowboarding
Soccer
Lower Extremity Injuries
Upper Extremity Injuries
Concussions
Young Athlete Injuries
Swimming
Shoulder Injuries
Knee Injuries
Back Injuries
Tennis
Lower Extremity Injuries
Upper Extremity Injuries
Low Back Injuries
Volleyball
Ankle Injuries
Knee Injuries
Finger/Wrist Injuries
Shoulder Injuries
Back Pain
Concussion
Wrestling
Musculoskeletal Injuries
Soft Tissue Injuries
Skin Infections
Weight-Loss-Related Issues
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 10: Commonly Encountered Fractures in Sports Medicine
Abstract
Keywords
Stress Fractures
Female Athlete Triad
Biomechanical Factors
Fatigue and Training Errors
Nutrition
Genetic Factors
Femoral Neck Stress Fractures
Tibia Stress Fractures
Proximal Fifth Metatarsal Stress Fractures
Other Metatarsal Stress Fractures
Navicular Stress Fractures
Pars Stress Fractures
Rib Fractures
Clavicle Fractures
Return to Sport
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Section 2: Medical
Chapter 11: Team Medical Coverage
Abstract
Keywords
Preparticipation Physical Evaluation
Goals and Objectives
Timing, Setting, and Organization
History and Physical Examination
Head, Ears, Eyes, Nose, and Throat
Cardiovascular System
Pulmonary System
Gastrointestinal/Genitourinary System
Musculoskeletal System
Neurologic System
Hematologic and Infectious Disease
Endocrine System
Dermatology
Immunizations
Medications and Allergies
Heat Illness
Athletes With Special Needs
Conclusion
On-Field Emergencies
Emergency Action Plan
General Approach to the Collapsed Athlete
Head Injury
Cervical Spine Injury
Cardiac Arrest
Tension Pneumothorax
Anaphylaxis
Limb-Threatening Injuries
Knee Dislocation
Traumatic Amputation
Acute Compartment Syndrome
Environmental Factors
Heat Illness
Lightning
Conclusion
Ethical and Legal Issues in Sports Medicine
Confidentiality
Case 1
High School Athletics
Collegiate Athletics
Professional Athletics
Informed Consent
Case 2
Drug Use
Case 3
Disagreements With Coaches
Case 4
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 12: Comprehensive Cardiovascular Care and Evaluation of the Elite Athlete
Abstract
Keywords
Historical Perspective
Medical Home of the Elite Athlete
Preparticipation Screening
Cardiovascular Adaptations and Remodeling Associated With Rigorous Athletic Training
Structural Adaptations to Rigorous Training
Left Ventricle
Right Ventricle
Atria
Great Arteries and Veins
The Athlete’s Electrocardiogram and Electrophysiologic Adaptations to Rigorous Training
Gender, Genetics, and Race
Cardiovascular Screening of the Athlete
Electrocardiogram Screening in Athletes
Transthoracic Echocardiography Screening in Athletes
Structural/Congenital Disease States in Elite Athletes
Acquired Cardiovascular Conditions in the Athlete
Arrhythmias
Conclusions and an Optimistic View of the Future
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 13: Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction
Abstract
Keywords
Definition and Prevalence
Specific Athletic Populations at Risk
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
History and Differential Diagnosis
Objective Testing
Treatment Options
Pharmacologic Therapy
Nonpharmacologic Therapy
Sideline Management
Potential Complications
Criteria for Return to Play
Key Points
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 14: Deep Venous Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism
Abstract
Keywords
Normal Physiology and Virchow Triad
Preoperative Thromboembolic Risk Factors
Perioperative Decision of Thromboembolic Prophylaxis
Diagnosis and Clinical Manifestations: Imaging and Laboratory Findings
Thromboembolic Disease Treatment
Sports Issues, Return to Play, and Travel
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:.
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 15: Gastrointestinal Medicine in the Athlete
Abstract
Keywords
Pathophysiology
Gastrointestinal Tract Ischemia
Impact of Nutrition and Hydration
Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Conditions
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Pathophysiology
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, Asthma, and Other Related Conditions
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Treatment
Functional Heartburn
Dyspepsia
Impact of Aspirin and Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs
Pill Esophagitis
Dysphagia
Nausea and Vomiting
Lower Gastrointestinal Tract Conditions
Diarrhea
Runner’s Diarrhea (“Runner’s Trots”)
Diarrhea Management
Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Ischemic Conditions
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Celiac Disease
Selected Readings
References
Chapter 16: Hematologic Medicine in the Athlete
Abstract
Keywords
Disorders of Red Blood Cells
Definition
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Return-to-Play Guidelines
Disorders of Hemostasis
Definition
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Return-to-Play Guidelines
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 17: Infectious Diseases in the Athlete
Abstract
Keywords
Epidemiology
Exercise and the Immune System
Prevention
Immunization
Hygiene
Return-to-Play Guidelines
Skin and Soft Tissue Infections
Bacterial Skin Infections
Definition
Epidemiology
Pathobiology
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prevention
Return-to-Play Guidelines
Herpes Simplex Virus
Definition
Epidemiology
Pathobiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Return-to-Play Guidelines
Fungal Skin Infections
Definition
Epidemiology
Pathobiology
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prevention
Return-to-Play Guidelines
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections
Epidemiology
Pathobiology
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prevention
Return-to-Play Guidelines
Infectious Mononucleosis
Definition
Epidemiology
Pathobiology
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prevention
Return-to-Play Guidelines
Measles
Definition and Epidemiology
Pathobiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Return-to-Play Guidelines
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections
Acute Bronchitis
Definition
Diagnosis
Treatment
Return-to-Play Guidelines
Acute Pneumonia
Definition
Pathobiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Return-to-Play Guidelines
Blood-Borne Infections
Hepatitis B Virus
Hepatitis C Virus
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Waterborne Diseases and Recreational Water-Related Illness
Fecally-Derived Recreational Water–Related Illnesses
Cryptosporidiosis
Definition and Epidemiology
Pathobiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Return-to-Play Guidelines
Infectious Diarrhea
Epidemiology and Pathobiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Return-to-Play Guidelines
Other Fecally-Derived Waterborne Diseases
Nonfecally-Derived Waterborne Diseases
Pseudomonas Infections
Pathobiology
Hot Tub Folliculitis
Acute Otitis Externa
Definition and Epidemiology
Pathobiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Return-to-Play Guidelines
Neurologic Infections
Meningitis and Encephalitis
Definition and Classification
Epidemiology
Pathobiology
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prevention
Return-to-Play Guidelines
Unusual Infections
Leptospirosis
Definition and Epidemiology
Pathobiology
Diagnosis and Treatment
Naegleria fowleri
Definition and Epidemiology
Pathobiology
Treatment
Schistosomiasis
Definition and Epidemiology
Pathobiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 18: The Athlete With Diabetes
Abstract
Keywords
Definition
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Monitoring After Diagnosis
Treatment
Medical Nutrition Therapy
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents
Insulin and Insulin Analogs
Incretin and Amylin Analog Therapy
Physiologic Changes of Exercise in Healthy Athletes and in Athletes With Diabetes
Glucose Regulation During Exercise in Athletes With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Pathophysiologic Responses to Exercise in Persons With Diabetes Mellitus
Management of Athletes With Diabetes During Training and Competition
Training Versus Competition
Management of Type 1 Diabetes
Management of Type 2 Diabetes
Additional Considerations for Elite Athletic Competition in Persons With Type 1 Diabetes
Summary
Acknowledgment
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 19: Renal Medicine and Genitourinary Trauma in the Athlete
Abstract
Keywords
Definition (Classifications)
Epidemiology
Pathobiology/Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Laboratory Findings
Imaging
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Return-to-Play Guidelines
Metabolic Problems in Renal Sports Medicine
Acute Kidney Injury, Hyponatremia, and Rhabdomyolysis
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 20: Sports and Epilepsy
Abstract
Keywords
Terminology and Classification
Seizure
Epilepsy
Diagnosis and Evaluation
Treatment
Exercise and Seizures
Acute Management of Seizures
Return-to-Activity Guidelines
Safety Considerations Regarding Participation in Sports
Summary
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 21: Environmental Illness
Abstract
Keywords
Epidemiology
Definition
Exertional Heat Exhaustion
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Laboratory Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Return to Play
Prevention
Exertional Heat Stroke
Diagnosis
Treatment
Return to Play
Exercise-Associated Muscle Cramps
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Laboratory Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Return to Play
Heat Syncope/Exercise Associated Collapse
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Laboratory Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Return to Play
Exertional Rhabdomyolysis
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Laboratory Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Return to Play
Prevention
Exertional Sickling Collapse
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Laboratory Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Return to Play
Prevention
Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Laboratory Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Return to Play
Prevention
Cold Injury
Hypothermia
Pathophysiology
Heat Balance
Other Factors Contributing to Thermal Balance
Diagnosis
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Prevention
Frostbite
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Laboratory
Treatment
Prevention
High-Altitude Illness
Physiologic Adaptations to Altitude
High-Altitude Headache, Acute Mountain Sickness, High-Altitude Cerebral Edema
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Laboratory Tests
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Return to Play
High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Laboratory Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Return to Play
Advice for the Team Physician Traveling to Altitude
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Exertional Heat Illness
Cold Injury
High Altitude Illness
Chapter 22: Dermatologic Conditions
Abstract
Keywords
Cutaneous Infections
Bacterial Infections
Folliculocentric Infections: Bacterial Folliculitis, Furuncles, and Carbuncles
Impetigo
Cellulitis/Erysipelas
Pitted Keratolysis
Erythrasma
Pseudomonal Folliculitis (Hot Tub Folliculitis)
Fungal Infections
Dermatophytoses
Malassezia
Viral Infections
Herpes Simplex
Verruca vulgaris (Common Warts)
Molluscum Contagiosum
Mycobacterial Infections
Mycobacterium marinum (Swimming Pool or Fish Tank Granuloma)
Parasitic Infections
Pediculosis Capitis
Scabies
Cutaneous Larva Migrans
Mechanical Dermatoses
Abrasions/Lacerations
Friction Blisters
Calluses and Corns
Hemorrhage
Striae
Acne Mechanica
Athlete’s Nodules (Collagenomas)
Hidradenitis Suppurativa
Environmental Dermatoses
Photodermatoses
Sunburn
Skin Cancer
Aquatic Dermatoses
Swimmer’s Itch and Seabather’s Eruption
Hair Discoloration
Irritant Contact Dermatitis
Thermal Damage
Urticaria, Anaphylaxis, and Immunologic Disorders
Urticaria
Exercise-Induced Anaphylaxis
Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 23: Facial, Eye, Nasal, and Dental Injuries
Soft Tissue Injuries to the Face
General Considerations
Timing of Repair
Anesthesia
Cleaning
Choice of Closure
Antibiotics
Postclosure Wound Care
Specific Injury Management
Simple Lacerations
Complex Lacerations
Lip Lacerations
Intraoral/Tongue
Lateral Face Lacerations
Soft Tissue Ear Injuries
Periorbital Lacerations
Facial Fractures
Evaluation
Nasal Fractures
Mandible Fractures
Midface Fractures
Frontal Sinus Fractures
Orbital Fractures
Eye Injuries
Corneal Abrasion
Hyphema
Iridodialysis
Retinal Detachment
Ruptured Globe
Dental Injuries
Differentiating Between Primary and Permanent Teeth
Periodontal/Displacement Injuries (Loose Teeth)
Fractured Teeth
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 24: Psychological Adjustment to Athletic Injury
Abstract
Keywords
Historical Perspective and Evolution
Preparticipation Screening
Decision-Making Principles
Postinjury Management and Outcome
Complications
Future Considerations
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 25: Sports Nutrition
Abstract
Keywords
Energy Balance
Macronutrients: Carbohydrate, Protein, and Fat
Hydration
Hydration Considerations
Monitoring Hydration
Vitamins and Minerals
Iron
Calcium
Vitamin D
Nutrient Timing
Sports Supplementation
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 26: Doping and Ergogenic Aids
Abstract
Keywords
Sports Pharmacology: Ergogenic Drugs in Sport
Testosterone: Historical Perspectives
Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids
Physiologic Considerations
Athletic Performance Considerations
Adverse Effects
Musculoskeletal.
Cardiovascular.
Hepatic.
Psychiatric.
Steroid Supplements
Dehydroepiandrosterone
Androstenedione
Doping
Historical Perspectives
Erythropoietin
Mechanism of Action
Testing
Side Effects
Creatine
Historical Perspectives
Physiology
Adverse Effects
Growth Hormone
Historical Perspectives
Mechanism of Action
Adverse Effects
Caffeine
Historical Perspectives
Mechanism of Action
Side Effects
Summary
Sports Pharmacology: Recreational Drug Use
Alcohol
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology and Adverse Effects
Other Considerations
Marijuana
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology and Adverse Effects
Other Considerations
Tobacco
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology and Adverse Effects
Other Considerations
Cocaine
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology and Adverse Effects
Effects on Athletic Performance
Inhalants
Epidemiology and Classification
Pathophysiology and Adverse Effects
Conclusion
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 27: The Female Athlete
Abstract
Keywords
The Growing Importance and Recognition of the Female Athlete
General Considerations
Conditioning
Nutrition and Hydration
Female Athlete Triad
Osteoporosis and Osteopenia
Birth Control
Pregnancy
Psychological Issues in the Female Athlete
Degenerative Arthritis and the Female Athlete
Concussions
Orthopaedic Injuries in the Female Athlete
Epidemiology of Sports Injuries
Foot and Ankle Injuries
Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries
Risk Factors for Noncontact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury
Prevention of Noncontact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Frozen Shoulder/Adhesive Capsulitis
Shoulder Instability
Acetabular Labral Injuries and Femoroacetabular Impingement
Idiopathic Scoliosis
Stress Fractures
References
Chapter 28: The Para-Athlete
Abstract
Keywords
Classification
Athletes With Limb Deficiency/ Amputee Athletes
Exercise Physiology
Medical Considerations
Musculoskeletal Injuries
Dermatologic Conditions
Heterotopic Ossification
Bone Spurs
Neuroma
Adaptive Sports Equipment
Wheelchair Athletes
Exercise Physiology
Medical Considerations
Musculoskeletal Injuries
Peripheral Nerve Entrapment
Thermoregulation
Pressure Sores/Ulcers
Spasticity
Neurogenic Bladder and Bowel
Heterotopic Ossification
Autonomic Dysreflexia
Adaptive Equipment
Athletes With Cerebral Palsy
Exercise Physiology
Medical Considerations
Medications
Musculoskeletal Injuries
Epilepsy/Seizures
Spasticity
Adaptive Equipment
Intellectually Disabled Athletes
Exercise Physiology
Medical Considerations
Musculoskeletal Injuries
Visual Impairment
Epilepsy/Seizures
Cardiac Abnormalities
Adaptive Equipment
Visually Impaired Athletes
Exercise Physiology
Medical Considerations
Musculoskeletal Injuries
Flight Dysrhythmia
Adaptive Equipment
Les Autres
Summary
Acknowledgment
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 29: Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine
Abstract
Keywords
Preoperative Care and Concerns: Common Medical Issues Found in Athletes
Respiratory Considerations
Asthma
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Cardiac Considerations
Athletic Heart Syndrome
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Diabetes Mellitus
Intraoperative Care and Considerations of the Sports Medicine Patient
Orthopaedic Surgeries and Pain
Patient Characteristics
Regional Anesthesia
Contraindications to Regional Anesthesia
Complications of Regional Anesthesia
Benefits of Regional Anesthesia in the Sports Medicine Patient
Tourniquets
Positioning
Beach Chair Position
Specific Regional Anesthesia Techniques
Neuraxial Anesthesia
Peripheral Nerve Blocks
Overview
Upper Extremity Innervation and the Brachial Plexus
Shoulder and Upper Arm Procedures
Interscalene Block
Suprascapular Block
Elbow, Forearm, and Hand Procedures
Supraclavicular Block
Infraclavicular Block
Axillary Brachial Plexus Block
Lower Extremity Innervation
Hip, Femur, Anterior Thigh, and Knee Procedures
Femoral Nerve Block
Adductor Canal Nerve Block
Lower Leg, Ankle, and Foot Procedures
Sciatic Nerve Block
Saphenous Nerve
Ankle Block
Intravenous Regional Anesthesia (Bier Block)
Continuous Catheter Techniques
Local Anesthetic Agents
Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity
Perioperative Pharmacology
Perioperative Pain Management
Opioids
Methadone
Buprenorphine
Acetaminophen
Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs
Ketamine
Propofol
Dexmedetomidine
Sedation in the Orthopedic Patient
Perioperative Complications in the Sports Medicine Patient
Allergic Reactions
Parsonage-Turner Syndrome
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Section 3: Rehabilitation and Injury Prevention
Chapter 30: The Athletic Trainer
Abstract
Keywords
Brief History of Athletic Training
Education
Regulation
Physician/Athletic Trainer Working Relationship
Athletic Trainer Scope of Practice
Injury Prevention and Health Promotion
Clinical Diagnosis and Immediate Care
Immediate and Emergent Care
Therapeutic Interventions
Psychosocial Strategies and Referral
Health Care Administration
Summary
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 31: Principles of Orthopaedic Rehabilitation
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
Envelope of Function
Acute: Chronic Workload Ratio
Matched Dosing of Internal and External Load
Tissue Healing Considerations
Key Tissue-Specific Considerations
Tendon
Ligament
Labral/Meniscal
Articular Cartilage
Bone
Patient Modifiers
Maintenance and Restoration of Motion
Range of Motion
Immobilization
When to Begin “Passive” and “Active” Motion
Joint Mobility
Flexibility
Restoration of Muscle Performance
Inhibition/Activation
Hypertrophy Versus Motor Learning
Principles of Criterion Based Progression
Key Criteria for Rehabilitation Protocols and Progressions
Outcome Measures
Pain
Range of Motion
Muscle Performance
Balance
Movement Quality
Return-to-Sport Considerations
Keys to Successful Rehabilitation
Role of Preoperative Rehabilitation
Communication
Matching Expectations
Timing of Communication and Follow-Up
References
Chapter 32: Modalities and Manual Techniques in Sports Medicine Rehabilitation
Abstract
Keywords
Modalities and Manual Therapy
Modalities
Manual Therapy
Impairment-Based Rehabilitation Programs
Pain Modulation
Treatments for Pain
Manual Therapy
Cryotherapy
Electrical Stimulation
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation
Edema/Inflammation
Ultrasound
Nonthermal Ultrasound Treatments
Stress Fracture Healing
Phonophoresis
Iontophoresis
Laser
Compression: Intermittent Compression
Range of Motion
Superficial Heat
Thermal Effects of Ultrasound
Mobilization/Manipulation
Mobilizations With Movement
Muscle Dysfunction
Joint Cryotherapy to Combat Muscle Inhibition
Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation
Patterned Electrical Nerve Stimulation
Muscle Energy Technique
Myofascial Release/Trigger Point Therapy
Conclusion
References
Chapter 33: Basics of Taping and Orthotics
Abstract
Keywords
Taping
Foot Taping Techniques
Plantar Fascia/Arch Taping
Toe Taping
Ankle Taping Techniques
Knee Taping Techniques
Knee Stability
Patellofemoral Pain
Length of Wear/Length of Effectiveness
Injury Prevention
Ankle Sprains
Plantar Fasciitis/Fasciosis
Patellofemoral Pain
Criticisms of Taping Techniques
Length of Effectiveness
Cost Effectiveness
Taping Summary
Orthotics
Evaluating the Foot
Types of Orthotics and Materials
Outcomes for Common Overuse Issues
Summary
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 34: Injury Prevention
Abstract
Keywords
Prevention of Hamstring Muscle Strains
Causes
Injury Mechanisms
Risk Factors
Methods for Preventing Hamstring Strains
Prevention of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears in the Female Athlete
Key Points to Consider for an Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Prevention Program
Prevention of Ankle Sprains
Taping and Bracing
Balance and Coordination Training
Strength Training
Dorsiflexion Range of Motion
Hypomobility Issues
Education of Risk
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 35: Return to Activity and Sport After Injury
Abstract
Keywords
Conclusion
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Section 4: Shoulder
Chapter 36: Shoulder Anatomy and Biomechanics
Abstract
Keywords
Pertinent Bony Anatomy
Joints and Articulations of the Shoulder Complex
Glenohumeral Joint
Glenohumeral Joint Capsule
Acromioclavicular Joint
Sternoclavicular Joint
Scapulothoracic Articulation
Shoulder Muscles
Rotator Cuff
Scapular Muscles
Other Muscles of the Shoulder Complex
Biomechanics and Kinetics of Normal Shoulder Motion
Summary
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 37: Shoulder Diagnosis and Decision-Making
Abstract
Keywords
History
Physical Examination
Decision-Making
Referred Pain From the Neck
Cervical Strain
Whiplash
Cervical Spondylosis/Stenosis
Cervical Disc Herniation
Burners/Stingers
Referred Pain From an Intrathoracic Source
Common Shoulder Pathologies
Acromioclavicular Joint Pathology
Rotator Cuff Pathology
Impingement Syndrome
Rotator Cuff Tear
Shoulder instability.
Adhesive capsulitis.
Superior Labrum, Anterior to Posterior tears.
Glenohumeral arthritis.
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 38: Glenohumeral Joint Imaging
Abstract
Keywords
Conventional Radiography
Anteroposterior View
Grashey View
Axillary Lateral View
Scapular Y View
Stryker Notch View
Acromioclavicular Articulation Views
Shoulder Arthrography
Arthrography Technique
Computed Tomography
Ultrasonography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Imaging of Specific Shoulder Abnormalities
Osseous Outlet and Acromion
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Osseous Outlet and Acromion
Rotator Cuff
Magnetic Resonance Evaluation of the Rotator Cuff
Rotator Interval, Biceps, and the Biceps Pulley
Adhesive Capsulitis
Long Head of the Biceps Tendon
Labrum and Capsular Structures
Anatomy
Instability
Anterior
Posterior
Multidirectional
Superior Labrum, Anterior, and Posterior Tears
Posterior Impingement, Glenohumeral Internal Rotational Deficit
Articular Surfaces
Selected Reading
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 39: Shoulder Arthroscopy
Abstract
Keywords
Background
Indications and Contraindications
Arthroscopic Versus Open Procedures
Preoperative Imaging
Patient Positioning
Arthroscopy Setup
Optimizing Visualization
Anatomy and Portal Placement
Diagnostic Examination
Complications
Conclusion
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 40: Anterior Shoulder Instability
Anatomy
Pathoanatomy
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Age at Initial Dislocation
First-Time Versus Recurrent Instability
In-Season Management
Athletes in Contact Sports
Associated Injuries
Synthesis
Treatment Options
On-Field Management
Management in the Emergency Department
Nonoperative Sling Immobilization and Rehabilitation
Surgical Management
Postoperative Management
Arthroscopic Bankart repair.
Latarjet-Patte coracoid transfer.
Results
Complications
Future Considerations
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 41: Posterior Shoulder Instability
Abstract
Keywords
Background
Pathogenesis
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Indications
Contraindications
Goals of the Procedure
Postoperative Management
Results
Complications
Summary
Future Considerations
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 42: Multidirectional Instability of the Shoulder
Abstract
Keywords
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Open Inferior Capsular Shift
Arthroscopic Plication
Postoperative Management
Results
Return to Sport
Complications
Future Considerations
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 43: Revision Shoulder Instability
Abstract
Keywords
History
Physical Exam
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Preferred Surgical Technique
Postoperative Management
Results
Complications
Future Considerations
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 44: Superior Labrum Anterior to Posterior Tears
Abstract
Keywords
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principals
Treatment Options
Postoperative Management
Results
Complications
Future Considerations
Acknowledgment
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 45: The Thrower’s Shoulder
Abstract
Keywords
Adaptations to the Throwing Shoulder
Biomechanics of Throwing
Pathophysiology
Internal Impingement
Dynamic Shoulder and Scapular Stability
Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Internal Impingement
Partial-Thickness Rotator Cuff Tears
Superior Labral From Anterior to Posterior Tears
Biceps Tenodesis
Posterior Capsular Contracture and Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit
Postoperative Management
Results
Rotator Cuff Débridement
Rotator Cuff Repair
Superior Labral From Anterior to Posterior Tear Débridement
Superior Labral From Anterior to Posterior Tear Repair
Biceps Tenodesis
Complications
Summary and Future Considerations
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 46: Proximal Biceps Tendon Pathology
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Nonoperative Management
Surgical Management
Indications
Diagnostic Arthroscopy and Biceps Tenotomy
Biceps Tenodesis
Arthroscopic Biceps Tenodesis
Open Biceps Tenodesis
Other Techniques
Open Subpectoral Biceps Tenodesis
Postoperative Management
Biceps Tenotomy Rehabilitation Protocol
Biceps Tenodesis Rehabilitation Protocol
Phase I: Protective Phase (Day 1 to Week 6)
Phase II: Moderate Protection Phase (Weeks 7 to 12)
Phase III: Minimum Protection Phase (Weeks 13 to 20)
Phase IV: Advanced Strengthening Phase (Weeks 21 to 26)
Results
Complications
Future Considerations
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 47: Rotator Cuff and Impingement Lesions
Abstract
Keywords
Historical Perspective
Anatomy
Biomechanics
Rotator Cuff Function
Biceps Function
Static Stabilizers
Scapular Function
History
Physical Examination
Impingement Test
Imaging
Plain Radiographs
Ultrasonography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Subacromial Impingement and Biceps Tenosynovitis
Acute Rotator Cuff Trauma
Chronic Rotator Cuff Disease
Treatment Options
Types of Treatment
Preventive Treatment
Nonoperative Treatment
Modification of activity.
Local and systemic methods.
Stretching, strengthening, and conditioning.
Reevaluation and maintenance.
Operative Treatment
Surgical techniques.
Subacromial decompression and rotator cuff repair.
Postoperative management.
Results.
Open techniques.
Arthroscopic techniques.
Complications
Future Considerations
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 48: Subscapularis Injury
Abstract
Keywords
Anatomy
Function
Mechanism of Injury
Classification
History and Physical Exam
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Postoperative Rehab
Results
Complications
Future Considerations
Selected Readings
References
Chapter 49: Revision Rotator Cuff Repair
Abstract
Keywords
History
Biologic
Technical Factors
Traumatic
Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Nonoperative
Débridement Alone
Revision Repair
Repair With Biologic Augmentation
For Tears That Cannot Be Repaired
Postoperative Management
Results and Complications
Future Considerations
References
Chapter 50: Other Muscle Injuries
Abstract
Keywords
Pectoralis Major
Anatomy
Mechanisms
Classification
Physical Examination
Imaging
Treatment
Latissimus Dorsi
Anatomy
Mechanisms
Classification
Physical Examination
Imaging
Treatment
Teres Major
Selected Readings
References
Chapter 51: Stiff Shoulder
Abstract
Keywords
History
Pain
Night Pain
Chronic Pain
Pain Localization
Exacerbating and Relieving Factors
Other Findings (Stiffness, Weakness, Crepitus)
Primary/Idiopathic Adhesive Capsulitis
Secondary/Acquired Causes of Shoulder Stiffness
Physical Examination
Physical Examination of the Stiff Shoulder
Inspection
Palpation
Motion, Strength, and Special Testing
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Postoperative Managment
Results
Complications
Future Considerations
Acknowledgment
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 52: Glenohumeral Arthritis in the Athlete
Abstract
Keywords
Epidemiology
Classification
Primary Osteoarthritis
Instability Arthropathy
Dislocation Arthropathy
Capsulorrhaphy Arthropathy
Chondrolysis
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Osteonecrosis
Patient Evaluation
Presentation and History
Physical Examination
Evaluation of Prior Operative Notes and Arthroscopic Images
Imaging
Treatment Options
Nonoperative Treatment
Operative Treatment
Joint-Sparing Techniques
Arthroscopic débridement.
Microfracture.
Glenoidplasty and osteocapsular arthroplasty.
Arthroscopy for rheumatoid arthritis and osteonecrosis.
Joint Resurfacing Techniques
Humeral head resurfacing, biologic resurfacing, and osteochondral grafting.
Glenohumeral arthroplasty.
Arthroplasty for inflammatory arthritis.
Arthroplasty for instability arthropathy.
Arthrodesis.
Decision-Making Principles
Postoperative Management
Postoperative Rehabilitation
Rehabilitation After Arthroplasty
Return to Sport/Work
Complications
Future Considerations
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 53: Scapulothoracic Disorders
Abstract
Keywords
Scapular Bursitis and Crepitus
Scapular Winging
Scapular Dyskinesis
History
Physical Examination
Inspection
Palpation
Range of Motion
Strength
Testing
Wall Push-Up
Scapular Retraction Test
Impingement Examination
Imaging
Radiographs
Computed Tomography Scan
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scan
Electromyography
Ultrasound
Decision-Making Principles
Pain and/or Crepitus
Prior Treatment
Associated Pathology and Location of Pain
Response to Injection
Treatment Options
Nonoperative
Operative Treatment
Scapular Bursitis/Crepitus
Open technique.
Scapular Winging
Scapular Dyskinesia
Postoperative Management
Return to Play
Results
Complications
Future Considerations
Acknowledgment
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Recommended Viewing
References
Chapter 54: Nerve Entrapment
Abstract
Keywords
Nerve Entrapment in the Shoulder
Suprascapular Nerve Palsy
Anatomy and Biomechanics
Clinical Evaluation
Diagnostic Studies
Decision-Making Principles
Spinoglenoid Notch Compression
Results
Nonoperative
Suprascapular Notch Decompression
Spinoglenoid Notch Decompression
Long Thoracic Nerve Palsy
Anatomy and Biomechanics
Clinical Evaluation
Diagnostic Studies
Decision-Making Principles
Results
Nonoperative
Pectoralis Major Transfer
Spinal Accessory Nerve Palsy
Anatomy and Biomechanics
Clinical Evaluation
Diagnostic Studies
Decision-Making Principles
Results
Axillary Nerve Palsy
Anatomy and Biomechanics
Clinical Evaluation
Diagnostic Studies
Decision-Making Principles
Results
Nonoperative
Operative
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 55: Vascular Problems and Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Abstract
Keywords
Classification
Anatomy
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Results
Complications
Postoperative Management
Summary
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 56: Injury to the Acromioclavicular and Sternoclavicular Joints
Abstract
Keywords
Acromioclavicular Joint
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Postoperative Management/Return to Play
Results
Complications
Sternoclavicular Joint
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Mild and Moderate Sprains (Type I and II Injuries)
Dislocations (Type III Injuries)
Open SC Joint Reduction
Figure-of-Eight Reconstruction
Medial Clavicle Excision
Postoperative Management/Return to Play
Results
Complications
Future Considerations
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Section 5: Elbow, Wrist, and Hand
Chapter 57: Elbow Anatomy and Biomechanics
Abstract
Keywords
Anatomy
Osseous Anatomy
Capsuloligamentous Restraints
Elbow Musculature
Elbow Biomechanics
Joint Motion
Flexion-Extension
Pronation-Supination
Motion Loss
Joint Stability
Osteoarticular Stability
Distal humeral articular anatomy.
Coronoid process.
Radial head.
Olecranon process.
Soft Tissue Stability
Ulnar collateral ligament.
Lateral collateral ligament.
Muscular contributions and joint reactive forces.
The throwing cycle.
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 58: Elbow Diagnosis and Decision-Making
Abstract
Keywords
Overview of Pathologies
History
Lateral Elbow
Medial Elbow
Anterior Elbow
Posterior Elbow
Physical Examination
Inspection
Palpation
Lateral Elbow
Medial Elbow
Anterior Elbow
Posterior Elbow
Motion
Neurologic Assessment
Compression Neuropathies at the Elbow
Ulnar Nerve Compression (Cubital Tunnel Syndrome)
Radial Nerve Compression Neuropathies
Radial Tunnel Syndrome
Posterior Interosseous Nerve Syndrome
Median Nerve Compression at the Elbow
Pronator Syndrome
Anterior Interosseous Nerve Syndrome
Joint Stability Testing
Lateral Collateral Ligament
Medial (Ulnar) Collateral Ligament
Other Provocative Maneuvers
Distal Biceps Tendon Rupture
Posteromedial Impingement Syndrome
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 59: Elbow Imaging
Abstract
Keywords
IMAGING MODALITIES
Conventional Radiographs
Computed Tomography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Magnetic Resonance Arthrography
Ultrasound
Trauma
Fracture
Fracture-Dislocation
Occult Fracture
Stress Fracture
Degenerative Arthritis and Loose Bodies
Collateral Ligament Injury
Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injury
Injury of the Lateral Collateral Ligament
Lateral and Medial Epicondylitis
Distal Biceps Tendon
Ulnar Neuropathy
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 60: Elbow Arthroscopy
Abstract
Keywords
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles and Treatment Options
Anesthesia
Positioning
Fluid Management and Instrumentation
Portal Placement and Precautions
Standard Anteromedial Portal
Proximal Anteromedial Portal
Standard Anterolateral Portal
Proximal Anterolateral Portal
Posterior Radiocapitellar (“Soft Spot”) Portal
Straight Posterior (Transtriceps) Portal
Proximal Posterolateral Portal
Accessory Portals
Order of Portal Placement
Postoperative Management
Return to Play
Complications
Neurologic Injury
Infection
Heterotopic Ossification
Future Considerations
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 61: Elbow Tendinopathies and Bursitis
Abstract
Keywords
Lateral and Medial Epicondylitis
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Splinting
Therapy
Injections
Surgical Treatment
Postoperative Management
Return to Play
Results
Open Surgical Management—Lateral Epicondylitis
Arthroscopic Release—Lateral Epicondylitis
Surgical Treatment of Medial Epicondylitis
Complications
Future Considerations
Distal Biceps and Triceps Tendinitis
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options and Results
Conservative
Operative
Postoperative Management
Return to Play
Complications
Future Considerations
Olecranon Bursitis
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Postoperative Care
Results
Complications
Future Considerations
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 62: Distal Biceps and Triceps Tendon Ruptures
Abstract
Keywords
Distal Biceps Tendon Rupture
Epidemiology
Anatomy
Biomechanics
Classification
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Treatment Options
Decision-Making Principles
Postoperative Management
Results
Complications
Distal Triceps Tendon Rupture
Epidemiology
Anatomy and Biomechanics
Classification
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Nonoperative Treatment
Operative Treatment
Postoperative Management
Results
Complications
Future Considerations
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 63: Entrapment Neuropathies of the Arm, Elbow, and Forearm
Entrapment Neuropathies
History
Physical Exam
Imaging
Electrophysiologic Testing
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Postoperative Management
Complications
Median Nerve
Pronator Syndrome
History
Physical Exam
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Preferred Technique (Fig. 63.2)
Postoperative Management and Return to Play
Results
Complications
Anterior Interosseous Nerve Syndrome
History
Physical Exam
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Preferred Technique
Postoperative Management and Return to Play
Results
Complications
Ulnar Nerve
Cubital Tunnel Syndrome
History
Physical Exam
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
In Situ Decompression (Fig. 63.4)
Anterior Nerve Transposition: Subcutaneous (Fig. 63.5)
Anterior Nerve Transposition: Intramuscular (Fig. 63.6)
Anterior Nerve Transposition: Submuscular (Fig. 63.7)
Medial Epicondylectomy
Preferred Technique
Postoperative Management and Return to Play
Results
Complications
Radial Nerve
Radial Tunnel Syndrome
History
Physical Exam
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Posterior Approach
Anterolateral Approach (Fig. 63.9)
Preferred Technique
Postoperative Management and Return to Play
Results
Complications
Posterior Interosseous Nerve Syndrome
History
Physical Exam
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Preferred Technique
Postoperative Management and Return to Play
Results
Complications
Radial Sensory Nerve Compression
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 64: Elbow Throwing Injuries
Abstract
Keywords
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Tendinopathy
Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injuries
Valgus Extension Overload and Loose Bodies
Olecranon Stress Fracture
Ulnar Neuritis
Postoperative Management and Return to Play
Results
Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injury
Valgus Extension Overload
Ulnar Neuritis
Complications
Future Considerations
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 65: Loss of Elbow Motion
Abstract
Keywords
History
Assessing Impairment
Intrinsic Causes
Extrinsic Causes
Forearm Contracture
Prior Treatment
Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles and Treatment Options
Surgical Techniques
Arthroscopic Release
Anesthesia and Positioning
Surgical Landmarks, Incisions, and Portals
Anteromedial portal.
Anterolateral portal.
Anterior release.
Posterior release.
Posteromedial capsulectomy and ulnar nerve decompression.
Closure.
Open Release
Postoperative Management
Follow-up
Rehabilitation
Return to Sport
Results
Complications
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 66: Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Hand and Wrist
Abstract
Keywords
Hand
Skin
Nerves
Muscles and Tendons
Joints
Metacarpophalangeal Joint of the Fingers
Proximal Interphalangeal Joint
Distal Interphalangeal Joint
Thumb
Wrist
Wrist Anatomy and Biomechanics
Extensor Tendons of the Wrist and Hand
Wrist Flexors
Vascular Anatomy
Summary
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 67: Hand and Wrist Diagnosis and Decision-Making
Abstract
Keywords
Overview
History and Physical Exam
Radial Quadrant
Dorsal Quadrant
Ulnar Quadrant
Volar Quadrant
Hand and Digits
Distal Interphalangeal Joint
Proximal Interphalangeal Joint
Metacarpophalangeal Joint
Thumb Ulnar Collateral
Flexor Pulley Injury
Summary
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 68: Imaging of the Wrist and Hand
Wrist Injuries
Distal Radius Fractures
Carpal Fractures
Scaphoid Fracture
Trapezium Fracture
Capitate Fracture
Hamate Fracture
Perilunate Dislocation
Ulnar Impaction Syndrome
Kienböck Disease
Intrinsic Carpal Ligament Injury
Tendon Injuries
Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Injury
Hand Injuries
Pulley Injuries
Thumb Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injury
Metacarpal Fracture
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 69: Wrist Arthroscopy
Abstract
Keywords
General Set-Up for Wrist Arthroscopy
Instrumentation
Portal Placement
Dry Arthroscopy
Arthroscopic Anatomy
Distal Radioulnar Joint Arthroscopy
Carpal Instability
Fracture Management
Scaphoid Fractures
Arthroscopic Reduction of Selected Scaphoid Nonunions
Transscaphoid Perilunate Fracture-Dislocations
Fractures of the Distal Radius
Operative Technique
Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex
Surgical Anatomy
Clinical Features
Arthroscopic Management of Traumatic Class I Injuries
Arthroscopic Management of Class II Degenerative Injuries
Arthroscopic Ganglionectomy
Kienböck Disease
Complications
Future Considerations
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 70: Carpal Injuries
Abstract
Keywords
Anatomy and Kinematics
Carpal Fractures
Scaphoid
History
Physical Exam
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Postoperative Management
Results
Complications
Triquetrum
History
Physical Exam
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Postoperative Management
Results
Complications
Trapezium
History
Physical Exam
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Postoperative Management
Results
Complications
Hamate
History
Physical Exam
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Postoperative Management
Results
Complications
Capitate
History
Physical Exam
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Postoperative Management
Results
Complications
Trapezoid
History
Physical Exam
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Postoperative Management
Results
Complications
Lunate
History
Physical Exam
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Postoperative Management
Results
Complications
Pisiform
History
Physical Exam
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Postoperative Management
Results
Complications
Carpal Ligament Injury and Instability
History
Physical Exam
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Postoperative Management
Results
Complications
Perilunate Instability
History
Physical Exam
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Postoperative Management
Results
Complications
Future Considerations
Acknowledgment
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 71: Wrist Tendinopathies
Abstract
Keywords
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Common Wrist Tendinopathies
De Quervain Tenosynovitis
Treatment Options
Postoperative Management and Return to Sports
Intersection Syndrome
Treatment Options
Return to Sports
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Tendinopathy
Classification
Special Tests
Treatment Options
Criteria for Return to Sports
Flexor Carpi Radialis Tendinopathy
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Tendinopathy
Results
Complications
Future Considerations
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 72: Disorders of the Distal Radioulnar Joint
Abstract
Keywords
Anatomy
Blood Supply
Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Tears
Class I Tears (Traumatic)
Class II Tears (Degenerative)
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Radiographs
Computed Tomography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Treatment
Postoperative Management
Complications
Acknowledgment
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 73: Tendon Injuries in the Hand
Abstract
Keywords
Mallet Finger
Closed Boutonnière (Central Slip Rupture)
Sagittal Band Rupture
Jersey Finger
Pulley Injury
Tendon Injury Complications
Future Considerations
Acknowledgment
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
References
Chapter 74: Digit Fractures and Dislocations
Abstract
Keywords
Ligamentous Injuries and Dislocations
Metacarpophalangeal Joint
Proximal Interphalangeal Joint
Distal Interphalangeal Joint or Thumb Interphalangeal Joint
Phalangeal Fractures
Osseous and Soft Tissue Injuries of the Thumb
Metacarpophalangeal Dislocation
Collateral Ligament Injuries of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
References
Chapter 75: Neuropathies of the Wrist and Hand
Abstract
Keywords
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Postoperative Management and Return to Play
Results
Complications
Future Considerations
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Levels of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Levels of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Levels of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Section 6: Pelvis, Hip, and Thigh
Chapter 76: Hip Anatomy and Biomechanics
Abstract
Keywords
Prenatal Hip Joint Development
Bony Anatomy
Acetabular Development
Acetabular Version
Acetabular Depth and Volume
Anteroinferior Iliac Spine
Proximal Femoral Development
Blood Supply
Femoral Neck Version
Neck Shaft Angle
Femoral Head-Neck Junction
Internal Bony Architecture of the Femoral Neck
Greater Trochanter
Lesser Trochanter
Intra-Articular Structures
Acetabular Labrum
Blood Supply
Innervation
Biomechanical Properties
Ligamentum Teres
Blood Supply
Biomechanical Properties
Innervation
Articular Cartilage
Hip Joint Capsule
Capsular Ligaments
Iliofemoral Ligament
Pubofemoral Ligament
Ischiofemoral Ligament
Zona Orbicularis
Capsular Innervation
Femoral Nerve
Obturator Nerve
Accessory Obturator Nerve
Superior Gluteal Nerve
Inferior Gluteal Nerve
Sciatic Nerve
Nerve to Quadratus Femoris
Safe Zone of the Capsule
Capsule Vascularization
Muscles Around the Hip Joint
Abductors and Internal Rotators
Gluteus Medius
Gluteus Minimus
Tensor Fascia Lata
Flexors
Iliopsoas
Pectineus
Rectus Femoris
Sartorius
Iliocapsularis
Extensors
Hamstrings
Gluteus Maximus
External Rotators
Short External Rotators
Adductors
Bursae Around the Hip Joint
Trochanteric Bursae
Iliopsoas Bursa
General Hip Kinematics/Biomechanics
Hip Motions
Hip Stability
Gait Cycle
Forces Around the Hip Joint
Multibody Dynamics
In Vivo Studies
In Silico Studies
In Vitro Studies
Dynamic Imaging Studies
Hip-Spine Relationship
Summary
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level:
Summary:
Citation:
Level:
Summary:
Citation:
Level:
Summary:
Citation:
Level:
Summary:
Citation:
Level:
Summary:
References
Chapter 77: Hip Diagnosis and Decision-Making
Abstract
Keywords
Overview of Pathologies
Soft Tissue Injuries
Bone Injuries
Instability
Degenerative Joint Disease
Nerve Entrapment Injuries
Intra-Articular Pathology
Infection
Pediatric Hip Conditions
History
Physical Examination
Inspection
Symptom Localization
Measurements and Range of Motion
Evaluation of Ligamentous Laxity
Special Maneuvers
Supine
Lateral
Prone
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 78: Hip Imaging
Abstract
Keywords
Radiographic Techniques
Standing Anteroposterior Pelvic View
Cross-Table Lateral View
45-Degree or 90-Degree Dunn View
Frog-Leg Lateral View
False-Profile View
Interpretation of Plain Radiographic Images
Functional Leg Lengths
Neck Shaft Angle
Trabecular Pattern
Lateral Center Edge Angles
Anterior Center Edge Angles
Acetabular Inclination
Joint Space Width
Hip Center Position
Head Sphericity
Acetabular Cup Depth
Acetabular Version
Head-Neck Offset
Alpha Angle
Computed Tomography Evaluation of the Hip
Magnetic Resonance Evaluation of the Hip
Labral Conditions
Labral Variant
Labrum Tear
Chondral Injury
Femoroacetabular Impingement
Hip Sprain and Dislocation
Stress Injuries
Ultrasound
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 79: Hip Arthroscopy
Abstract
Keywords
Indications
Contraindications
Learning Curve
Operating Room Set-Up and Positioning
Equipment and Instrumentation
Supine Position
Traction
Preparation and Draping
Procedure
Surface Landmarks
Arthroscopic Portals
Anterolateral
Modified Mid-Anterior
Distal Anterolateral Accessory Portal
Posterolateral
Technique
Central Compartment
Peripheral Compartment
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 80: Femoroacetabular Impingement in Athletes
Abstract
Keywords
Clinical Presentation
Physical Examination
Diagnosis
Plain Radiographs
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Magnetic Resonance Arthrography
Computed Tomography
Ultrasonography
Diagnostic Intra-Articular Injection
Management
Nonoperative Management
Operative Management
Open Surgical Dislocation
Hip Arthroscopy
Central compartment.
Pincer impingement.
Labral injuries.
Chondral injuries.
Peripheral compartment.
Rehabilitation
Outcomes
Complications
Conclusions
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 81: Hip Dysplasia and Instability
Abstract
Keywords
Overview of Pathologies
Hip Dysplasia
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making
Hip Dysplasia
Borderline Dysplasia
Atraumatic Hip Microinstability
References
Chapter 82: Iliopsoas Pathology
Abstract
Keywords
Iliopsoas Anatomy and Function
Iliopsoas Snapping
Iliopsoas Bursitis and Tendonitis
Iliopsoas Impingement
History
Iliopsoas Snapping
Iliopsoas Impingement
Physical Exam
Iliopsoas Snapping
Iliopsoas Impingement
Imaging
Treatment Options
Postoperative Management
Results
Iliopsoas Snapping
Iliopsoas Impingement
Complications
Future Considerations
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 83: Peritrochanteric Disorders
Abstract
Keywords
Gluteus Medius and Minimus Tears
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Postoperative Management
Results
Complications
Future Considerations
Coxa Saltans
Internal Coxa Saltans
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Postoperative Management
Results
Complications
External Coxa Saltans
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Postoperative Management
Results
Complications
Future Considerations
Trochanteric Bursitis
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Piriformis Syndrome
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Future Considerations
Ischiofemoral Impingement
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Results
Complications
Future Considerations
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 84: Athletic Pubalgia/Core Muscle Injury and Adductor Pathology
Abstract
Keywords
Anatomy
Historical Background
History
Physical Examination
Diagnostic Injections
Imaging
Radiographic Analysis
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Dynamic Ultrasonography
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Adductor Strain
Nonoperative Management
Operative Management
Athletic Pubalgia/Sports Hernia
Nonoperative Management
Operative Management
Osteitis Pubis
Nonoperative Management
Operative Treatment
Complications
Athletic Pubalgia
Osteitis Pubis
Adductor Tenotomy
Future Considerations
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 85: Posterior Hip Pain
Abstract
Keywords
Sciatic Nerve Characteristics
Deep Gluteal Syndrome/Sciatic Nerve Entrapment
Anatomy
Etiology
Physical Examination
Preoperative and Postoperative Rehabilitation
Operative Treatment
Endoscopic Decompression
Pudendal Nerve Entrapment
Superior and Inferior Gluteal Nerves
Conclusion
References
Chapter 86: Hamstring Injuries
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Nonoperative
Surgical Treatment
Open
Endoscopic
Postoperative Management
Rehabilitation
Results
Complications
Future Considerations
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 87: Hip and Thigh Contusions and Strains
Abstract
Keywords
Contusions
Iliac Crest Contusion
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Treatment Options
Return to Play
Results
Complications
Quadriceps Contusion
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Treatment Options
Nonoperative treatment.
Operative treatment.
Decision-Making Principles
Return to Play
Results
Myositis Ossificans
Complications
Future Considerations
Groin Contusions
Strains
Classification
Quadriceps Strains
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Treatment Options
Decision-Making Principles
Return to Play
Results
Complications
Future Considerations
Adductor Strains
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Treatment Options
Nonoperative.
Operative.
Decision-Making Principles
Return to Play
Results
Complications
Future Considerations
Special Considerations for the Pediatric and Adolescent Athlete
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Treatment
Acknowledgment
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 88: Hip Arthritis in the Athlete
Abstract
Keywords
History
Physical Exam
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Nonsurgical Measures
Surgical Treatment
Hip Arthroscopy
Osteotomy
Hip Resurfacing
Total Hip Arthroplasty
Postoperative Management
Hip Arthroscopy
Total Hip Arthroplasty
Results
Complications
Future Directions
References
Section 7: Knee
Chapter 89: Knee Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Knee
Abstract
Keywords
Knee Anatomy
Superficial Anatomy
Osseous Anatomy
Femur
Tibia
Patella
Muscular Anatomy
Anterior
Posterior
Medial
Lateral
Bursae
Menisci
Medial Meniscus
Lateral Meniscus
Ligaments
Cruciate Ligaments
Anterior Cruciate Ligament
Posterior Cruciate Ligament
Collateral Ligaments
Medial Collateral Ligament
Fibular Collateral Ligament
Anterolateral Ligament
Joint Capsule and Synovial Membrane
Neurovascular Anatomy
Vascularization
Innervation
Biomechanics of the Knee
Description of Biomechanical Techniques
Tibiofemoral Joint Biomechanics
Force Measurement of Ligaments
Strain Measurement of Ligaments
Ligament Biomechanics
Function of the Cruciate Ligaments in Controlling Joint Biomechanics
Medial and Lateral Collateral Ligaments and Their Function in Controlling Joint Biomechanics
Meniscal Biomechanics
Function of the Meniscus in Load Transmission
Function of the Meniscus in Joint Stability
Patellofemoral Joint Biomechanics
Patellofemoral Contact Area
Patellofemoral Force Transmission
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 90: Knee Diagnosis and Decision-Making
Abstract
Keywords
History
Physical Examination
Inspection
Palpation
Range of Motion and Strength Testing
Patella
Meniscus
Ligamentous Stability
Synthesis and Decision-Making
Conclusion
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 91: Imaging of the Knee
Abstract
Keywords
Background
Imaging
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Menisci
Pitfalls
Musculotendinous Structures
Ligaments
Extensor Mechanism
Osseous Structures and Cartilage
Postoperative Imaging
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 92: Basics of Knee Arthroscopy
Abstract
Keywords
Preoperative Evaluation
Indications
Positioning
Portal Placement
Diagnostic Arthroscopy
Instrumentation
Postoperative Care
Complications
Summary
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 93: Arthroscopic Synovectomy of the Knee
Abstract
Keywords
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Examination After Inducement of Anesthesia
Positioning
Surgical Steps
Anterior Compartments
Posterior Compartments
Postoperative Management
Results
Complications
Future Directions
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 94: Meniscal Injuries
Abstract
Keywords
History of the Meniscus
Meniscus Anatomy and Structure
Meniscus Biomechanics and Function
Epidemiology
Meniscal Injury: Classification
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Treatment Options
Nonoperative Management
Operative Management
Surgical Indications
Arthroscopy
Special Circumstances
Meniscal root tears.
Lateral meniscus fascicular tears.
Meniscal cysts.
Discoid meniscus and meniscal variants.
Meniscal allograft transplantation.
Decision-Making Principles
Surgical Techniques
Meniscectomy
Meniscal Repair: The Basics
Meniscal Repair: Inside-Out
Meniscal Repair: Outside-In
Meniscal Repair: All-Inside
Biologic Stimulation
Trephination
Synovial Abrasion
Fibrin Clot Augmentation
Platelet Rich Plasma
Cell-Based Approaches
Cytokine and Growth Factor Modulation
Meniscal Scaffolds
Postoperative Management
Return to Play
Results
Complications
Future Considerations
Critical Points
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 95: Meniscal Transplantation
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Radiographs
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Bone Scan
Decision-Making Principles/Indications
Patient
Pathophysiology
Contributing Factors
Contraindications
Treatment Options
Nonoperative Management
Operative Management
Positioning and Diagnostic Arthroscopy
Lateral
Medial
Single Bone Plug and Trough
Postoperative Management
Results
Complications
Conclusion/Future Considerations
References
Chapter 96: Articular Cartilage Lesions
Abstract
Keywords
Relevant Anatomy and Biomechanics
Classification
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Indications for Cartilage Restoration
Contraindications
Treatment Algorithm
Osteochondritis Dissecans Lesions
Patient Age and Defect Chronicity
Treatment Options
Marrow Stimulation
Osteochondral Autograft Transfer
Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation
Particulated Juvenile Cartilage Allograft
Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation
Postoperative Management
Return to Play
Surgical Technique Results
Marrow Stimulation
Osteochondral Autograft Transfer
Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation
Particulated Juvenile Cartilage Allograft
Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation
Complications
Future Considerations
Conclusion
References
Chapter 97: Frontiers in Articular Cartilage Treatment
Abstract
Keywords
Surgical Management
Palliative
Reparative
Restorative
Mesenchymal Stem Cells With Three-Dimensional Matrices
Minced Cartilage Techniques
Off-the-Shelf Surface Allograft Transplantation
Summary
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 98: Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries
Abstract
Keywords
History
Anatomy and Biomechanics
Basic Science
Microanatomy
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Biology
Epidemiology
Clinical History
Physical Examination
Ligamentous Laxity
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Operative Versus Nonoperative Treatment
Age
Gender
Partial Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears
Associated Injuries
Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament
Treatment Options
Nonoperative Options
Operative Options
Timing
Graft Selection
Graft Harvest
Graft Tension and Fixation
Graft Healing
Extra-Articular Augmentation
Role of Tibial Slope
Revision Options
Postoperative Management
Rehabilitation
Muscle Training (Open and Closed Kinetic Chain)
Electrical Stimulation, Biofeedback, and Proprioception
Functional Training
Techniques to Limit Pain and Swelling
Rehabilitation Protocol
Return to Play
Results
Graft Type
Single Versus Double Bundle
Complications
Future Considerations
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 99: Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries
Abstract
Keywords
Epidemiology
History
Physical Exam
Imaging
Radiographic Tunnel Positioning
Graft Impingement
Advanced Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Causes of Failure of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Tunnel Malpositioning
Untreated Ligamentous Laxity
Primary Reconstruction Graft Choice
Concomitant Intra-Articular Pathology
Meniscus Injury
Articular Cartilage Injury
Treatment Options
Evaluation of Tunnels
Prior Fixation
Tunnel Grafting
Tunnel Preparation
Femoral Tunnel
Tibial Tunnel
Graft Fixation
Double-Bundle Reconstruction in Revision Setting
Graft Choice
Factors Affecting Graft Choice
Comparison Among Graft Choices
Two-Stage Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Postoperative Management
Principles of Rehabilitation
Rehabilitation Protocol
Phase 1: Acute Postoperative Phase (0 to 4 Weeks)
Phase 2: Subacute Postoperative Phase (2 to 8 Weeks)
Phase 3: Neuromuscular Conditioning (6 Weeks to 8 Months)
Phase 4: Return to Activity (8 Months to 1 Year)
Results
Multiple Revisions
Complications
Future Considerations
Selected Reading
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 100: Posterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries
Abstract
Keywords
History
Physical Examination
Posterior Drawer Test
Posterior Sag Test (Godfrey Test) and Quadriceps Active Test
External Rotation of the Tibia (Dial Test)
Reverse Pivot-Shift Test
Collateral Ligament Assessment
Gait and Limb Alignment
Imaging
Radiography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Bone Scan
Decision-Making
Nonoperative Treatment
Treatment Options
Nonoperative Treatment
Operative Treatment
Transtibial Tunnel Versus Tibial Inlay Techniques
Single-Bundle Versus Double-Bundle Reconstruction
Graft Choice and Fixation
High Tibial Osteotomy for Chronic PCL Injuries
Postoperative Management
Results of Operative Treatment
Isolated Posterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries
Transtibial Versus Tibial Inlay
Single Versus Double Bundle
Complications
Future Considerations
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 101: Medial Collateral Ligament and Posterior Medial Corner Injuries
Abstract
Keywords
History
Physical Exam
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Postoperative Management
Results
Complications
Future Considerations
Selected Reading
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 102: Lateral and Posterolateral Corner Injuries of the Knee
Abstract
Keywords
Anatomy
Layers of the Lateral Side of the Knee
Individual Structures
Iliotibial Band
Fibular Collateral Ligament
Popliteus Tendon Complex
Biceps Femoris Muscle
Long head.
Short head.
Fabellofibular Ligament
Arcuate Ligament Complex
Lateral Gastrocnemius Tendon
Mid-Third Lateral Capsular Ligament
Neurovascular Structures
Biomechanics
Role of Posterolateral Corner Structures to Varus Motion
Role of the Posterolateral Corner Structures in Preventing External Rotation
Role of the Posterolateral Corner Structures in Preventing Anterior/Posterior Tibial Translation
Classification
History
Concomitant Injury
Physical Examination
Imaging
Radiographs
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Ultrasound
Decision-Making Principles
Timing of Diagnosis
Nonoperative Management
Grade I Injuries
Grade II Injuries
Grade III Injuries
Repair Versus Reconstruction
Treatment Options
Nonoperative Management
Surgical Considerations
Diagnostic Arthroscopy
Primary Repair
Repair Techniques
Reconstruction Techniques
Biceps tenodesis.
Split biceps tendon transfer.
Posterolateral corner sling procedure.
Proximal tibial osteotomy.
Anatomic Reconstructions
Isolated structure reconstruction.
Anatomic Reconstruction Technique
Fibula-based reconstruction.
Postoperative Management
Return to Play
Results
Complications
Future Considerations
Pediatric Posterolateral Corner Injuries
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 103: Multiligament Knee Injuries
Abstract
Keywords
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Nonoperative Versus Operative Treatment
Surgical Timing
Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Collateral Structures
Graft Choice
Special Considerations
Treatment Options
Acute Management
Anterior Cruciate Ligament
Posterior Cruciate Ligament
Medial/Posteromedial Structures
Lateral/Posterolateral Structures
Postoperative Management
Results
Complications
Future Considerations
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 104: Knee Arthritis
Abstract
Keywords
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Treatment Options
Nonoperative Treatment Options
Education and Activity Modification
Weight Loss
Low-Impact Exercise
Analgesic Medications
Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs
Braces
Physical Therapy
Injections
Corticosteroid.
Viscosupplementation.
Platelet-rich plasma.
Stem cells.
Treatment Not Recommended
Operative Options
Arthroscopy
Osteotomy
Medial compartment osteoarthritis.
Medial opening wedge high tibial osteotomy.
Lateral closing wedge high tibial osteotomy.
Other techniques.
Lateral compartment osteoarthritis.
Proximal tibial osteotomies.
Distal femoral osteotomies.
Knee instability.
Combined instability and pain.
Return to sport after an osteotomy.
Patient satisfaction after high tibial osteotomy.
Arthroplasty
Medial compartment osteoarthritis.
Tricompartmental osteoarthritis.
Combined instability and pain.
Return to sport after arthroplasty.
Decision-Making Principles
Medial Compartment Osteoarthritis
Lateral Compartment Osteoarthritis
Chronic Anterior Cruciate Ligamentous Insufficiency
Postoperative Management
Results
Complications
Summary
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 105: Patellar Instability
Abstract
Keywords
History
Physical Examination
Pertinent Bony Anatomy
Pertinent Soft Tissue Anatomy
Examination Overview
Acute Patellar Instability Episode
Static Standing and Gait Examination
Sitting Examination: Dynamic Change in Q Angle and J Sign
Supine Examination: Muscle Balance and Special Tests
Prone Examination
Imaging
Radiographs
Computed Tomography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Decision-Making Principles and Treatment Options
Acute Patellar Instability Episode
Subacute, First-Time Patellar Instability Episode
Subacute, Recurrent Patellar Instability Episode
Procedures for soft tissue balance.
Procedures for bone realignment.
Postoperative Management
Results
Complications
Postoperative Management
Results
Complications
Future Considerations
Acknowledgment
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 106: Patellofemoral Pain
Abstract
Keywords
Anatomy
Patient Evaluation
History
Physical Examination
General
Inspection
Palpation
Range of Motion and Strength
Provocative Tests
Diagnostic Studies
Specific Conditions
Idiopathic Anterior Knee Pain/Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome
Synovial Impingement Syndromes
Intraosseous Hypertension of the Patella
Lateral Patella Compression Syndrome
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
Acknowledgment
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 107: Extensor Mechanism Injuries
Abstract
Keywords
Anatomy
Biomechanics
Patellar and Quadriceps Tendon Structure
Extensor Mechanism Disorders
Patellar and Quadriceps Tendinopathy
Patellar and Quadriceps Tendon Ruptures
Patellar Fractures
Patient Evaluation
History
Patellar and Quadriceps Tendinopathy
Patellar and Quadriceps Tendon Ruptures
Patellar Fractures
Physical Examination
Patellar and Quadriceps Tendinopathy
Patellar and Quadriceps Tendon Ruptures
Patellar Fractures
Imaging Studies
Patellar and Quadriceps Tendinopathy
Patellar and Quadriceps Tendon Ruptures
Patellar Fractures
Decision-Making Principles
Patellar and Quadriceps Tendinopathy
Patellar and Quadriceps Tendon Ruptures
Patellar Fractures
Treatment Options
Nonoperative Treatment of Tendinopathy
Nonoperative Treatment of Tendon Ruptures
Nonoperative Treatment of Patellar Fractures
Operative Treatment of Tendinopathy
Operative Treatment of Tendon Ruptures
Operative Treatment of Patellar Fractures
Postoperative Management
Patellar Tendinopathy
Patellar and Quadriceps Tendon Ruptures
Patella Fractures
Clinical Outcomes
Patellar and Quadriceps Tendinopathy
Patellar and Quadriceps Tendon Ruptures
Patellar Fractures
Complications Associated With Extensor Mechanism Injuries and Treatment
Patellar Tendinopathy
Patellar and Quadriceps Tendon Ruptures
Patella Fractures
Future Considerations
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 108: Loss of Knee Motion
Abstract
Keywords
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Postoperative Management
Return to Sports
Results
Complications
Future Considerations
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 109: Vascular Problems of the Knee
Abstract
Keywords
Knee Dislocations
Anterior Knee Dislocations
Posterior Dislocation of the Knee
Vascular Injury From Knee Dislocation
Clinical Presentation
Physical Examination and Testing
Imaging
Treatment Options
Postoperative Management
Complications
Popliteal Artery Entrapment Syndrome
History
Classification
Clinical Presentation
Physical Examination and Testing
Imaging
Duplex Ultrasonography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Magnetic Resonance Angiography
Computed Tomography and Computed Tomographic Angiography
Angiography
Treatment Options
Postoperative Management
Criteria for Return to Play
Complications
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Section 8: Leg, Ankle, and Foot
Chapter 110: Foot and Ankle Biomechanics
Abstract
Keywords
Gait Cycle
Whole Body Kinematics
Kinetics of Gait
Kinematics and Biomechanics of the Ankle Joint
Kinematics and Biomechanics of the Subtalar Joint
Kinematics and Biomechanics of the Transverse Tarsal Joints
Windlass Mechanism, Metatarsal Break, and First Metatarsophalangeal Joint
Summary
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 111: Leg, Ankle, and Foot Diagnosis and Decision-Making
Abstract
Keywords
Overview of Pathologies
History
Physical Examination
Chapter 112: Imaging of the Foot and Ankle
Abstract
Keywords
Radiographs
Computed Tomography
Ultrasound
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Imaging of Tendons
Achilles Tendon
Normal Appearance
Direct Magnetic Resonance Imaging Signs of Disease
Indirect Magnetic Resonance Imaging Signs of Disease
Pitfalls
Posterior Tibial Tendon
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Normal appearance.
Direct magnetic resonance imaging signs.
Indirect magnetic resonance imaging signs.
Pitfalls
Flexor Hallucis Longus
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Normal appearance.
Direct magnetic resonance imaging signs.
Indirect magnetic resonance imaging signs.
Pitfalls
Peroneal Tendons
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Normal appearance.
Direct magnetic resonance imaging signs.
Indirect magnetic resonance imaging signs.
Pitfalls
Anterior Tibial Tendon
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Direct magnetic resonance imaging signs.
Indirect magnetic resonance imaging signs.
Pitfalls
Imaging of Ligaments
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Normal Appearance
Direct Magnetic Resonance Imaging Signs
Indirect Magnetic Resonance Imaging Signs
Pitfalls
Osteochondral Lesions
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Normal Appearance
Direct Magnetic Resonance Imaging Signs
Indirect Magnetic Resonance Imaging Signs
Pitfalls
Nerve Entrapment
Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Interdigital Nerve
Normal Appearance
Direct Magnetic Resonance Imaging Signs
Indirect Magnetic Resonance Imaging Signs
Pitfalls
Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Tarsal Tunnel
Normal Appearance
Direct Magnetic Resonance Imaging Signs
Indirect Magnetic Resonance Imaging Signs
Plantar Fasciitis
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Normal Appearance
Direct Magnetic Resonance Imaging Signs
Indirect Magnetic Resonance Imaging Signs
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 113: Leg Pain and Exertional Compartment Syndromes
Abstract
Keywords
Epidemiology
Anatomy
Pathophysiology
Classification
History
Physical Examination
Diagnostics/Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Compartment Testing
Treatment Options
Postoperative Care
Return to Play
Results
Complications
Summary Points
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 114: Peripheral Nerve Entrapment Around the Foot and Ankle
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
Sural Nerve Entrapment
Introduction
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Treatment Options
Conservative Treatment
Surgical Treatment
Postoperative Management
Results
Saphenous Nerve Entrapment
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Treatment Options
Conservative Treatment
Surgical Treatment
Results
Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome
Introduction
Etiologies
History
Physical Examination
Electrodiagnostic Studies
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Conservative Treatment
Surgical Treatment
Postoperative Management
Results
Lateral Plantar Nerve Entrapment
Introduction
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Conservative Treatment
Surgical Management
Postoperative Management
Results
Complications
Medial Plantar Nerve Entrapment
Introduction
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Conservative Treatment
Surgical Treatment
Postoperative Management
Superficial Peroneal Nerve Entrapment
Introduction
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Conservative Treatment
Surgical Treatment
Postoperative Management
Results
Deep Peroneal Nerve Entrapment
Introduction
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Treatment Options
Conservative Treatment
Surgical Treatment
Postoperative Management
Results
Interdigital Neuralgia (Morton Neuroma)
Introduction
Pathomechanism and Etiologies
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Conservative Treatment
Surgical Treatment
Nerve resection.
Postoperative Management
Results
Complications
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 115: Ankle Arthroscopy
Abstract
Keywords
Soft Tissue Conditions Amenable to Arthroscopy
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Nonoperative Management
General Surgical Technique: Ankle Arthroscopy
Arthroscopic Equipment
Inflow/Outflow
Positioning
Distraction
Anesthesia
Tourniquet
Arthroscopic Examination
Postoperative Management
Results
Complications
Future Considerations
Subtalar Arthroscopy
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Postoperative Management
Results
Complications
Endoscopic Haglund Resection/Calcaneoplasty
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Postoperative Management
Results
Complications
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 116: Sports Shoes and Orthoses
Abstract
Keywords
Sports Orthoses
Research
Clinical Applications
Sports Shoes
Anatomy of the Sports Shoe
Outsole
Midsole
Insole
Upper
Selection and Fitting of Sports Shoes
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 117: Ligamentous Injuries of the Foot and Ankle
Abstract
Keywords
Lateral Ankle Sprain
History and Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment
Conservative
Surgical Treatment
Postoperative Management
Results
Complications
Medial Ankle Sprains
History and Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment
Grade I (Sprain)
Grades II (Partial Tear) and III (Complete Tear)
Results
Complications
Syndesmosis Sprain
History and Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment
Postoperative Management
Results
Complications
Bifurcate Ligament Sprain/Fracture of the Anterior Process of Calcaneum
History and Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment
Postoperative Management
Results
Complications
Lisfranc Sprains
History and Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment
Postoperative Management
Results
Complications
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 118: Tendon Injuries of the Foot and Ankle
Abstract
Keywords
Anterior Tibial Tendon Injuries
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Postoperative Management
Results
Complications
Posterior Tibial Tendon
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Postoperative Management
Results
Complications
Future Considerations
Flexor Hallucis Longus Injuries
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Postoperative Management
Results
Complications
Future Considerations
Peroneal Tendon Injuries
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Postoperative Management
Results
Complications
Future Considerations
Achilles Tendon Injuries
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Postoperative Management
Results
Complications
Future Considerations
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 119: Articular Cartilage Injuries and Defects
Abstract
Keywords
Osteochondral Injuries and Defects in the Foot and Ankle
Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus
History
Physical Examination
Imaging and Diagnosis
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Nonoperative
Operative
Lavage, débridement, and excision and bone marrow stimulation (curettage, drilling, and microfracture).
Internal fixation.
Restoration of articular hyaline cartilage.
Osteochondral autograft and allograft.
Other less common autografting procedures (osteoperiosteal bone graft and free vascularized autograft).
Autologous chondrocyte implantation or transplantation traditional or matrix-induced.
Newer orthobiologic or synthetic therapies.
Results
Conservative or Nonoperative Management
Operative Management
Lavage, débridement, and excision, and bone marrow stimulation (curettage, drilling, and microfracture).
Autologous cancellous bone grafting.
Osteochondral autografts (osteochondral autologous transplantation system, mosaicplasty).
Osteochondral allografts.
Autologous chondrocyte implantation or transplantation.
Newer Orthobiologics, Adjuncts, and Future Considerations
Postoperative Management/Return to Play
Osteochondral Lesions of the Distal Tibial Plafond
Osteochondral Lesions of the First Metatarsal
Complications
Selected Reading
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 120: Heel Pain and Plantar Fasciitis
Abstract
Keywords
Posterior Heel Pain
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Nonoperative Therapy
Operative Therapy
Postoperative Management
Results
Complications
Future Considerations
Plantar Fasciitis
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Nonoperative Therapy
Postoperative Management
Results
Complications
Future Considerations
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 121: Forefoot Problems in Sport
Abstract
Keywords
Turf Toe
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Nonoperative
Operative
Postoperative Management
Results
Complications
Sesamoid Dysfunction
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Nonoperative
Operative
Postoperative Management
Results
Complications
Metatarsalgia
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Nonoperative
Operative
Postoperative Management
Results
Complications
Future Considerations
Hallux Rigidus
History
Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Nonoperative
Operative
Cheilectomy.
Arthroscopic treatment of hallux rigidus.
Minimally invasive treatment of hallux rigidus.
Osteotomy.
Motion-sparing procedures in advanced degeneration.
Metatarsophalangeal arthrodesis.
Results
Complications
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Section 9: Spine and Head
Chapter 122: Head and Spine Anatomy and Biomechanics
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
Anatomy
Skull (Cranium)
Brain
Head Injuries
Concussion
Spine
Intervertebral Disk
Ligaments
Muscles
Neurologic Tissues
Biomechanics
Normal/Physiologic Biomechanics
Integration of Biomechanical Considerations for Treatment
Summary
Selected Reading
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 123: Head and Spine Diagnosis and Decision-Making
Abstract
Keywords
Head
Anatomy and Biomechanics
Pathophysiology
History
Physical Exam
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Results
Complications
Postconcussion Syndrome
Future Considerations
Spine
Introduction
Unstable Fractures and Dislocations of the Cervical Spine
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Postoperative Management
Results
Complications
Disc Degeneration
Future Considerations
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 124: Imaging of the Spine
Abstract
Keywords
Imaging Modalities
Radiographs
EOS 2D/3D X-Ray Imaging System
Computed Tomography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Myelography
Nuclear Scintigraphy
Functional Metabolic Imaging
Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography
Interventional Radiology Techniques
Imaging of the Degenerative Spine
Imaging Study Interpretation
Conclusion
Future Considerations
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 125: Emergency and Field-Side Management of the Spine-Injured Athlete
Abstract
Keywords
Epidemiology
Field Management
Pre-Event Planning
Approaching the Injured Athlete on the Field
Preparing for Transport
Emergency Department Evaluation
Common Acute Spinal Injuries
Conclusion
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 126: Concussion and Brain Injury
Abstract
Keywords
Background
Definition of Concussion
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Presentation
Examination
Baseline (Preseason) Assessment
Sideline Assessment
Comprehensive Assessment
Imaging
Management
Return to Play
Retiring an Athlete
Interventions
Conclusion
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 127: Stingers
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Classification and Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Return to Play
Sequela
Future Considerations
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 128: Traumatic Injuries of the Cervical Spine in the Athlete
Abstract
Keywords
History
Physical Examination/on-Field Evaluation
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles of Diagnosis and Treatment
Return to Play
Conclusions
References
Chapter 129: Traumatic Injuries of the Thoracolumbar Spine in the Athlete
Abstract
Keywords
Risk Factors
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Thoracolumbar Fractures
Spinal Stability
Compression Fractures
Burst Fractures
Chance Fractures
Fracture-Dislocations
Extension/Extension-Distraction Injuries
Stress Fractures
Vertebral Body Apophyseal Avulsion Fracture
Strains, Sprains, and Contusions
Disc Herniation
Spondylolysis
Spondylolisthesis
Posterior Element Overuse Syndrome
Sacroiliac Joint
Treatment Options
Sacroiliac Joint
Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis
Fractures
Postoperative Management and Return to Play
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 130: Degenerative Conditions of the Cervical and Thoracolumbar Spine
Abstract
Keywords
Degenerative Cervical Spine
Axial Neck Pain
Cause and Epidemiology
Cervical Motion Segment
Intervertebral Disks
Facets
Uncovertebral Joints
Cervical Spondylosis
Epidemiology
Pathoanatomy
Discogenic Pain
Cervical Disc Herniation, Foraminal Stenosis, and Cervical Radiculopathy
Central Stenosis and Cervical Myelopathy
Rheumatoid Cervical Spondylitis
Ossified Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
Degenerative Thoracolumbar Spine
Degenerative Thoracic Spine
Degenerative Lumbar Spine
Overview of Low Back Pain
Lumbar Spine Anatomy
Discogenic Low Back Pain
Lumbar Disc Herniation and Radiculopathy
Synovial Facet Cysts
Degenerative Lumbar Spinal Stenosis
Degenerative Spondylolisthesis
References
Section 10: Pediatric Sports Medicine
Chapter 131: The Young Athlete
Abstract
Keywords
Epidemiology
Pediatric Sports Participation
Pediatric Sports Injury
Overuse Injuries and Sports Specialization
Youth Sports Injury Prevention
Exercise Physiology
Endurance Training
Flexibility
Strength Training
Thermoregulation and Heat-Related Injuries
Psychosocial Aspects of Sports Participation
Psychosocial Development
Readiness for Sport
Adult Involvement
Nutrition
Performance-Enhancing Substances
Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids
Regulation of Performance-Enhancing Substances
Arthroscopy in Children
Conclusions
References
Chapter 132: Imaging Considerations in Skeletally Immature Athletes
Abstract
Keywords
Pathophysiology Common to Injuries in the Skeletally Immature Athlete
Shoulder
Development
Acute Injuries
Overuse Injuries
Elbow
Development
Acute Injuries
Overuse Injuries
Little Leaguer Elbow
Wrist
Acute Injuries
Overuse Injuries
Hip
Acute Injuries
Overuse Injuries
Knee
Acute Injuries
Overuse Injuries
Lower Leg/Ankle/Foot
Acute Injuries
Overuse Injuries
Spine
Miscellaneous
References
Chapter 133: Shoulder Injuries in the Young Athlete
Abstract
Keywords
Anatomy
Clavicle
Scapula
Proximal Humerus
Clavicle Fractures
Midshaft Clavicle Fractures
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Treatment Options
Nonoperative treatment.
Operative treatment.
Results
Complications
Lateral Clavicle Physeal Fractures
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Treatment Options
Nonoperative treatment.
Operative treatment.
Results
Complications
Medial Clavicle Physeal Fractures
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Treatment Options
Complications
Proximal Humerus Fractures
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Treatment
Nonoperative Treatment
Operative Treatment
Complications
Lesser Tuberosity Fractures
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Treatment Options
Complications
Glenohumeral Instability
Anterior Instability
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Treatment Options
Nonoperative Treatment
Operative Treatment
Complications
Posterior Instability
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Treatment Options
Nonoperative Treatment
Operative Treatment
Atraumatic Instability/Multidirectional Instability
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Treatment Options
Nonoperative Treatment
Operative Treatment
Overuse Injuries
Proximal Humerus Epiphysiolysis (Little League Shoulder)
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Treatment
Complications
Rotator Cuff Tears
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Treatment
Nonoperative treatment.
Operative treatment.
Snapping Scapula
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Treatment
Nonoperative treatment.
Operative treatment.
Scapular Dyskinesia
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Treatment
Nonoperative treatment.
Operative treatment.
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 134: Elbow Injuries in Pediatric and Adolescent Athletes
Abstract
Keywords
Relevant Anatomy and Biomechanics
Osteology
Ligaments and Soft Tissue
Biomechanics in Throwing Sports
Throwing Motion
Forces around the elbow during throwing.
Overview of Pathologies
Little Leaguer’s Elbow
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Results
Complications
Osteochondritis Dissecans and Panner Disease (Osteochondrosis)
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment
Results
Complications
Medial Epicondyle Avulsion Fractures
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment
Results
Complications
Medial Collateral Ligament Injury
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment
Results
Complications
Posterior Elbow Pathologic Conditions (Posteromedial Impingement and Olecranon Osteochondrosis)
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment
Results
Complications
Medial/Lateral Epicondylitis
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment
Results
Complications
Summary
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 135: Wrist and Hand Injuries in the Adolescent Athlete
Abstract
Keywords
Finger Fractures
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Postoperative Management
Results
Complications
Future Considerations
Jammed Finger
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Postoperative Management
Results
Complications
Distal Radial Physeal Stress Reaction
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Postoperative Management
Results
Complications
Future Considerations
Scaphoid Fracture
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Postoperative Management
Results
Complications
Future Considerations
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 136: Pediatric and Adolescent Hip Injuries
Bony Injuries
Avulsion Fractures
Stress Fractures
Fractures
Dislocation
Pathologic Lesions
Soft Tissue Injuries
Muscle Injury
Bursitis
Athletic Pubalgia
Snapping Hip (Coxa Saltans)
Labral Tears
Acquired Disease
Femoroacetabular Impingement
Legg-Calve-Perthes
Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis
Conclusion
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 137: Knee Injuries in Skeletally Immature Athletes
Abstract
Keywords
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries
History and Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Prevention
Conservative Treatment
Treatment of Partial Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears
Treatment Algorithm for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Based on Skeletal Maturity
Treatment
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Techniques
Postoperative Management and Rehabilitation
Complications
Future Direction
Meniscal Injuries
Development
Anatomy
History and Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Nonoperative
Operative
Postoperative Management
Results
Complications
Future Considerations
Discoid Meniscus
Classification
History and Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Postoperative Management
Results
Complications
Future Considerations
Patellar Instability
Embryology
Pathoanatomy and Risk Factors
History and Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Nonoperative Management
Operative Treatment
Postoperative Management
Results
Complications
Future Considerations
Osteochondritis Dissecans
Etiology
History and Physical Examination
Radiographs
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Results
Complications
Future Considerations
Osteochondroses of the Knee
Osgood-Schlatter Disease
Sinding-Larson-Johansson Disease
Superior Pole Osteochondrosis
Physeal Fractures in the Area of the Knee
History and Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Complications
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 138: Foot and Ankle Injuries in the Adolescent Athlete
Abstract
Keywords
Variations of Normal Anatomy
Tarsal Coalition
Adolescent Bunion
Accessory Navicular
Cavus Foot
Soft Tissue Injuries
Fractures Around the Ankle
Clinical Evaluation
Salter-Harris Type I
Salter-Harris Type II
Salter-Harris Type III
Salter-Harris Type IV
Prediction of Outcome
Fractures in the Foot
Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus
Osteochondroses in the Foot
Systemic Illness
Shoes and Orthotics
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
References
Chapter 139: Head Injuries in Skeletally Immature Athletes
Abstract
Keywords
Concussion
Biomechanics and Pathophysiology
Epidemiology
History
Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment Options
Return to Play
Complications
Future Considerations
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References
Chapter 140: Spine Issues in Skeletally Immature Athletes
Abstract
Keywords
Anatomy
General History and Physical Examination for Evaluation of the Pediatric Spine
Spondylolysis/Spondylolisthesis
Classification
History and Physical Examination
Imaging
Treatment
Results
Apophyseal Ring Fractures
History and Physical Examination
Imaging
Treatment
Chance Fractures
History and Physical Examination
Imaging
Treatment
Sacral Facet Fractures
Scoliosis
History and Physical Examination
Imaging
Treatment
Scoliosis and Sports Participation
Atlantoaxial Instability
Atlantoaxial Instability in Down Syndrome
History and Physical Examination
Imaging
Decision-Making Principles
Treatment
Results
Rotatory Atlantoaxial Subluxation
History and Physical Examination
Imaging
Treatment
Odontoid Fractures
Classification
History and Physical Examination
Imaging
Treatment
Congenital Anomalies of the Cervical Spine
Classification
History and Physical Examination
Imaging
Treatment
Spinal Cord Injury Without Radiographic Abnormality
History and Physical Examination
Imaging
Treatment
Conclusion
Selected Readings
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
Citation:
Level of Evidence:
Summary:
References