Degradation of Antibiotics and Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria From Various Sources

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Degradation of Antibiotics and Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria From Various Sources
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Contents
List of contributors
1 Antibiotic resistance: retrospect and prospect
1.1 Introduction to antibiotics
1.1.1 Natural products as conventional antibiotics and their derivatives
1.2 Antibiotics timeline
1.3 The emergence of resistance
1.4 Historical evidence of antibiotic-resistant genes
1.5 Global emerging threats
1.6 Antimicrobial resistance in ESKAPE pathogens
1.6.1 Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
1.6.2 Vancomycon-resistant enterococci
1.6.3 Klebsiella pneumoniae
1.6.4 Acinetobacter baumannii
1.6.5 Pseudomonas areuginosa
1.6.6 Enterobacter species
1.6.7 Escherichia coli
1.6.8 Mycobacterium tuberculosis
1.7 One health and antibiotic resistance
1.8 Living with superbugs
1.9 Future prospects
1.9.1 Antimicrobial resistance associated with economic and health burdens
1.10 Next-generation antibiotics
1.11 RNA-based antibiotics
1.12 CRISPR-Cas systems as alternative therapeutics
1.13 Hybrid antibiotics
1.14 Antimicrobial stewardship
1.15 Phage therapy an alternative to antibiotics
1.16 Phage antibiotic synergies
1.17 Conclusion
References
2 Antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the environment: sources and impacts
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Antibiotic consumption and occurrence of antibiotics in the environment
2.3 Antimicrobial resistance and environment
2.4 Antimicrobial-resistant determinants in the environment
2.5 Modes of antibiotic-resistant bacteria transmission
2.5.1 Surface waters
2.5.2 Air
2.5.3 Animal vectors
2.6 Effects of antibiotics residue on the environment
2.6.1 Disruption of bacterial communities
2.6.1.1 Evolution of bacterial strains
2.6.1.2 Effect on microbial diversity and ecosystems
2.6.2 Antibiotic residue and human and animal health
2.6.2.1 Effect on the physiological functions
2.6.2.2 Alteration of microbiomes
2.7 Conclusions
References
3 Ecological distribution of environmental resistome and its challenges
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Hospital effluent: a potential source for environmental resistome
3.3 Municipal sewage: a hub for environmental resistome growth
3.4 Distribution of antibiotic resistance across ecosystems
3.4.1 Antimicrobial resistance and terrestrial ecosystem
3.4.2 Antimicrobial resistance and aquatic ecosystem
3.5 Development of environmental resistome: role of veterinary farming and waste
3.6 Conclusion
References
4 Current problems with the antibiotic-resistant bacteria and multiresistance bacteria
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Antibiotic-resistant bacteria
4.2.1 Enterococci
4.2.2 S. aureus
4.2.3 K. pneumoniae
4.2.4 A. baumannii
4.2.5 P. aeruginosa
4.2.6 Enterobacteriaceae
4.3 Antibiotic resistance phenotypes and transfer mechanisms in bacteria
4.3.1 Intrinsic resistance
4.3.2 Acquired antibiotic resistance
4.3.2.1 Gene mutation
4.3.2.2 Horizontal gene transfer
4.3.2.2.1 Conjugation
4.3.2.2.2 Transformation
4.3.2.2.3 Transduction
4.4 Influences of antibiotic resistance
4.4.1 Global health
4.4.2 Food security
4.4.3 Economic burden
4.5 Detection methods of bacterial antibiotic-resistant genes
4.5.1 Different PCR assays
4.5.1.1 PCR
4.5.1.2 Multiple PCR
4.5.1.3 Real-time PCR
4.5.1.4 Droplet digital PCR
4.5.1.5 Reverse transcriptase PCR
4.5.2 Southern hybridization
4.5.3 Microarray
4.5.4 Metagenomic sequencing
4.6 Strategies in the battle against antibiotic resistance of bacteria
4.6.1 Appropriate application
4.6.2 Novel alternatives
4.6.3 Government administration
4.6.4 Effective detection techniques
4.7 Conclusions
References
5 Antibiotics, antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and the environment
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Antibiotics in environment
5.1.1.1 Terrestrial (soil) ecosystem
5.1.1.2 Aquatic (river, lake, sea, and ocean) ecosystem
5.2 Sources of antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the environment
5.2.1 Natural sources and antibiotic-resistant gene dissemination in the environment
5.2.1.1 Streams, rivers, and lakes
5.2.1.2 Seawater
5.2.1.3 Groundwater
5.2.2 Anthropogenic antibiotic sources, antibiotic-resistant genes, and antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the environment
5.2.2.1 Wastewater treatment plants
5.2.2.2 Sludge
5.2.2.3 Manure
5.2.2.4 Biomedical waste
5.2.2.5 Antibiotic resistance in the food chain
5.2.2.6 Funeral grounds/cemeteries/cadaver labs
5.3 Mechanism of resistance
5.3.1 Antibiotic-resistant bacteria in environment
5.4 Future perspectives
References
6 Antibiotics as contaminants of aquatic ecosystems: antibiotic-resistant genes and antibiotic-resistant bacteria
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Sources
6.2.1 Hospitals
6.2.2 Waste water treatment plants
6.2.3 Livestock
6.2.4 Aquaculture
6.3 Antibiotic-resistant bacterias and antibiotic-resistant genes
6.4 Distribution and adverse effects of antibiotics, antibiotic-resistant genes and antibiotic-resistant bacterias in aquat...
6.5 Aquatic ecosystems
6.6 Effects
6.7 Prospective and future research
References
7 Antibiotics in wastewater: perspective of biological treatment processes
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Background
7.2.1 Antibiotics classification
7.2.2 Occurrence in the environment
7.2.3 Sources and pathways of antibiotics in the environment
7.2.4 Detection of antibiotics
7.3 Factors and processes influencing antibiotic removal
7.3.1 Retransformation procedures
7.3.1.1 Deconjugation of metabolites
7.3.1.2 Abiotic regeneration of metabolites and transformation products
7.3.1.3 Formation from analogs and structurally associated chemicals
7.3.1.4 Hydrolysis of particulate and colloidal matter
7.3.1.5 Desorption
7.3.2 Solid retention time
7.4 Estimation and prediction of antibiotic removal
7.4.1 Waste streams dynamics
7.4.2 Laboratory-scale estimation of process parameters
7.5 Remediation methods
7.5.1 Anerobic treatment
7.5.2 Aerobic treatment
7.5.3 Integrated anaerobic–aerobic treatment process
7.6 Conclusion
References
8 Antibiotic pollution and antibiotic-resistant bacteria in water bodies
8.1 Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance
8.1.1 Antibiotics
8.1.1.1 Categorization based on antibiotic potencies
8.1.1.2 Basic antibiotic groups
8.1.1.2.1 Beta-lactams
8.1.1.2.2 Vancomycin
8.1.1.2.3 Tetracycline
8.1.1.2.4 Aminoglycosides
8.1.1.2.5 Macrolides
8.1.1.2.6 Chloramphenicol
8.1.1.2.7 Quinolones
8.1.1.2.8 Trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole
8.1.2 Antibiotic resistance
8.2 Antibiotic pollution
8.2.1 Impacts on humans
8.3 Antibiotic resistance in bacteria
8.3.1 Antibiotic resistance in aquaculture and agriculture
8.3.2 Antibiotic resistance in aquatic bacteria
8.4 Impact of antibiotic-resistant bacteria on microbial diversity and ecosystems functions
8.5 Transmission of antibiotic resistance in aquatic environment
8.5.1 Vectors of antibiotic-resistant gene transmission
8.6 Mitigating the problem
8.7 Conclusion
References
9 Antibiotic-resistant bacteria in natural water bodies: causes, routes, and remedies
9.1 Background
9.2 Bacteria
9.2.1 Essence and effect of bacteria
9.2.2 Control of bacteria
9.3 Antibiotics, antibiotic resistance and antibiotic-resistant bacteria
9.3.1 The concept and classification of antibiotics
9.3.2 Sources and route of antibiotics
9.3.3 Interrelationship of antibiotics and bacteria
9.3.4 Common existing antibiotic groups
9.3.4.1 Beta-lactams antibiotics
9.3.4.2 Tetracycline antibiotics
9.3.4.3 Vancomycin antibiotics
9.3.4.4 Aminoglycosides antibiotics
9.3.4.5 Chloramphenicol antibiotics
9.3.4.6 Macrolides antibiotics
9.3.4.7 Quinolones antibiotics
9.3.5 The concept of antibiotic resistance and antibiotic-resistant bacteria
9.3.6 Causes of antibiotic resistance and antibiotic-resistant bacteria
9.4 Antibiotic-resistant bacteria and natural water bodies
9.4.1 Forms of natural water bodies in the ecosystem
9.4.2 Antibiotic-resistant bacteria in natural water bodies
9.4.2.1 Freshwater bodies
9.4.2.2 Aquaculture ecosystem
9.4.2.3 Irrigation water
9.4.2.4 Disinfected drinking water
9.5 Combating and curbing the impacts of AR and ARBs in natural water bodies: a sustainable approach to water security
9.6 Conclusion
References
10 Impact of antibiotics on agricultural microbiome: emergence of antibiotic resistance bacteria
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Fate of antibiotics in soil environment
10.1.1.1 Antibiotics degradation in soil
10.1.2 Soil factors affecting antibiotics degradation in the environment
10.1.2.1 Soil properties
10.1.3 Soil type
10.1.4 Temperature
10.1.5 Oxygen content
10.1.6 Ionization/pH
10.1.7 Antibiotics concentration in soil
10.1.8 Soil microorganisms
10.1.9 Physiochemical properties of antibiotics affecting its degradation in soil
10.1.10 Impact of antibiotics on terrestrial and aquatic flora and fauna
10.1.11 Effect of antibiotics on soil microbial community
10.1.12 Phylogenetic analyses
10.2 Effect of antibiotics on microbial processes
10.2.1 Enzyme activities
10.3 Diversity of antimicrobial resistance genes
10.3.1 Strategies for prevention of the spread of antibiotic resistance
10.4 Conclusion
References
11 Antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic-resistant genes in agriculture: a rising alarm for future
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Antibiotic use in agriculture and the rise of antibiotic resistance
11.2.1 Plant agriculture, animal husbandry, and aquaculture
11.2.1.1 Plant agriculture
11.2.1.2 Animal agriculture
11.2.1.2.1 Antibiotic use in poultry
11.2.1.2.2 Antibiotic use in dairy operations
11.2.1.3 Aquaculture
11.2.2 Antibiotic resistance during wastewater reuse and soil application
11.2.3 Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in bacteria
11.2.3.1 Antibiotic destruction
11.2.3.2 Antibiotic modification
11.2.3.3 Modification of antibiotic activating enzymes
11.2.3.4 Target replacement
11.2.3.5 Target site alteration
11.2.3.6 Target site protection
11.2.3.7 Target overproduction
11.2.3.8 Efflux pumps
11.3 Human health impacts of antibiotics in agriculture
11.3.1 Linking antibiotic-resistant bacteria to human health
11.3.1.1 Wastewater, irrigation, and soil
11.3.1.2 Horizontal gene transfer
11.3.2 Addressing risk factors
11.3.3 The impact of banning antibiotic use in agriculture
11.4 Alternative strategies to limit antibiotic-resistant bacteria in agriculture microbiology
11.4.1 Developing comprehensive surveillance to better understand antibiotic-resistant bacteria
11.4.2 Detection and analysis
11.4.3 Regulation and policies
11.4.4 Development of novel antibiotics
11.5 Outlook and future directions
References
12 Recent advances in the degradation and deactivation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic-resistant genes duri...
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Wastewater treatment plants—hot-spots of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic-resistant gene
12.3 Antibiotic-resistant gene removal in wastewater treatment plants
12.3.1 The primary wastewater treatment technologies
12.3.2 The secondary wastewater treatment technologies
12.3.3 The natural treatment systems
12.3.4 Tertiary wastewater treatment technologies
12.3.4.1 Adsorption/filtration processes
12.3.4.2 Disinfection
12.4 Advanced oxidation processes
12.4.1 Fenton and Fenton-like processes
12.4.2 Ultraviolet-hydrogen peroxide
12.4.3 Ultrasonic oxidation/cavitation
12.4.4 Ozonation
12.4.5 Photocatalysis
12.4.6 Sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation process
12.5 Challenges in the removal of AMRs and ARGs in WWTPs and future perspectives
References
13 Aerobic and anaerobic methods for the degradations of antibiotic-resistant genes and antibiotic-resistant bacteria from ...
13.1 Water and treatment plants
13.2 What are antibiotic-resistant gene and antibiotic-resistant bacteria contaminants?
13.2.1 Antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic-resistant genes
13.3 Degradation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic-resistant genes
13.4 Anaerobic methods for the degradation of antibiotic-resistant genes and antibiotic-resistant bacteria from waste streams
13.5 Mechanisms for degradation of antibiotics
13.6 Mechanisms for lysis, removal and degradation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic-resistant genes
13.7 Prospective and future research
References
Further reading
14 Degradation of antibiotics in wastewater using ozonation-based hybrid advanced oxidation processes: economic aspect, deg...
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Occurrence of antibiotics in wastewater treatment plants
14.3 Mechanism of catalytic ozonation
14.3.1 Heterogeouns catalytic ozonation
14.3.2 Metal oxide
14.3.2.1 MnO2-based oxides
14.3.2.2 Al2O3-based oxides
14.3.2.3 Fe-based oxides
14.3.2.4 Other metal oxides
14.3.3 Carbon-based materials
14.4 Photocatalytic ozonation
14.4.1 Mechanism
14.4.2 Degradation of antibiotics by photocatalytic ozonation
14.4.2.1 Irradiation wavelength and light intensity
14.4.2.2 pH
14.4.2.3 Catalytic dosage
14.4.2.4 Ozone concentration
14.4.2.5 Antibiotic concentration
14.5 Economic aspects of photocatalytic ozonation
14.6 Degradation pathway
14.7 Toxicity reduction of antibiotics
14.8 Concluding remarks and future studies
References
15 Advanced oxidation processes in the mitigation of antibiotic-resistant genes in effluents
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Effluent treatment
15.2.1 Preliminary treatment
15.2.2 Primary treatment
15.2.3 Secondary treatment
15.2.4 Tertiary treatment
15.3 Antibiotic-resistant genes in effluents
15.4 Advanced oxidation processes
15.4.1 Ozonation
15.4.2 Hydrogen peroxide
15.4.3 Fenton reaction
15.4.4 Photocatalysis
15.5 Supplementary information
15.6 Final consideration and conclusions
References
16 Advance oxidation processes for remediation of antibiotics from wastewater
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Treatment technologies for degradation of antibiotics
16.2.1 Advanced oxidation techniques
16.2.1.1 Ozone
16.2.1.2 Photolysis/photocatalysis
16.2.1.3 Photocatalytic fuel cell
16.2.1.4 Fenton oxidation
16.2.1.5 Electrochemical oxidation process
16.2.2 Adsorption
16.2.3 Membrane techniques
16.3 Conclusion
References
17 Photocatalytic degradations of antibiotics using graphene-based nanocomposites
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Morphologies of graphene-based materials
17.3 Functionalization of graphene-based nanocomposites
17.4 Graphene-based material characterization
17.5 The catalytic activity of graphene-based materials
17.6 Statistical analysis
17.7 Conclusions and outlook
References
Index
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