Date Palm Byproducts: A Springboard for Circular Bio Economy

Preface: Why this Book is Important
Contents
About the Authors
List of Figures
Part I Significance of the Date Palm and Its Byproducts
1 Cultural and Ecological Significance of the Date Palm
Abstract
1.1 Cultural Significance of the Date Palm
1.1.1 The Date Palm Tree in Jewish and Christian Traditions
1.1.1.1 The Date Palm Tree in Jewish Traditions
1.1.1.2 The Date Palm Tree in Christian Traditions
1.1.1.3 Date Palm Tree in Qur’an and Sunnah
Date Palm Tree in Qur’an
Palm Tree in the Life of Prophet Mohammed
1.2 Ecological Significance of the Date Palm
References
2 The Date Palm Byproducts: Description, History of Utilization and Associated Technological Heritage
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Date Palm: A Basic Element of the Flora of the Arab Region
2.3 Distribution of Date Palms in the World
2.4 Estimation of the World Dates Production
2.5 Date Palm Pruning
2.5.1 Benefits of Pruning
2.5.2 Timing and Procedure of Pruning
2.5.3 Products of Pruning of the Date Palm
2.5.4 Estimation of the Quantities of the Annual Pruning of a Date Palm
2.6 Traditional Forms of Date Palm Leaves Utilization
2.6.1 Traditional Wickerwork Wall Construction
2.6.2 Simple Outdoor Sheathing
2.6.3 Sheds and Partitions
2.7 Traditional Forms of Palm Midribs Utilization
2.7.1 Preparation of Midribs
2.7.2 Traditional Crates and Bird Coops
2.7.3 Traditional Handmade Furniture
2.7.4 Rural Wall and Roof Sheathing
2.7.5 Doors and Windows
2.7.6 Fencing
2.7.7 Boats
2.7.8 Bats and Discs
2.7.9 Miscellaneous Uses
2.8 Traditional Forms of Palm Leaflets Utilization
2.8.1 Traditional Preparation of Date Palm Leaflets
2.8.2 Bags, Mats and Baskets
2.8.3 Krena Fibers
2.8.4 Miscellaneous Uses
2.9 Traditional Forms of Palm Spadix Stem Utilization
2.9.1 Preparation of Date Palm Spadix Stem
2.9.2 Household Accessories
2.9.3 Sturdy Baskets
2.9.4 Heavy-Duty Mats
2.9.5 Decorative Trays
2.10 Traditional Forms of Palm Petioles Utilization
2.11 Traditional Forms of Date Palm Leaf Sheaths Fibers Utilization
2.11.1 Plaited Ropes and Bags
2.11.2 In Wicks
2.11.3 In Wigs
2.11.4 In Cattle Accessories
2.11.5 In Belts for Date Palm Climbers
2.11.6 In Bird Catches
2.12 Traditional Forms of Date Kernels
2.13 Traditional Forms of Palm Trunks Utilization
2.13.1 Traditional Construction
2.13.2 Traditional Furniture
2.14 Conclusion
References
Part II Future Applications of Date Palm Byproducts in Circular Bioeconomy
3 Date Palm Byproducts in Enzymes, Food, Beverage, Pharmaceuticals, Cosmetics and Natural Wax
3.1 Peroxidase from Date Palm Leaflets
3.2 Protein as a Functional Ingredient in Food System from Date Palm Seeds
3.3 Use of Date Palm Leaflets and Midribs as a Substrate for Microbial Protein Production
3.4 Carotenoids from Date Wastes
3.5 Use of Date Palm Leaflets as a Substrate for the Growth of Pleurotus Fungi
3.6 Bakers’ Yeast and Citric Acid from Date Wastes
3.7 Glucose and Lactic Acid from Date Palm Fronds, Petioles and Leaf Sheath
3.8 Lactic Acid Production from Date Waste
3.9 Lactic Acid Bacteria from Date Palm Sap
3.10 Insoluble Fibers from Date Wastes
3.11 Remedy for Skin Wrinkles from Date Palm Kernel
3.12 Cosmetic Cream, Liquid Shampoo and Bar Shaving Soap from Date Palm Seed Oil
3.13 Natural Wax from Date Palm Leaflets
References
4 Date Palm Byproducts in Fibers, Textiles and Composites
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 The Global Textile Industry
4.1.2 Date Palm Fibers
4.2 Comparative Analysis
4.2.1 Midrib and Spadix Stem Fibers
4.2.2 Leaf Sheath Fiber (Coir)
4.3 Date Palm Composites Comparative Analysis
4.3.1 Density and Void Content
4.3.2 Tensile Properties
4.3.3 Flexural Properties
4.4 Date Palm Fibers Thermal and Acoustical Insulation
4.4.1 Thermal Conductivity
4.4.2 Acoustic Absorption
4.5 Potential Applications of Date Palm Fibers
4.6 Conclusion
References
5 Date Palm Byproducts for Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives Production
5.1 Nanofibrillated Cellulose and Cellulose Nanocrystals from Date Palm Rachis for the Reinforcement of Nanocomposites
5.2 Extraction of Microfibrillated Cellulose and Oxidized Microfibrillated Cellulose from Date Palm Rachis for the Improvement of Paper Sheet Properties
5.3 Enzyme-Assisted Isolation of Microfibrillated Cellulose from Date Palm Fruit Stalks
5.4 Microcrystalline Cellulose from Bunch Stalk of Date Palm: Isolation and Characterization
5.5 Extraction of Oxidized Nanocellulose from Date Palm Leaf Sheath Fibers to Obtain a Packaging Additive for Better Packaging Properties
5.6 Cellulose Whiskers from Date Palm Rachis and Leaflets for the Reinforcement of Nanocomposites
5.7 Enzyme-Assisted Isolation of Microfibrillated Cellulose from Date Palm Fruit Stalks
References
6 Date Palm Byproducts as Timber and Wood Substitutes
6.1 Lumber-Like Products from Date Palm Midribs
6.2 Organic Products from Date Palm Midribs
6.3 Mashrabiah Products from Date Palm Midribs
6.4 Furniture Pieces from Date Palm Midribs
6.5 Flooring and Parquet Products from Date Palm Midribs
6.6 Eco-Friendly Laminated Strand Lumber from Date Palm Midribs
6.7 Core Layer of Blockboard from Date Palm Midribs
6.8 Use of Date Palm Petioles as a Sandwich Core
6.9 Oriented Strand Board from Date Palm Midribs
6.10 Use of the Date Palm Products of Pruning in the Manufacture of MDF
6.11 Particleboard from Date Palm Midribs
6.11.1 Particleboard from Date Palm Midribs: Semi-Industrial Experiments
6.11.2 Particleboards from Midribs of Different Date Palm Cultivars
6.11.3 Suitability of Some Fast-Growing Trees and Date Palm Midribs for Particleboard Production
6.11.4 Properties of Particleboard Based on Date Palm Midribs as a Renewable Egyptian Lignocellulosic Material
6.11.5 Physical Properties of Particleboards Panels, Manufactured from Date Palm Midribs
6.11.6 Mechanical and Acoustical Properties of Particleboards Made with Date Palm Midribs and Vermiculite
6.11.7 Particleboards from Date Palm Trunks and Midribs
6.11.8 Self-Bonded Particleboards from Date Palm Leaflets, Midribs, Petioles and Fibrillum
Appendix 1
Appendix 2
Appendix 3
References
7 Date Palm Byproducts in Construction, Insulation and Building Materials
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Uses of Date Palm Byproducts in Natural Form
7.2.1 Structural Elements
7.2.2 Facades and Panels
7.3 Uses of Date Palm Byproducts in Processed Form
7.3.1 Date Palm Fibers Reinforced Structural Elements
7.3.2 Date Palm Fibers Insulation
7.3.3 Date Palm Fibers Reinforced Masonry
7.4 Conclusion
References
8 Date Palm Byproducts in Organic Fertilizers, Compost, Soil Amendment and Coal
8.1 Composting Mulch of Date Palm Trees Through Microbial Activator in Saudi Arabia
8.2 Use of Date Palm Leaves Compost as a Substitution to Peatmoss
8.3 Date Palm Wastes Co-Composted Product: An Efficient Substrate for Tomato Seedling Production
8.4 Lipid Signature of the Microbial Community Structure During Composting of Date Palm Products of Pruning Alone or Mixed with Couch Grass Clippings
8.5 A Study of the Potentially of Use of the Date Palm Midrib in Charcoal Production
8.6 Biochar Production from Date Palm Waste: Charring Temperature, Induced Changes in Composition and Surface Chemistry
References
9 Date Palm Byproducts for Natural Fodder and Silage
9.1 Use of Wasted Dates as a Replacement of Dietary Starch in Feed
9.2 Feed Additive in the Diets of Juvenile African Catfish from Date Palm Seeds
9.3 Use of Date Palm Leaflets as a Roughage for Dairy Cows
9.4 Ensilage of Cardboard and Date Palm Leaves
9.5 Effects of Feeding Ensilaged Date Palm Leaves and Byproduct Concentrate on Performance and Meat Quality of Omani Sheep
9.6 In Vitro Assessment of Nutritive Value of Date Palm Byproducts as Feed for Ruminants
9.7 Valorization of Date Palm Byproducts for Livestock Feeding in Southern Tunisia: Potentialities and Traditional Utilization
9.8 Combination of Sodium Hydroxide and Lime as a Pretreatment for Conversion of Date Palm Leaves into a Promising Ruminant Feed: An Optimization Approach
References
10 Date Palm Byproducts for WasteWater Treatment
10.1 A Chemically-Carbonized Sorbent from Date Palm Leaflets for the Removal of Cu2+ and Ag+ from Aqueous Solutions
10.2 Use of Date Palm Trunk Fibers as Adsorbents for the Removal of Cd+2 Ions from Waste Water
10.3 Mesoporous and Adsorptive Properties of Date Palm Seed Activated Carbon Prepared Via Sequential Hydrothermal Carbonization and Sodium Hydroxide Activation
10.4 KOH-Based Porous Carbon from Date Palm Seed: Preparation, Characterization and Application to Phenol Adsorption
10.5 Preparation of Activated Carbons from Date Palm Stones and Application for Waste-Water Treatments: Review
10.6 Impact of Process Conditions on Preparation of Porous Carbon from Date Palm Seeds by KOH Activation
References
11 Date Palm Byproducts for Green Fuels and Bioenergy Production
11.1 Bioethanol from Date Palm (Fronds)
11.2 Lignin and Bioethanol from Date Palm Fronds
11.3 Acetone, Butanol and Ethanol Production from Date Waste
11.4 Biodiesel Production from Phoenix Dactylifera as a New Feedstock
11.5 Desert Palm Date Seeds as a Biodiesel Feedstock: Extraction, Characterization, and Engine Testing
11.6 Ethanol Production from Date Waste: Adapted Technologies, Challenges and Global Potential
11.7 Efficient Utilization of Waste Date Palm Pits for the Synthesis of Green Diesel and Jet Fuel Fractions
11.8 An Evaluation of the Use of Midribs from Common Date Palm Cultivars Grown in Saudi Arabia for Energy Production
11.9 Characterization of Date Palm Frond as a Fuel for Thermal Conversion Processes
11.10 Characterization of Date Palm Fronds as a Fuel for Energy Production
11.11 Fast Pyrolysis of Date Palm (Phoenix Dactylifera) Waste in a Bubbling Fluidized Bed Reactor
11.12 Study on the Thermal Behavior of Different Date Palm Residues: Characterization and Devolatilization Kinetics Under Inert and Oxidative Atmospheres
11.13 Evaluation of Date Palm Residues Combustion in Fixed Bed Laboratory Reactor: A Comparison with Sawdust Behavior
11.14 Chemical Analysis of Different Parts of Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Using Ultimate, Proximate and Thermo-Gravimetric Techniques for Energy Production
11.15 Ultrasound Assisted Oil Extraction from Date Palm Kernels for Biodiesel Production
11.16 Hydrothermal Pretreatment of Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Leaflets and Rachis to Enhance Enzymatic Digestibility and Bioethanol Potential
11.17 Pyrolysis of Date Palm Waste in a Fixed-Bed Reactor: Characterization of Pyrolysis Products
11.18 Seawater as Alternative to Freshwater in Pretreatment of Date Palm Residues for Bioethanol Production in Coastal and/or Rid Areas
11.19 Bioethanol Production from Date Palm Fruit Waste Fermentation Using Solar Energy
11.20 Biogas Production from Date Palm Trees Residues
11.21 Biogas Production by Anaerobic Digestion of Date Palm Pulp Waste
11.22 A Study of Biogas Production from Date Fruit Wastes
11.23 Biogas Production from Raw and Oil-Spent Date Palm Seeds Mixed with Wastewater Treatment Sludge
References
12 Date Palm Byproducts in Other Fields of Applications
12.1 Furfural from Date Palm Midribs
12.2 Isolation and Structural Characterization of Hemicellulose from Date Palm Leaflets and Rachis
12.3 Cellulose Derivatives from Date Palm Rachis as a Sizing Agent for Cotton Yarn
12.4 Cellulose Fibers from Date Palm Petioles
12.5 Innovative Wellbore Strengthening Using Crushed Date Palm Seeds and Shredded Waste Car Tyres
12.6 Experimental Investigation of Sound Absorption Properties of Date Palm Leaf Sheaths Fibers Panel
References
13 The Date Palm as a Springboard for Circular Bioeconomy: A Biorefinery for Each Date Palm Byproduct
13.1 The Date Palm Byproducts (DPBPs) Include
13.1.1 Products of Annual Pruning of Date Palms
13.1.2 Date Kernels
13.1.3 Waste Dates
13.1.4 Date Palm Trunks
13.2 Estimation of the Annually Available Quantities of DPBPs on the World Level
13.2.1 Products of Annual Pruning
13.2.2 Date Kernels
13.2.3 Waste Dates
13.3 The Present Status of DPBPs
13.4 Significance of DPBPs
13.5 The Objectives of Developing a Separate Biorefinery for Each Date Palm Byproduct
13.6 New Ethics or Steps Needed to Attain Successful Biorefineries for Date Palm Byproducts
13.7 Examples of Biorefineries for Date Palm Byproducts
13.7.1 Midribs
13.7.2 Leaflets
13.7.3 Spadix Stem
13.7.4 Leaf Sheath Fibers
13.7.5 Date Palm Kernels
13.7.6 Waste Dates
13.7.7 Trunks
References
Appendix
Glossary of Date Palm Byproducts