Cyanobacteria and Their Importance

Contents
Preface
Chapter 1
Cyanobacteria and Their Importance: An Overview
Abstract
Introduction
Importance of Cyanobacteria in Agricultural Sector
Production of Cyanobacterial Pigments
Cyanobacteria: Past Nutrition or Future Superfood?
Bio-Based Products on Cyanobacteria
Bioprocess Optimization
Cyanobacteria in Marine Biofouling
Cyanobacteria as Plant Growth Promoters
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 2
Cyanobacterial Secondary Metabolites: An Impact Analysis
Abstract
Introduction
Cyanotoxins
Hepatotoxins
Types of Hepatotoxins
Microcystin (MC)
Nodularin (NODLN)
Cytotoxins
Cylindrospermopsin (CYN)
Neurotoxins
Anatoxin-a
Anatoxin-a(s)
Saxitoxins (STX)
Other Neurotoxins
Dermatotoxins/Tumor Promoters
Irritant Toxins
Impacts of Cyanotoxins
Impacts on Human Health
Impacts on Bacteria and Fungi
Impacts on Aquatic Communities
Phytoplankton
Zooplankton
Impacts on Other Invertebrates
Fishes
Birds
Mammals
Cyanotoxins as a Chemical Warfare Compounds
Cyanotoxins as Biocides
Phytohormones
Impacts of Cyanobactrial Phytohormones
Growth of Crop Plants
Tissue Culture
Biotic and Abiotic Stress
Photoprotective Compounds
Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids
Mycosporine in Other Organisms
Scytonemin
Role of MAAs and Scytonemin
As Photoprotectants
As Antioxidant Molecules
As Antistressor
MAAs and Desiccation Stress
MAAs as Intracellular Nitrogen Storage
Impact of MAAs and Scytonemin
Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Industries
Scytonemin as Biomarker
Impact of Scytonemin in Evolution
Protease Inhibitors
Impacts of Protease Inhibitors
Siderophores
Impacts of Siderophores in Nature
Soil Mineral Weathering
Growth of Plants
Bioremediation of Environmental Pollutants
Metals
Bio-Bleaching of Pulps
Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Indole Alkaloids
Biological Activities and Impacts of Indole Alkaloids
Other Cyanobacterial Secondary Metabolites and Their Impacts
In Food and Food Colorant
Substitute for Non-Biodegradable Plastics
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 3
Importance of Cyanobacteria in Agricultural and Industrial Sectors
Abstract
Introduction
Importance of Cyanobacteria in Agricultural Sector
Nitrogen Fixation
Soil Enumeration
Plant Growth Substances Produced by Cyanobacteria
Uptake of Phosphate
Degradation of Agrochemicals
Role of Cyanobacteria in Restoration of Soil Fertility
Cyanobacteria in Reclamation of Salt Affected Soils
Cyanobacteria in Sustainable Management
Cyanobacteria as Bio-Control Agents
Physical and Chemical Properties of Soil
Protection against Biotic Factors
Bioenergy
Importance of Cyanobacteria in Industrial Sectors and Domestic Wastewater Treatments
Removal of Phosphate
Removal of Nitrogen
Removal of Heavy Metals
Role of Cyanobacteria in Bio-Fuels
Bio-Diesel
Bio-Hydrogen
Bio-Methane
Role of Cyanobacteria in Photoprotection
Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids (MAAs)
Scytonemin
Polyphenols
Carotenoids
Sulfated Polysaccharides
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 4
Cyanobacterial Bioactive Value-Added Compounds: Influence of Environmental Factors in Culture
Abstract
Introduction
Cyanobacterial Production Requirements
Light Requirements
Nutritional Requirements
Temperature, pH and Salinity
Environmental Factors Influencing Production of Cyanobacterial Pigments
Cyanobacterial Pigments
Chlorophylls
Phycobiliproteins (PBPs)
Scytonemin (Scy)
Carotenoids
Other Bioactive Compounds
Lipids and Fatty Acids
Polysaccharides
Phenolic Compounds
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 5
Cyanobacteria-Based Superfoods
Abstract
Introduction
Cyanobacteria: Past Nutrition or Future Superfood?
Current Market and Application of Cyanobacteria Biomass in Food
Nutritional Benefits Related to the Consumption of Cyanobacteria
Main Bottlenecks for Using Cyanobacteria as a Superfood
Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 6
Cyanobacteria: A Perspective of Natural Products and Applications
Abstract
Introduction
Culture Conditions for Cyanobacteria
Bio-Based Products on Cyanobacteria
Enzymes
Pigments
Proteins, Peptides and Amino Acids
Polysaccharides
Fatty Acids and Their Derivatives
Sterols
Bioactive Compounds
Apratoxin A
Borophycin
Cryptophycin
Cyanovirin
Hepatotoxins
Scytovirin
Nostoflan
Largazole
Cyanovirin-N
Dolastatins 10/15
Calothrixin A
Curacin A
Applications of Cyanobacteria
Biofertilizer
Bioremediation
Biofuel
Food Applications
Food Supplements
Antioxidant
Antifungal
Applications in Human Health
Antiviral
Anticancer
Antiprotozoal
Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 7
Cyanobacteria-Based Bioprocess
Abstract
Introduction
Arthrospira (Spirulina)
Bioprocess Optimization
Strain Selection
Production
Cyanobacteria Metabolism
Processing Parameters
Photobioreactors
Operation Mode
Harvesting and Drying
Harvesting
Drying
Extraction
Purification
Market Evaluation – Challenges and Opportunities
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 8
Cyanobacteria in Marine Biofilms: Hydrodynamic and Surface Effects
Abstract
Introduction
Importance of Marine Biofouling
The Role of Cyanobacteria (Filamentous and Coccoid) in Marine Biofouling
Main Factors Affecting Marine Biofouling
Hydrodynamics
Surface
Microbial Content
Marine Antifouling Strategies
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 9
Ecological and Agrotechnological Significances of Soil Cyanobacteria
Abstract
Introduction
The Physiology of Cyanobacteria
Photosynthesis in Cyanobacteria
Nitrogen Fixation in Cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria and Biological Soil Crusts (BSC)
Cyanobacterial Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS)
Cyanobacteria-Plant Symbioses
Mechanisms of Cyanobacteria-Plant Symbioses
Ecological Significance of Cyanobacteria-Plant Symbioses
Artificial Cyanobacteria-Plant Symbioses
Plant Grow Promotion by Cyanobacteria
Increase of the Organic Carbon Content in Soils by Cyanobacteria
Increase in the Soil Nitrogen Content by Cyanobacteria
Increase of Essential Minerals Content by Cyanobacteria
Plant Growth Promoting Compounds Produced by Cyanobacteria
Modulation of the Plant Microbiome by Cyanobacteria
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
About the Editor
Index
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