Despite an increase in life expectancy over the past 20 years, the number of novel, multi-drug resistant microorganisms has also risen dramatically. To reduce the risk of reemerging infections, and limit the spread of multidrug resistant microorganisms, it is urgently necessary to develop safe and effective therapeutic countermeasures. New antimicrobial chemicals are mostly produced with the help of microorganisms, and the bulk of medications now on the market are of this type. The use of high therapeutic screening and recent developments in analytical instrumentation has allowed the researchers to identify novel antimicrobial compounds from bacteria, fungi, plants, mushrooms, algae, and other sources more quickly.
The second volume of Frontiers in Antimicrobial Agents highlights the ongoing requirement for researching and creating novel antimicrobial medications. Current Trends in the Identification and Development of Antimicrobial Agents aims to bring together the expertise of notable academics to examine all facets of antimicrobial research while keeping recent advancements in perspective. Antibiotic discovery, sources of novel antimicrobial chemicals, developing and reemerging microbial infections, various elements of drug resistance, and the need for antimicrobial medications in the future are all covered in this book. It is a timely reference for anyone involved in the discovery and development of new drugs, including microbiologists, biotechnologists, pharmacologists, doctors, and researchers.
Author(s): M. Amin-ul Mannan, Gaurav Kumar
Series: Frontiers in Antimicrobial Agents
Publisher: Bentham Science Publishers
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 382
City: Singapore
Cover
Title
Copyright
End User License Agreement
Contents
Foreword
Preface
List of Contributors
Anti-Microbial Drugs for Emerging and Re-emerging Microbial Diseases: Paradigm in the 21st Century
Shiv Swaroop1, Nidhi Verma2, Jay Kant Yadav2,* and Janmejay Pandey2,*
INTRODUCTION
Evolution of Microbial Life & Co-evolution of the Human-human Microbiome
HUMAN PATHOGENS – PROKARYOTIC MICROORGANISMS & VIRUSES
EMERGING AND RE-EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Causative Agents of Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Disease
Determinants of Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases
Adaptive Microbial Physiology for Resistance to Anti-Microbials
Countermeasures for Emerging and Re-Emerging Diseases
INFECTIOUS DISEASES: TREATMENT PARADIGM IN THE 21ST CENTURY
Anti-Microbials for Infectious Diseases in 21st Century
Vaccines for Emerging and Re-Emerging Diseases
Genomics Guided Discovery of New Classes of Antibiotics
Structure-Function Guided Discovery of Inhibitors of Drug Targets
Innovative Novel Alternative Anti-Microbial Therapeutics
Nanomaterials as Potent Alternative Anti-microbial Therapeutics
The Anti-Microbial Peptide as Potent Alternative Anti-Microbial Therapeutics
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Emergence of Multidrug Resistance Microbes: Bacteria, Fungi, and Viruses
Neha Malhotra1, Pramod Kumar2, Ramakrishnan Sethu3 and Sanjay K. Rohaun3,*
INTRODUCTION
PROBLEM OF MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE
MECHANISM OF MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE
Genetic Basis for Drug Resistance
Biochemical and Mutational Basis for Drug Resistance
Target Modification
Increased Activity of Energy-driven Efflux Pumps
Other Biochemical and Mutational Events
EVOLUTION OF MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE
Multidrug Resistance in Bacteria
MDR in Gram-negative Bacteria
MDR in Gram-positive Bacteria
MDR and XDR in M. tuberculosis
Multidrug Resistance in Fungi
Drug Resistance in Candida albicans and NAC species
MDR in Aspergillus Fumigatus
MDR in Fusarium
Multidrug Resistance in Viruses
MDR in Influenza Virus
MDR in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
ACTION PLANS FOR COMBATING MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE AND THE GLOBAL SURVEILLANCE PROGRAMS
ADVANCES TO DEVELOP NEWER THERAPEUTICS FOR MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT)
CRISPR-Cas System
Metallo-Drugs and Metallo-nanoparticles in MDR
Use of Antibiotic Adjuvants
Herbal Medicine
Quorum Sensing (QS) Inhibitors
Phage Therapy
Antimicrobial Peptides (AMP)
Therapies for Oxidant: Antioxidant Balance
Vaccines
Monoclonal Antibodies
CONCLUSION
CONSENT OF PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Basics of the Drug Development Process
Salim Faruk Bashir1,2, Shivani Meena1 and Gaurav Kumar1,*
INTRODUCTION
LEAD DISCOVERY
LEAD OPTIMIZATION AND CHARACTERIZATION
PRECLINICAL STUDIES
Formulation, Dosage, and Delivery
Formulation
Dosage
Delivery
Absorption, Distribution, Metabolization, and Excretion Information (ADME)
Mode of Action of Drug
Toxicity/Side Effects
Compression with Other Similar Drugs
Interaction with Other Drug Molecules
Packaging Development
Labeling
Biocompatible Materials
Quantity/Volume
CLINICAL TRIALS (PHASE 1-3)
Phase I Clinical Trial
Phase Ia- Single Ascending Dose
Phase Ib- Multiple Ascending Doses
Food Effect on Drug
Phase II Clinical Trial
Phase III Clinical Trial
NEW DRUG APPLICATION FILING AND APPROVALS (REGULATORY APPROVALS FOR CLINICAL TRIALS)
CLINICAL TRIAL (PHASE 4)
POST-MARKET MONITORING
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Anti Bacterial Drugs: A Bright Past but a Challenging Future
Nitin Pal Kalia1, Manoj Kumar2, Souhaila Al Khodor2 and Sandeep Sharma3,*
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY OF ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS
NOVEL ANTIBIOTICS FOR EFFECTIVE TREATMENT IN CLINICAL SETTINGS
ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS: A BRIGHT PAST BUT A CHALLENGING FUTURE
Antibacterial Drugs Discoveries
Broad-target Activity Challenges
Medical Challenge
Increasing Research and Development Cost
Commercial Challenge for the Pharmaceutical Industry
Challenges in Antibacterial Drug Discovery
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Current Antifungal Drugs
Megha Kaushik1, Arvind Sharma2, Shefali Gupta3 and Pooja Gulati4,*
INTRODUCTION
COMMON FUNGAL PATHOGENS
CLASSICAL ANTIFUNGAL DRUGS IN CLINICAL USE
Polyenes
Azoles
Pyrimidines
Allylamines
Echinocandins
ANTIFUNGAL PEPTIDES
Mode Of Action
MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF RESISTANCE IN FUNGI
Alteration of the Target Site
Overexpression of Efflux-pumps
Cellular Stress Pathways
Alteration of Membrane Homeostasis
Biofilm Formation
Genome Plasticity
Metabolic Bypass
Resistance By Mitochondrial Alteration
EMERGING TARGETS FOR NEW ANTIFUNGAL DRUGS
Fungal Cell Wall Proteins
Fungal Membrane Sphingolipids
Metabolic Pathways
Signal Transduction Pathways
ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS IN CLINICAL TRIALS
Novel Azoles/tetrazoles
Ibrexafungerp (formerly Known As Scy078)
Rezafungin (Formerly Known As CD101)
Fosmanogepix (APX001)
Mat2203
Ceragenins
Others
ANTIFUNGAL VACCINES
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Antiviral Drugs - in Past and Current Pandemics
Arijit Nandi1,†, Anwesha Das2,†, Wei-Yu Lin3 and Payal Chakraborty4,*
INTRODUCTION
Different Types of Viruses
Life Cycle of a Virus
Host–Virus Interactions
DEMOGRAPHY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PAST AND PRESENT VIRAL OUTBREAKS
ANTIVIRAL DRUG THERAPEUTICS - RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT
Natural Products
Chemical Entities and Different Types of Formulations
Viral DNA Synthesis Inhibitors like Acyclovir, Valacyclovir, Maribavir and Letermovir
Viral RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase (RdRp) Inhibitors such as Favipiravir, Remdesivir, Galidesivir and Ribavirin
Viral RNA Synthesis inhibitor - Sofosbuvir
Fusion Inhibitor - Arbidol
Endonuclease Inhibitor - Baloxavir
Viral Protease Inhibitor –Lopinavir
Inhibitors of Viral Penetration into the Host Cell such as Amantadine and Rimantadine
Neuraminidase Inhibitors for e.g., Oseltamivir, Zanamivir, Peramivir and Laninamivir
Biologicals – Vaccine & Sera Therapy
Types of Biological Products
Vaccines
Convalescent Plasma
Monoclonal Antibodies
Interferons (IFNs)
Translational Medicines
Repurposed Drugs
Combined Drugs
Prediction of Drug Targets
Assay Development
In-Vitro Assay and Laboratory Findings
Others
ADVANCED APPROACHES IN ANTIVIRAL THERAPY
Insights into Advanced Immunotherapies
Ongoing Clinical Trials - New Antiviral Therapies
Ebola
Influenza
SARS-CoV-2
Application of Artificial Intelligence
Diagnostic Tool
Drug Development
Immunotherapy
Clinical Trial
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Natural Products: Antibacterial, Anti-fungal, and Anti-viral Agents
Shipa Rani Dey1, Neha Gogia2,# and Prasann Kumar1, 3,*
INTRODUCTION
ANTI-BACTERIAL, ANTI-FUNGAL AND ANTI-VIRAL ACTIVITY
Principle Antibacterial Phytochemicals
Terpenes
Phenolic and Polyphenols
Coumarins
EFFICACY OF PLANT-DERIVED NATURAL PRODUCTS IN MITIGATING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES
CONTINUING SEARCH FOR NATURAL PLANT RESOURCES IN ANTI-CANCER THERAPY
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Antimicrobial Drugs Obtained from Marine Algae
Rohan Samir Kumar Sachan1, Ritu Bala1, Abdel Rahman M. Al-Tawaha2, Samia Khanum3 and Arun Karnwal1,*
INTRODUCTION
DIVERSITY IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT
CLASSIFICATION OF SEAWEEDS
Green Algae
Red Algae
Brown Algae
ANTIMICROBIAL COMPOUNDS FROM MARINE ALGAE
Polysaccharides and Sulfated Polysaccharides
Lipid, Glycerol, and Sterols
Phenolic Compounds and their Derivatives
Pigments
Lectin
Alkaloids
Cyclic Peptides
Terpenes and its Derivatives
Halogenated Compounds
ANTIMICROBIAL ASSESSMENT OF COMPOUNDS FROM MARINE ALGAE
In-vitro Assessment
Disc Diffusion Method
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
In-vivo Assessment
PRODUCTION OF ANTIMICROBIAL COMPOUNDS FROM MARINE ALGAE
Factors Affecting their Production
Extraction Techniques and Solvent Effect
IMPACT ON HUMAN HEALTH
Seaweeds as Food
Medicinal Use of Seaweeds
Seaweed as Medicines
Respiratory Treatment
Hormones in Seaweeds
Essential Fat and Vitamins in Seaweeds
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Mushroom and Related Fungi: A Natural Source of Anti-Microbial Compounds
Prabhjot Kaur1, Abhijit Dey2, Vijay Kumar1, Padmanabh Dwivedi3, Tabarak Malik4, R.M. Banik5, Brijendra Pratap Mishra6 and Devendra Kumar Pandey1,*
INTRODUCTION
ANTI-MICROBIAL COMPOUNDS FROM MUSHROOMS
Bio-active Compounds: Anti-Bacterial Properties
Bio-active Compounds: Anti-Fungal Properties
Bio-active Compounds: Anti-Viral Properties
EXTRACTION OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS FROM MUSHROOMS
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Nano-particles for Microbial Growth and Drug Delivery
Pranjali Chole1, Camil Rex1, Sabia Imran1, Kasi Gopinath2 and Lokesh Ravi1,*
INTRODUCTION TO NANOPARTICLES
Types of Nanoparticles
Organic Nanoparticles
Liposomes
Dendrimers
Carbon-based NPs
Polymeric Nanoparticles
Metal Nanoparticles
Gold Nanoparticles
Silver Nanoparticles
Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles
Magnetic Nanoparticles
Ceramic Nanoparticles
Quantum Dots
SYNTHESIS OF NANOPARTICLES
Green Synthesis
Chemical Synthesis
Physical Synthesis
ANTIBACTERIAL NANOPARTICLES
ANTIBACTERIAL APPROACHES
Bacterial Cell Wall
Role Of Biofilm Formation
Growth Rate Control
ANTIBACTERIAL MECHANISM OF NANOPARTICLES
Release Of Metal Ion From Nanoparticles
Oxidative Stress
NANOPARTICLES AGAINST DRUG-RESISTANT BACTERIA
ANTI-FUNGAL NANOPARTICLES
ANTI-FUNGAL MECHANISM OF NPS
ANTI-PARASITIC ACTIVITIES
ANTI-PARASITIC MECHANISM OF NPS
Mechanism
NPS AGAINST DRUG RESISTANT PARASITES
Chitosan Nanoparticles
Gold Nanoparticles
Silver Nanoparticles
ANTI-VIRAL NANOPARTICLES
ANTI-VIRAL MECHANISM OF NANOPARTICLES
Mechanism 1
Mechanism 2
DRUG-DELIVERY SYSTEM
TYPES OF NANOTECHNOLOGY-BASED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS
Nanobots
Nanoghosts
Nanoclews
Nanoneedles
Nanoclusters
Liposomes
Nanobubbles
Exosomes
Injectable Nanoparticle Generator
Nano Terminator
Niosomes
Carbon Nanotubes
APPLICATIONS OF DRUG DELIVERY NANOPARTICLES
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Current Approaches to Antimicrobial Formulations and their Delivery
Kaushita Banerjee1 and Harishkumar Madhyastha2,*
INTRODUCTION
ANTIMICROBIAL FORMULATIONS AND THEIR TYPES
Plant Antimicrobials
Antimicrobial Peptides
Immunomodulatory Agents as Antimicrobials
Colloid-based Antimicrobials
MECHANISM OF ACTION OF ANTIMICROBIAL FORMULATIONS AND THEIR DELIVERY
Mechanistic Approach of Resistance to Antimicrobials in Microorganisms
Inactivation of Antimicrobials
Modification of the Target
Drug Efflux Pumps in Resistance Development
Role of Plasmid-mediated Drug Efflux Pump Systems
CHALLENGES IN DEVELOPING CONTEMPORARY ANTIMICROBIAL FORMULATIONS
Inexorableness to Antimicrobial Resistance
Manageability of Resistance
EFFECTIVENESS OF CONTEMPORARY ANTIMICROBIALS OVER THE TRADITIONAL THERAPIES
Antimicrobial Peptides
Phage Therapy
Vaccines
Potentiators Replacing the Currently used Antibiotics
Biomaterials Combined Antimicrobials
CONCLUSION
CONSENT OF PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Immunoinformatics - Role in the Identification of New Classes of Antimicrobials
Sunil Krishnan G.1, Amit Joshi1 and Vikas Kaushik1,*
INTRODUCTION
IMMUNE SYSTEM AND IMMUNOINFORMATICS
ANTIMICROBIALS AND ITS NEW CLASSES
Antiviral
Antibacterial
Antifungal
Antiprotozoals
Anthelmintics or Antihelminthics
Plant-sourced Natural and Small Antimicrobials
IMPORTANCE OF VACCINE AS AANTIMICROBIAL AGENT
IMMUNOINFORMATICS ROLE IN ANTIMICROBIALS
Antimicrobial Peptides
Antimicrobial Databases and Immunoinformatics Tools
IMMUNOINFORMATICS ROLE IN VACCINES DEVELOPMENT
Machine Learning in Antimicrobial Peptides
Antimicrobial Peptide’s role in Gastrointestinal Infections
FUTURE PROSPECTUS
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Subject Index
Back Cover
