Breast cancer is a recognized disease around the world with varying patient outcomes based on the type of breast cancer, access to healthcare and other factors. Survival rates for breast cancer are significantly lower in metastatic cases than localized cases. Early diagnosis and effective treatments for the efficient management of breast cancer are now in demand , as they help to prolong patient life. There have been many breakthrough developments in the molecular biology of breast cancer research in recent times. Advancements in diagnostic techniques (imaging and biomarker detection) for breast cancer have improved the screening of the disease and have improved patient outcomes. Despite these enhancements, the disease is still lethal for patients and the search for a cure requires a complete understanding of the disease. Current Advances in Breast Cancer Research: A Molecular Approach presents a comprehensive overview of current basic and translational research on the subject. The 14 chapters of the book give emphasis to current knowledge about breast cancer, ongoing challenges, and innovative research findings by different research groups. Readers will find detailed information about breast cancer biology, genetics, clinical diagnostics and treatments. Additional information for advanced readers in life sciences, such as techniques relevant to genomics (including genetic fingerprinting), proteomics, metabolomics and medicine (such as imaging and molecular diagnostics) is also provided. The combination of both basic and advanced information makes this book a useful reference to the student and researcher, alike, seeking an understanding about breast cancer at a molecular level.
Author(s): Shankar Suman, Garima Suman, Sanjay Mishra
Publisher: Bentham Science Publishers
Year: 2020
Language: English
Pages: 400
City: Singapore
Cover
Title
Copyright
End User License Agreement
Contents
Foreword
Preface
List of Contributors
Breast Cancer: A Global Burden
Brij Nath Tewari1,* and Sanjay Mishra2
INTRODUCTION
Statistics at a Glance: The Burden of Cancer Worldwide
A brief History of Breast Cancer
Types of Breast Cancer
GRADING AND MOLECULAR SUBTYPES OF BREAST CANCER
Breast Cancer Grading
Breast Cancer Molecular Subtypes
Luminal A
Luminal B
Basal-like
HER2 Enriched
SIGNS, SYMPTOMS AND RISK FACTORS OF BREAST CANCER
Risk Factors of Breast Cancer
Age
Geographical Variation
Previous Benign Breast Cancer
Age at Menarche and Menopause
Oral Contraceptives
Breast-feeding
Breast Density
Family History of Breast Cancer
Personal History of Breast Cancer
Genetic Risk Factors
Radiation
Tobacco
Alcohol
Diet
Hormonal Risk Factor
TUMOR MARKERS
Types of Molecular Markers
Diagnostic Markers
Prognostic Markers
Predictive Markers
Companion Diagnostic Markers
CURRENT DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENTS OF BREAST CANCER
Screening and Diagnosis of Breast Cancer
Mammography
Overdiagnosis of Breast Cancer
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Breast Ultrasound
PET Scan
X-rays
Biopsy
Breast Cancer Treatments
Surgery
Limitations
Radiation Therapy
Internal Radiation Therapy
Limitations
Systemic Therapy
Chemotherapy
Hormonal Therapy
Targeted Therapy: Therapy Intended at HER2
Other Targeted Drugs
SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING REMARKS
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Current Imaging Techniques in Breast Cancer: An Overview
Garima Suman* and Anurima Patra
INTRODUCTION
Anatomy of Breast
Clinical Diagnosis of BC
Why Imaging?
RADIOLOGICAL MODALITIES USED IN BC DETECTION
Mammography
Ultrasonography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Positron Emission Tomography
Computed Tomography
Screening of BC
ACR BI-RADS
IMAGE GUIDED BREAST INTERVENTION
Pre-operative Localization
Image-guided Breast Lesion Biopsy
Other Applications
RECENT ADVANCES IN BREAST IMAGING
Digital Breast Tomosynthesis
Advances in Breast Ultrasonography
Computer-aided Detection
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
LIMITATIONS, DRAWBACKS, AND SUMMARY
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
An Overview of Genetic, Proteomic and Meta-bolomic Biomarkers in Breast Cancer
Tarjani Agrawal*
INTRODUCTION
BIOMARKERS
Limitations of Current BC Screening Techniques and the Potential Role of Biomarkers
Integration of Biomarkers into Current Diagnostic Paradigms
Commonly Utilized Cancer Biomarkers for BC
ESTABLISHED BIOMARKERS
Estrogen and Progesterone Receptors
Mutation in the ER Gene
HER2
GENOMIC BIOMARKERS FOR BC
Highly Penetrant BC Genes
BRCA1 and BRCA2
TP53
CDH1
PTEN
STK11
Moderate Penetrance BC Genes or Biomarkers
CHEK2
ATM
PALB2
RAD51C and RAD51D
Low Penetrant Polygenes
Other Genetic Biomarkers
PIK3CA Mutation
Mitotic Arrest Deficient Like 1 (MAD1L1)
Methylation of Paired-like Homeodomain 2 (PITX2P2)
Lin28
Cytochrome P450 2D6 Polymorphism
Circulating Tumor Cells and Circulating Free Tumor DNA
Gene Expression Profiles and BC Subtypes
Nucleic Acid Biomarkers - DNA Sequencing
Nucleic Acid Biomarkers - RNA Expression Profiling
Epigenetics
MicroRNA
Microarray-based Multigene Assays
Oncotype DX®
MammaPrintTM
Prosigna®
EndoPredict®
BC Index (BCI)
Genomic Grade Index (GGI)
POSTGENOMIC ERA: PROTEOMICS
Proteomics in BC
Ki67
Cyclin D
Cyclin E
Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)
uPA and PAI-1 [PROTEOMICS]
Mammostrat®
IHC4
dtectDx™ Breast Serum Biomarker Test
Mass Spectrometry-based Protein Profiling Studies
Chaperons
Antibody Microarray
Cancer Autoantibodies
METABOLITES AND METABOLOMICS
Metabolic Profile of BC
Metabolomics and BC Chemoresistance
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Recent Proteomics Development for Biomarker Detection in Breast Cancer
Gatha Thacker*
INTRODUCTION
KEY PROTEOMICS TECHNIQUES APPLIED IN BIOMARKER IDENTIFICATION
Gel Based Methods
Mass-Spectrometry (MS) Based Methods
Label-Free Methods
Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time of Flight (MALDI-TOF)
Surface-Enhanced Laser Desorption/Ionization Time of Flight (SELDI-TOF)
LC-MS
Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM)
Labeling-Based MS Quantitation Methods
Isotope-Coded Affinity Tags (ICAT)
Isobaric Tags for Relative and Absolute Quantitation (iTRAQ)
Antibody and Affinity-Based Methods
BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES SUITABLE FOR PROTEOMICS STUDIES
CURRENT BREAST CANCER BIOMARKER PROTEIN PROFILING STUDIES
CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE IMPLICATIONS
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Deregulation of Enzymatic Post-Translational Modifications in Breast Cancer
Lokesh Baweja1,*, Neha Rajoria2 and Shankar Suman3
INTRODUCTION
POST TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS OF PROTEINS
Glycosylation
Phosphorylation
SUMOylation
Ubiquitination
Methylation
DNA Methylation and Histone Modifications in Breast Cancer Development
Lipidation
Acylation
Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)-ribosylation
OXIDATIVE STRESS MEDIATED REGULATION OF PROTEIN MODIFICATION IN BREAST CANCER
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Genomic Fingerprint of Molecular Mechanisms of Breast Carcinogenesis
Akanksha Nigam1,* and Shivam Priya2
INTRODUCTION
Risk Factors
Age
Family History
Genetic Predisposition
Hormonal Factors
Lifestyle
GENETIC FINGERPRINTS OF BREAST CANCER
BRCA1 OR BRCA2 Mutation
HER2 Expression in Breast Cancer
Estrogen Receptor Expression in Breast Cancer
Progesterone Receptor Expression in Breast Cancer
SUSTAINING PROLIFERATIVE SIGNALING
CHEMORESISTANCE
Genes Involved in Chemoresistance
MicroRNA and Chemo-resistance
TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT (TME)
Role of Chemokines in TME
Role of Cancer-associated Fibroblast in TME
Involvement of Immune Compartments in TME
SPLICING FACTORS AND BREAST CANCER
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATES
Bisphenol-A and Parabens
Polyaromatic Hydrocarbon
Heavy Metals
SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING REMARKS
ABBREVIATIONS
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Perspectives of Deregulated Metabolism in Breast Cancer
Shankar Suman*
INTRODUCTION
GENOMIC ALTERATIONS IN METABOLIC REPROGRAMMING OF BC
Epigenetic Modifications
Oncogenic Regulators
CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
LIPID METABOLISM IN BC
AMINO ACID METABOLISM
NUCLEOTIDE METABOLISM IN BC
METABOLIC ALTERATIONS MEDIATED MOLECULAR CARCINO-GENESIS
Hypoxia
Glucose Transporters
Other Transporters in BC
Association of Deregulated Signaling Pathways in BC Metabolism
IMMUNOMETABOLISM IN CANCER
TARGETING METABOLISM IN CANCER
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Oxidative Stress and Lifestyle-based Changes in Breast Cancer Progression
Vipendra K. Singh1, 2 and Pradeep K. Sharma1, 2,*
INTRODUCTION
FREE RADICALS (REACTIVE OXYGEN AND NITROGEN SPECIES) AND OXIDATIVE STRESS
ASSOCIATION AMID LIFESTYLE FACTORS, ROS, AND CANCER
LIFESTYLE FACTORS AND RISK FOR BREAST CANCER: EVIDENCE FROM EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL STUDIES
Physical Inactivity and Breast Cancer
Obesity and Breast Cancer
Alcohol Consumption and Breast Cancer
Smoking and Breast Cancer
Radiation Exposure and Breast Cancer
Vitamin D and Breast Cancer
Oral Contraceptives and Breast Cancer
SUMMARY
ABBREVIATIONS
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) in Breast Cancer: An Overview
Manish Charan1,*, Bhavana Kushwaha2, Sanjay Mishra1 and Ramesh K Ganju1
INTRODUCTION
EPITHELIAL-TO-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION (EMT) AND BC METASTASIS
RELEVANCE OF EMT AND ITS ASSOCIATED MOLECULAR SIGNALING PATHWAYS IN BREAST CARCINOMAS
E-cadherin
N-cadherin
CD44
Discoidin Domain Receptors
β-catenin
Matrix Metalloproteinase
Notch
Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK) Signaling Pathway
Transforming Growth Factor (TGF-β)
Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-α)
EMT AND PROMISING TARGETED THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES
CONCLUDING REMARKS
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
MicroRNA Biology in Breast Cancer Progression
Sanjay Mishra*, Manish Charan, Swati Misri, Dinesh Ahirwar and Ramesh K. Ganju
INTRODUCTION
MIRNA BIOGENESIS AND FUNCTIONS
MIRNA MISREGULATION IN BREAST CANCER PATHOGENESIS
ROLE OF MIRNAS IN DIFFERENT CELLULAR PROCESSES ASSOCIATED WITH BREAST CANCER PATHOGENESIS
CIRCULATING MIRNAS AS POTENTIAL BIOMARKER IN BREAST CANCER
REGULATORY ROLE OF MIRNA IN SELF-RENEWAL, TUMORIGENICITY OF BCSCS
APPLICATION OF INTEGRATED OMICS APPROACH FOR IDENTIFICATION OF MIRNA TARGETS ASSOCIATED WITH BREAST CANCER PATHOGENESIS
SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING REMARKS
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Calcium Signaling in Breast Cancer: Current Perspective
Manuraj Pandey1,*, Akanksha Nigam2 and Rajendra Mehta3
INTRODUCTION
CA2+CHANNELS, PUMPS, AND EXCHANGERS
Types of Calcium-permeable Ion Channels and Pumps
1- Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) Channels
2- Voltage-gated Calcium Channels (VGCCs)
3- Ligand-gated Ca2+Channels
4- Store-operated Calcium Channels
5- Mitochondrial Ca2+ Uniporter (MCU)
6- The Plasma Membrane Ca2+-ATPases (PMCs)-
7- The sarco[endo]plasmic Reticulum Ca2+-ATPases (SERCAs)
8- The Secretory Pathway Ca2+ATPases (SPCAs)
CALCIUM SIGNALING AND MAMMARY GLAND
BREAST CANCER AND CALCIUM SIGNALING
Alteration of Ca2+ Transports in Breast Cancer
1- Voltage-gated Calcium Channels
2- TRP Channel in Breast Cancer
3- Calcium-activated K+ and Cl- Channels in Breast Cancer
4- ORAI Calcium Channels in Breast Cancer
5- Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors in Breast Cancer
CALCIUM SIGNALING AS A THERAPEUTIC TARGET IN BREAST CANCER
CONCLUDING REMARKS AND PERSPECTIVES
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Role of Mitochondrial-mediated Pathways in Breast Cancer: An Overview
Nabanita Chatterjee*, Debangshi Das, Ashna Jha and Sraddhya Roy
INTRODUCTION
The Powerful Cellular Organelle: Mitochondria
Mitochondrial Energy
The Process of ATP Production: Pyruvate and Citric Acid Cycle
Pyruvate and the TCA Cycle
Electron Transport Chain [NADH and FADH2]
Heat Production
Storage of Calcium Ions
Cancer: Breast Cancer
Triple-negative Breast Cancer
Common Features of TNBC [36]:
Alterations in Cancer Cells
MITOCHONDRIAL INVOLVEMENT: BETWEEN NORMAL AND CANCER CELLS IN RESPECT OF METABOLISM
Metabolic Pathway and its Resistance in Cancer
Regulation of Tumorigenesis in Mitochondria
Warburg Effect on Cancer Cells
MITOCHONDRIAL METABOLISM IN BREAST CANCER PROGRESSION
Proliferation
Alteration in RCD
Metastatic Modification
Mitochondrial Metabolism in Breast Cancer and its Therapeutic Approaches
Mitochondrial Metabolism in Breast Cancer and Immunosurveillance
Role of the Mitochondrial Metabolism in Malignant Transformation
What are the Potential Mitochondrial Targets on Breast Cancer?
Targeting the Apoptotic Proteins
Targeting mtDNA Regulation
Targeting Pyruvate Dehydrogenase and Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase (PDH-PDK) and Associates in Breast Cancer
CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
ABBREVIATIONS
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Advances of the Current Therapeutic Approach for the Management of Breast Cancer
Saroj Kumar Amar1,2,*, Ajeet Kumar Srivastav3 and Swayam Prakash Srivastava3,*
INTRODUCTION
CHEMOTHERAPY
Adjuvant Chemotherapy
Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy: Drugs that are Used for the Treatment of Breast Tumor
Chemotherapy: Mode of Administration
Dose-interval Chemotherapy
Side Effects of Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer
Effect on the Premature Blood Cells of the Bone Marrow
Impact on Fertility and Menstrual Cycle
Effect on the Heart Muscle
Effect on the Nervous System
Inflammation in Limbs
Menace of Leukemia
HORMONAL THERAPY
TARGETED THERAPY
IMMUNOTHERAPY
RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT FOR NEW THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Ligand-based Approach
Nanotechnology-based Drug Delivery in Tumor Cells
Targeting Epithelial-to-mesenchymal Transition
EMT Inhibitors
MicroRNAs Antagonist
DPP-4 Biology in Breast Cancer
SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Micro and Nano-scale Technologies for Breast Cancer Detection and Destruction
Pranay Agarwal*
INTRODUCTION
Sources of Cells For Tissue Engineering
Native Tissue Microenvironment
Current Techniques For Culturing Cells (2D vs. 3D culture system)
BIOMATERIALS FOR 3D CELL CULTURE
Definition of Biomaterials
BIOMATERIALS AND TISSUE ENGINEERING
Types of Biomaterials
Natural Polymers
Collagen
Chitosan
Alginate
Hyaluronic Acid
Synthetic Polymers
Poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA)
Poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG)
Properties of Ideal Biomaterials
Biocompatibility
Biodegradability
Mechanical Properties
Biomaterial Architecture
Manufacturing Technology
Cell Encapsulation in Micro-Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering
Core-Shell Microcapsules for Cell Encapsulation and their Advantages
Cell Encapsulation via Droplet Microfluidics
MODULAR TISSUE ENGINEERING FOR FABRICATING COMPLEX TISSUES
APPLICATION OF NANO DEVICE IN STUDYING BREAST TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Subject Index
