CRISPR and RNAi Systems: Nanobiotechnology Approaches to Plant Breeding and Protection

Title-page_2021_CRISPR-and-RNAi-Systems
CRISPR and RNAi Systems
Copyright_2021_CRISPR-and-RNAi-Systems
Copyright
Contents_2021_CRISPR-and-RNAi-Systems
Contents
List-of-contributors_2021_CRISPR-and-RNAi-Systems
List of contributors
Series-preface_2021_CRISPR-and-RNAi-Systems
Series preface
Preface_2021_CRISPR-and-RNAi-Systems
Preface
Chapter-1---Can-CRISPRized-crops-save-the-global-fo_2021_CRISPR-and-RNAi-Sys
1 Can CRISPRized crops save the global food supply?
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Gene editing techniques
1.3 RNAi and CRISPR systems for plant breeding and protection: where are we now?
1.3.1 Improving yield and quality in crops
1.3.2 Biotic and abiotic stress resistance
1.3.3 Speed breeding programs in plants
1.4 What are future perspectives?
1.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter-2---Targeted-genome-engineering-for-insects_2021_CRISPR-and-RNAi-Sys
2 Targeted genome engineering for insects control
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 RNAi in insects
2.1.2 Prerequisites for RNAi response
2.1.3 Variation in RNAi response
2.1.4 ORDER specific RNAi applications
2.1.5 Pros and cons of RNAi-mediated insect control strategies
2.2 CRISPR/Cas9
2.2.1 CRISPR–Cas9 sex-ratio distortion and sterile insect technique
2.2.2 Potential targets for CRISPR system in insects
2.3 Conclusion and future prospects
References
Chapter-3---CRISPR-Cas9-regulations-in-plant-scie_2021_CRISPR-and-RNAi-Syste
3 CRISPR/Cas9 regulations in plant science
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Ethical concerns for CRISPR-based editing system
3.3 Biosafety concerns for genomic manipulated crops
3.4 Global regulations of CRISPR edit crops
3.4.1 The United States regulation policies for genome edit crops
3.4.2 Canada regulation policies for genome edit crops
3.4.3 European Union regulation policies for genome edit crops
3.4.4 China regulation policies for genome edit crops
3.4.5 Pakistan regulation policies for genome edit crops
3.4.6 India regulation policies for genome edit crops
3.4.7 Australia regulation policies for genome edit crops
3.4.8 Japan regulation policies for genome edit crops
3.4.9 New Zealand regulation policies for genome edit crops
3.4.10 Brazil regulation policies for genome edit crops
3.5 Conclusion and future outlook
3.6 Conflict of interest
References
Chapter-4---Are-CRISPR-Cas9-and-RNA-interference-based-ne_2021_CRISPR-and-RN
4 Are CRISPR/Cas9 and RNA interference-based new technologies to relocate crop pesticides?
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Conventional pesticides: present status and challenges
4.3 Advancement in green revolution: the RNAi toolkit
4.4 Advantages and disadvantages of RNAi-based methods
4.5 Advantages of CRISPR/Cas9-based systems
4.6 Conclusions and future prospects
Acknowledgments
References
Further reading
Chapter-5---CRISPR-Cas-epigenome-editing--improving-cro_2021_CRISPR-and-RNAi
5 CRISPR-Cas epigenome editing: improving crop resistance to pathogens
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 A brief history of CRISPR/Cas
5.1.2 CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing
5.2 Applications of CRISPR/Cas9
5.2.1 Re-engineering Cas9 for genome editing
5.2.1.1 Double nicking CRISPR/Cas9
5.2.1.2 CRISPRi (CRISPR interference)
5.2.1.3 CRISPRa (CRISPR activation)
5.2.1.4 CRISPR I/O (input/output) gene regulation
5.2.1.5 CRISPR epigenome editing
5.2.1.6 CRISPR base editing
5.2.1.7 CRISPR prime editing
5.3 CRISPR/Cas12
5.4 CRISPR/Cas13 RNA editing
5.5 CRISPR/Cas14
5.6 Delivery of CRISPR/Cas system for (epi)genome editing
5.6.1 Virus-induced gene editing and viral delivery for CRISPR/Cas systems
5.6.2 Agrobacterium-mediated T-DNA transformation
5.6.3 PEG transformation
5.6.4 Direct delivery of ribonucleotide protein complexes
5.7 Cisgenic, intragenic, transgenic or edited plants
5.8 Epigenome editing
5.8.1 Targeted epigenetic regulation
5.8.2 Crop disease resistance
5.8.3 Limitations to epigenome editing
5.9 Summary and future directions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter-6---CRISPR-Cas-system-for-the-development-of-dise_2021_CRISPR-and-RN
6 CRISPR/Cas system for the development of disease resistance in horticulture crops
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Bacterial resistance
6.2.1 Citrus canker
6.2.2 Fire blight
6.3 Fungal resistance
6.3.1 Powdery mildew
6.3.2 Gray mold
6.3.3 Black pod
6.4 Virus resistance
6.4.1 RNA viruses
6.4.2 DNA viruses
6.5 Concluding remarks
References
Chapter-7---CRISPR-and-RNAi-technology-for-crop-improvem_2021_CRISPR-and-RNA
7 CRISPR and RNAi technology for crop improvements in the developing countries
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Conventional breeding for crop improvements
7.3 RNAi technology: an overview
7.3.1 RNAi technology for crop improvements
7.3.1.1 Enhancement in biotic stress tolerance/resistance
7.3.1.2 Enhancement in abiotic stress tolerance/resistance
7.3.1.3 Engineering of seedless fruits
7.3.1.4 Enhancement of nutritional value
7.3.1.5 Induction of male sterility/heterosis
7.4 CRISPR technology for crop improvements: an overview
7.4.1 CRISPR technology for the development of biotic stress resistance
7.4.2 CRISPR technology for the development of abiotic stress resistance
7.4.3 CRISPR technology for nutritional modifications in crop
7.5 Crop improvements: examples from developing countries
7.5.1 China
7.5.2 India
7.5.3 Pakistan
7.5.4 Bangladesh
7.5.5 Africa
7.6 Conclusion and prospects
References
Chapter-8---RNA-interference-and-CRISPR-Cas9-applicatio_2021_CRISPR-and-RNAi
8 RNA interference and CRISPR/Cas9 applications for virus resistance
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Control of viral diseases using RNA interference approaches
8.3 Control of viral diseases using CRISPR/Cas technology
8.4 CRISPR/Cas genome editing against DNA viruses
8.5 CRISPR/Cas genome editing against RNA viruses
8.6 Production of foreign DNA-free virus-resistant plants by CRISPR/Cas
8.7 RNA interference versus CRISPR/Cas strategies
8.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter-9---Current-trends-and-recent-progress-of-genetic-e_2021_CRISPR-and-
9 Current trends and recent progress of genetic engineering in genus Phytophthora using CRISPR systems
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Common diseases of crops caused by Phytophthora
9.3 Genome editing approaches
9.4 CRISPR-Cas systems for Phytophthora
9.5 Applications of CRISPR-Cas in genetic engineering of Phytophthora
9.6 Challenges of CRISPR-Cas in Phytophthora
9.7 CRISPR-Cas based databases and bioinformatics tools for Phytophthora
9.8 Conclusion and future prospects
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter-10---CRISPR-Cas9-and-Cas13a-systems--a-promising-_2021_CRISPR-and-RN
10 CRISPR/Cas9 and Cas13a systems: a promising tool for plant breeding and plant defence
10.1 Introduction
10.2 CRISPR/Cas technology and engineering plant resistance to viruses
10.3 Targeting plant DNA viruses using CRISPR/Cas9
10.4 Targeting RNA viruses using CRISPR/Cas13 and FnCas9
10.4.1 Direct interference of viral RNA genomes
10.4.2 Interference of plant host factors aiding viral infection
10.4.3 Advantages of genome editing technologies for breeding virus resistance
10.4.4 Caveats of employing the CRISPR/Cas technology to engineer resistance to plant viruses
10.4.4.1 Overcoming the caveats of the CRISPR/Cas systems
10.4.5 Future directions of genome editing to protect crops from viruses
10.5 CRISPR technology for plant improvement
10.5.1 Rice
10.5.2 Wheat
10.5.3 Cotton
10.5.4 Maize
10.5.5 Soya bean
10.5.6 Tomato
10.5.7 Potato
10.5.8 Citrus
10.5.9 Apples
10.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter-11---CRISPR-Cas-techniques--a-new-method-for-RN_2021_CRISPR-and-RNAi
11 CRISPR/Cas techniques: a new method for RNA interference in cereals
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Overview of CRISPR/Cas system
11.3 CRISPR system for genome editing in cereals
11.3.1 CRISPR/Cas system for rice improvement
11.3.2 CRISPR/Cas system for wheat improvement
11.3.3 CRISPR/Cas system for maize improvement
11.3.4 CRISPR/Cas system for sorghum improvement
11.4 CRISPR/Cas system a better choice for genome editing
11.5 Recent developments in CRISPR technology
11.6 Conclusion and future prospectus
References
Chapter-12---Genetic-transformation-methods-and-advanceme_2021_CRISPR-and-RN
12 Genetic transformation methods and advancement of CRISPR/Cas9 technology in wheat
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Objective
12.3 Background
12.3.1 Structure and mechanism of Cas9
12.3.2 Types of CRISPR/Cas and opportunity headed for genome editing
12.4 Steps involved in CRISPR/Cas9 mediated genome editing
12.5 Different technologies evolved from CRISPR
12.5.1 Gene and epigenome editing in wheat
12.5.2 Transcriptional activation and suppression using dCas9
12.5.3 Site-directed foreign DNA insertion in the wheat genome
12.5.4 Multiplexed engineering in wheat
12.5.4.1 Multiple gRNAs with their respective promoters
12.5.4.2 Multiple gRNAs using tRNA processing enzymes
12.5.4.3 Multiple gRNAs using Csy4
12.5.5 Viral replicon based editing in wheat
12.6 The delivery methods of CRISPR/Cas9 construct in wheat
12.6.1 Biolistic mediated delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 in the wheat
12.6.2 Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in wheat
12.6.3 Floral dip/microspore-based gene editing in wheat
12.6.4 PEG-mediated delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 reagents or vector
12.7 Genome engineering for wheat improvement
12.7.1 Improvement for grain quality and stress-tolerant wheat
12.7.2 CRISPR/Cas9 mediated fungal resistant wheat
12.8 Conclusion and outlook
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter-13---Application-of-CRISPR-Cas-system-for-geno_2021_CRISPR-and-RNAi-
13 Application of CRISPR/Cas system for genome editing in cotton
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Genome editing technologies
13.3 CRISPR/Cas genome editing system
13.4 Application of CRISPR/Cas9 for genome editing in cotton
13.4.1 Utilization of CRISPR for biotic stresses
13.4.2 Utilization of CRISPR for abiotic stresses
13.4.3 Utilization of CRISPR for fiber quality
13.4.4 Utilization of CRISPR for plant architecture and flowering
13.4.5 Utilization of CRISPR for virus-induced disease resistance
13.4.6 Utilization of CRISPR for epigenetic modifications
13.4.7 Utilization of CRISPR for multiplexed gene stacking
13.4.8 Challenges in the utilization of CRISPR for polyploidy cotton
13.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter-14---Resistant-starch--biosynthesis--regulatory-p_2021_CRISPR-and-RN
14 Resistant starch: biosynthesis, regulatory pathways, and engineering via CRISPR system
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Wheat starch: overview
14.2.1 Starch biosynthesis in crops
14.2.2 Role of bZIP in seed development and maturation
14.3 Role of CRISPR/Cas9 in developing resistant starch
14.4 Recent advancement in CRISPR/Cas for the crop improvement
14.5 Genome modification for nutrition improvement
14.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter-15---Role-of-CRISPR-Cas-system-in-altering-phenolic_2021_CRISPR-and-
15 Role of CRISPR/Cas system in altering phenolic and carotenoid biosynthesis in plants defense activation
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Phenolics in plant defense
15.3 Biosynthesis and regulation
15.4 Carotenoids
15.5 Genome editing
15.6 CRISPR/Cas9 and applications in alteration in the biosynthesis of phenolics and carotenoids
15.7 Future of genome editing in field crops
15.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter-16---Fungal-genome-editing-using-CRISPR-Cas-nuclea_2021_CRISPR-and-R
16 Fungal genome editing using CRISPR-Cas nucleases: a new tool for the management of plant diseases
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Common diseases of crops caused by phytopathogenic fungi
16.3 Approaches for genetic engineering of filamentous fungi
16.3.1 Transcription activator-like effector nucleases
16.3.2 Zinc finger nucleases
16.3.3 CRISPR-Cas nucleases
16.3.4 Variants of CRISPR-Cas system
16.3.4.1 Cpf1/Cas12a
16.3.4.2 Cas13a
16.3.4.3 Cas9 nickase
16.3.4.4 dCas9
16.4 Editing in plant genes using CRISPR-Cas against phytopathogenic fungi
16.5 Applications of CRISPR-Cas in genetic engineering of phytopathogenic fungi
16.6 Conclusion and perspective
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter-17---CRISPR-Cas-systems-as-antimicrobial-agents_2021_CRISPR-and-RNAi
17 CRISPR–Cas systems as antimicrobial agents for agri-food pathogens
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Role of CRISPR/Cas system in bacterial immunity
17.2.1 Structure of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat in bacteria
17.2.2 Arrangement of CRISPR/Cas type system
17.2.3 Functioning mechanism of CRISPR and Cas proteins and their proposed role
17.3 The CRISPR/Cas-9 system and its utilization in genome editing
17.4 CRISPR–Cas systems application in food, agri-food, and plant
17.4.1 The benefit of CRISPR/Cas systems in starter culture preparation
17.4.2 Development of CRISPR/Cas-9 against virus resistance in agriculturally crops
17.4.3 Development of CRISPR/Cas-9 against fungal resistance in agriculturally crops
17.4.4 Development of CRISPR/Cas-9 against bacterial resistance in agriculturally crops
17.4.5 Development of CRISPR/Cas-9 against bacterial resistance in food
17.5 The advantages and limits of CRISPR–Cas systems in agri-food
17.6 Conclusion and future perspective
References
Chapter-18---CRISPR-interference-system--a-potential-strate_2021_CRISPR-and-
18 CRISPR interference system: a potential strategy to inhibit pathogenic biofilm in the agri-food sector
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Pathogenic biofilms of agriculture
18.2.1 Plant biofilm diseases
18.2.2 Phytopathogenic bacteria
18.2.3 Phytopathogenic oomycetes
18.2.4 Phytopathogenic fungi
18.3 Food industry biofilms
18.3.1 Food industry biofilm-forming pathogens
18.4 Agri-food biofilm specific genes
18.5 CRISPR applications
18.6 CRISPR mechanism of action
18.6.1 CRISPR–Cas and agri-food pathogenic biofilms
18.6.2 Initial adherence and colonization prevention
18.6.3 Quorum sensing inhibition
18.6.4 Phage-based antibiofilm agent development
18.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter-19---Patenting-dynamics-in-CRISPR-gene-editin_2021_CRISPR-and-RNAi-S
19 Patenting dynamics in CRISPR gene editing technologies
19.1 Backdrop
19.2 The patenting landscape
19.2.1 The US patents scenario vis-à-vis Broad Institute and University of California Berkeley with regard to the foundatio...
19.2.2 The CRISPR research and patent landscape—a follow-on of the foundational patents
19.2.2.1 General observations
19.2.2.2 CRISPR landscape updated to February 2020
19.3 CRISPR patent interference proceedings, opposition proceedings, and patent litigations
19.3.1 Patent interference proceedings at the USPTO
19.3.2 Interference proceedings in the USA of Broad’s patent no. US8697359B1
19.3.3 Interference proceedings in the USA of University of California Berkeley’s patent US 10,000,772 B2 initiated by Sigma
19.3.4 The EPO patent dispute scenario involving Broad Institute and University of California with regard to the foundation...
19.3.4.1 Opposition proceedings against Broad Institute, MIT and Harvard patent no. EP 2771468 B1 (EPO, 2020)
19.3.4.2 Opposition proceedings against University of California Berkeley together with the University of Vienna and Emmanu...
19.4 Licensing and patent transactions related to CRISPR technologies
19.5 Ethical challenges and regulatory issues
19.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter-20---Tricks-and-trends-in-CRISPR-Cas9-based-genome-e_2021_CRISPR-and
20 Tricks and trends in CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing and use of bioinformatics tools for improving on-target efficiency
20.1 Bacterial CRISPR/Cas-mediated adaptive immune system
20.2 Important considerations before starting CRISPR/Cas experiments
20.3 General criteria for selecting a candidate target sequence
20.4 Current rules and considerations for an efficient gRNA design
20.5 Machine learning approach for defining on-target cleavage
20.6 Off-target activity prediction
20.7 Online databases and bioinformatics tools for designing an optimal gRNA
20.8 Modes of CRISPR/Cas9 delivery
20.8.1 Plasmid-mediated transgene delivery method
20.8.2 Transgene-free ribonucleoproteins delivery method
20.9 Conclusion and future prospects
References
Chapter-21---RNA-interference-and-CRISPR-Cas9-technique_2021_CRISPR-and-RNAi
21 RNA interference and CRISPR/Cas9 techniques for controlling mycotoxins
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Genomics of mycotoxin production
21.3 Environmental impact on genomic imprints for mycotoxin production and plant defenses
21.4 RNA interference
21.4.1 Functional mechanism
21.4.2 Applications in plant mycotoxin protection
21.4.3 Applications of RNAi for reduced mycotoxin production in fungi
21.4.4 Applications of RNAi for host-induced gene silencing
21.5 Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
21.5.1 Functional mechanism
21.5.2 Applications in plant mycotoxin protection
21.5.2.1 Applications of CRISPR technology within mycotoxigenic fungi
21.5.3 Applications of CRISPR technology within plants for protection from mycotoxins
21.6 Genetic interconnection of mycotoxin disease pathogenesis
21.7 Green mycotoxin protection
21.8 Conclusion and future prospects
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter-22---Role-of-small-RNA-and-RNAi-technology-toward-_2021_CRISPR-and-R
22 Role of small RNA and RNAi technology toward improvement of abiotic stress tolerance in plants
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Small RNA biogenesis and RNA interference activity in plants
22.3 The role of small RNA and RNA interference in plant abiotic stress responses
22.3.1 Drought stress
22.3.2 Temperature stress
22.3.3 Salinity stress
22.4 Additional RNA-targeting tools: clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat–based technologies
22.5 Conclusion and future perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter-23---RNAi-based-system-a-new-tool-for-insect_2021_CRISPR-and-RNAi-Sy
23 RNAi-based system a new tool for insects’ control
23.1 Introduction
23.2 The effectiveness of RNAi in biological control and its working mechanism in the attenuation of genes which is essenti...
23.3 Application of RNAi gene technology in the preservation of crops against harmful insects
23.4 Delivery methods of dsRNA into insect cells
23.4.1 Bacterial and fungal cells as carriers of dsRNA
23.4.2 Viral vector as a delivery vehicle
23.4.3 Nanoparticle as a delivery vehicle
23.4.4 Liposomes and protein as a delivery system
23.4.5 Genetically modified plants as a delivery system
23.4.6 Spraying as a delivery system
23.5 Parameters taken into consideration when applying dsRNA
23.5.1 Influence of sensitivity and resistance of the target species
23.5.2 Influence of enzymatic activity on the efficiency of knockdown
23.5.3 Influence of target genes on the efficiency of knockdown
23.6 Risks of dsRNA to human health and environment
23.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter-24---RNAi-strategy-for-management-of-phytopa_2021_CRISPR-and-RNAi-Sy
24 RNAi strategy for management of phytopathogenic fungi
24.1 Introduction
24.2 RNAi in plants and fungi
24.3 Trans-kingdom siRNA communication
24.4 RNAi against phytopathogenic fungi
24.5 Host-induced gene silencing strategy against phytopathogenic fungi
24.6 Spray-induced gene silencing strategy against phytopathogenic fungi
24.7 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter-25---CRISPR-applications-in-plant-bacteriology--_2021_CRISPR-and-RNA
25 CRISPR applications in plant bacteriology: today and future perspectives
25.1 Introduction
25.2 CRISPR applications in plant bacteriology
25.2.1 Genetic diversity
25.2.2 Strain typing
25.2.3 Virulence and pathogenicity
25.2.4 Diagnostics
25.3 CRISPR applications in plant bacteriology management
25.3.1 Breeding for resistance against phytopathogenic bacteria
25.3.2 CRISPR-based antimicrobials against food-borne bacteria
25.3.3 Beneficial bacteria
25.4 Challenges and technical considerations
25.5 Future perspectives and conclusion
References
Chapter-26---RNAi-based-gene-silencing-in-plant-parasitic_2021_CRISPR-and-RN
26 RNAi-based gene silencing in plant-parasitic nematodes: a road toward crop improvements
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Plant–nematode interaction and disease development
26.3 Host-induced dsRNAs for targeting nematode genes
26.3.1 HIGS in nematodes
26.3.2 Plant miRNAs in response to nematode
26.3.3 Plant small noncoding RNAs in response to nematode
26.4 Biosafety and limitations
26.5 Conclusion and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter-27---RNA-interference-mediated-viral-disease-re_2021_CRISPR-and-RNAi
27 RNA interference-mediated viral disease resistance in crop plants
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Major crop diseases
27.3 RNA interference in viral resistance
27.4 Applications of RNA interference in viral-resistant crop development
27.4.1 Rice
27.4.2 Wheat
27.4.3 Potato
27.4.4 Tomato
27.4.5 Soybeans
27.4.6 Cassava
27.5 Biosafety considerations
27.6 Conclusion and future prospect
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter-28---Phytoalexin-biosynthesis-through-RNA-interfe_2021_CRISPR-and-RN
28 Phytoalexin biosynthesis through RNA interference for disease resistance in plants
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Utility of phytoalexins
28.3 Diversity of phytoalexins
28.4 Detoxification of phytoalexins
28.5 RNA interference
28.5.1 Brief history of RNA interference
28.5.2 Steps involved in RNA interference
28.5.3 Components of RNA interference
28.6 RNA interference in phytoalexin biosynthesis
28.6.1 RNA interference for elucidation of the gene(s) involved in biosynthesis of phytoalexins
28.6.2 RNA interference for suppression of negative regulators of phytoalexins
28.6.3 RNA interference for antidetoxification of phytoalexins by pathogens
28.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter-29---Polymer-and-lipid-based-nanoparticles-to-de_2021_CRISPR-and-RNA
29 Polymer and lipid-based nanoparticles to deliver RNAi and CRISPR systems
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Polymer-based nanoparticles and their properties
29.3 Natural polymers
29.3.1 Alginate
29.3.2 Dextran
29.3.3 Cyclodextrin
29.3.4 Gelatin—a protein polymer
29.4 Synthetic polymers
29.4.1 Polylactic-co-glycolic acid
29.4.2 Poly-ε-caprolactone
29.5 Delivery of polymer-based nanoparticle
29.5.1 Lipid-based PNPs
29.5.2 Dendrimers
29.5.3 Biopolymeric based PNPs
29.5.4 Nanostructure lipid-multilayer gene carrier
29.5.5 Magnetic nanoparticle-based LipoMag
29.6 Polymer and lipid-based nanoparticles-mediated delivery towards advancing plant genetic engineering
29.6.1 Polymer and lipid-based nanoparticles for efficient delivery of siRNA
29.6.2 Polymer and lipid-based nanocarriers deliver siRNA to intact plant cells
29.7 Polymer and lipid-based nanoparticles transfection enhances RNAi and CRISPR systems in plants
29.8 Advantages of polymer and lipid-based nanoparticles
29.9 Future directions and concluding remarks
29.10 Conclusion
References
Chapter-30---Inorganic-smart-nanoparticles--a-new-tool-to_2021_CRISPR-and-RN
30 Inorganic smart nanoparticles: a new tool to deliver CRISPR systems into plant cells
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Inorganic nanocarriers for gene delivery
30.2.1 Silica nanoparticle-based transient gene
30.2.2 Carbon-nanotubes transient gene
30.2.3 Magnetic nanoparticle-based transient gene
30.2.4 Gold nanoparticle-based transient gene
30.3 Internalization mechanisms
30.4 Agri-food applications
30.5 Limitations of gene nanocarriers
30.6 Further recommendations and conclusion
References
Chapter-31---Regulatory-aspects--risk-assessment--and-toxi_2021_CRISPR-and-R
31 Regulatory aspects, risk assessment, and toxicity associated with RNAi and CRISPR methods
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Regulatory aspects of RNAi and CRISPR methods
31.2.1 USA and Canada
31.2.1.1 USA
31.2.1.2 Canada
31.2.2 European Union
31.2.2.1 Approval for deliberate release
31.2.2.2 Approval for food and feed purpose
31.2.2.3 Post approval considerations
31.2.2.4 RNAi-based regulations
31.2.2.5 CRISPR-based regulations
31.2.3 China
31.2.4 Pakistan
31.2.5 Other countries
31.2.5.1 Australia
31.2.5.2 Brazil
31.2.5.3 Argentina
31.2.5.4 Chile
31.2.5.5 New Zealand
31.2.5.6 Japan
31.3 Toxicity and risk assessment of RNAi and CRISPR methods
31.3.1 Toxicity and risk assessment of RNAi
31.3.1.1 Molecular characterization
31.3.1.2 Food and feed toxicity and risk assessment of RNAi
31.3.1.3 Environmental toxicity and risk assessment of RNAi
31.3.2 Toxicity and risk assessment of CRISPR
31.3.2.1 Toxicity and risk assessment associated with off-targeting effects of CRISPR
31.3.2.2 Toxicity and risk assessment associated with persisted Cas9 activity
31.3.3 Toxicity and risk assessment of RNAi and CRISPR using 10 step approach
31.4 Conclusion and outlook
References
Further reading
Chapter-32---Gene-editing-in-filamentous-fungi-and-oomyc_2021_CRISPR-and-RNA
32 Gene editing in filamentous fungi and oomycetes using CRISPR-Cas technology
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Characteristics of oomycetes
32.3 Principles of CRISPR technology
32.4 Gene editing in oomycetes
32.4.1 Gene editing for pathogen prevention in oomycetes
32.4.2 Gene editing for identification of virulence gene in oomycetes and fungi
32.4.3 Expected application of CRISPR-Cas toolkit to other oomycetes
32.5 Gene editing in filamentous fungi
32.5.1 CRISPR-mediated endonucleases use in filamentous fungi
32.5.2 CRISPR-Cas-mediated single-gene disruption in filamentous fungi
32.5.3 CRISPR-Cas-mediated multiple gene disruption in filamentous fungi
32.5.4 Gene editing in industrial filamentous fungi by CRISPR-Cas
32.5.5 CRISPR-Cas-mediated genetic manipulation of pathogenic filamentous fungi
32.5.6 DNA and selectable-marker-free genome editing in filamentous fungi
32.6 Concluding remarks and future perspective
References
Chapter-33---CRISPR-Cas-technology-towards-improvement-of_2021_CRISPR-and-RN
33 CRISPR–Cas technology towards improvement of abiotic stress tolerance in plants
33.1 Introduction
33.2 CRISPR–Cas system
33.3 Harnessing the potential of CRISPR–Cas system against abiotic stresses
33.3.1 Low or high temperature
33.3.2 Drought
33.3.3 Salinity
33.3.4 Heavy metals
33.3.5 Herbicides resistance
33.4 Future perspectives
33.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter-34---Databases-and-bioinformatics-tools-for-genome_2021_CRISPR-and-R
34 Databases and bioinformatics tools for genome engineering in plants using RNA interference
34.1 Introduction
34.2 Disadvantages and limitations associated with RNAi
34.2.1 Strategies to minimize the off-target effects of RNAi
34.2.2 Designing specific and potent siRNA
34.3 Online databases for knowledge-based resources of small ncRNAs sequences
34.4 Online bioinformatics tools for designing highly specific and efficient siRNA/miRNA
34.5 Conclusion and future prospects
References
Index_2021_CRISPR-and-RNAi-Systems
Index