COVID-19: Current Challenges and Future Prospective

Cover
Title
Copyright
End User License Agreement
Contents
Foreword
Preface
List of Contributors
Introduction
Anoop Kumar*
INTRODUCTION
STRUCTURE
TYPES
Animal Coronaviruses
Human Coronaviruses
GLOBAL IMPACT
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
History and Epidemiology of COVID-19
Ruchika Sharma*
INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION
EMERGENCE AND SPREADING OF CORONAVIRUSES (TIMELINE)
EPIDEMIOLOGY
CORONAVIRUS CASES IN INDIA
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Pathogenesis of COVID-19
Saipriyanka Bhimaneni1, Akanksha Verma2 and Anoop Kumar2,*
INTRODUCTION
PATHOGENESIS
Life Cycle of a Virus
Entry and Replication of the Virus Inside the Host
Coronavirus Altered Signalling Pathways
EXTRA-PULMONARY MECHANISM
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Diagnosis, Treatment and Management of COVID-19
Vipin Bhati1, Sheetal Yadav2 and Anoop Kumar3,*
INTRODUCTION
DIAGNOSTIC APPROACHES
Physical Symptoms
Laboratory Tests: Sample Intake Methods, Analysis
Molecular Tests (Antigen)
Serology
Hematological Examination
IMAGING
Chest X-ray Examination
Chest Computed Tomography
Lung Ultrasound
FELUDA Paper Strip Test
Treatment, Management and Prevention
Asymptomatic and Non-serious Cases
Mild to Moderate Cases
Serious Cases
Preventive Measures Public
POST COVID-19 INFECTION TREATMENT
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Convalescent Plasma for Treatment of COVID-19 Infection
Rahul Shukla*, Reddy Gayathri Aparnasai and Mayank Handa
INTRODUCTION
TREATMENT OPTIONS EXPLORED TILL DATE
Historical Background of Passive Antibody Therapy
Toxin Neutralization
CONVALESCENT PLASMA-BASED THERAPEUTICS AGAINST COVID-19
Challenges
Ethical Constraint
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Effect of Early Lockdown in India During the Outbreak of COVID-19: A Comparative Study of USA, Italy and India
Gagandeep Maan, Navyashree V. Gowda, Anoop Kumar and Awanish Mishra*
INTRODUCTION
PROGRESSION OF THE DISEASE
SIGNIFICANCE OF LOCKDOWN
IMPACT OF DIAGNOSIS
DEMOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
COVID-19 Altered Immune Signalling Pathways
Shashikanta Sau and Anoop Kumar*
INTRODUCTION
COVID-19 ALTERED INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE SIGNALLING PATHWAYS
Effects on Macrophages
Effects on TLR Signalling Pathways
MyD88 Dependent Signalling
MyD88 Independent Signalling
COVID-19 Altered the Connection Between the Innate and Adaptive Immune System
COVID-19 Altered Humoral Response Pathways
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
COVID-19 Altered Brain Signalling Pathways
Urvashi Langeh1, Tania Bajaj2, Priyanka Bajaj3, Swati Kaushal1, Diksha Saluja1, Shelly Agarwal1, Neelam Sharma1, Bharti Verma1, Meena Yadav1, Rima Singh1, Charan Singh2 and Arti Singh1,*
INTRODUCTION
NEUROPATHOLOGY OF COVID-19
Direct Pathway
a. Blood Circulation Pathway
b. Neuronal Pathway
Hypoxic Brain Injury
IMMUNE SYSTEM
ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME-2 (ACE-2)
VARIOUS NEUROLOGICAL DISORDER REPORTED TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH COVID-19
Cerebrovascular Complications
Encephalopathy
Viral Encephalitis
ROLE OF BRAIN SIGNALLING PATHWAYS IN MANIFESTATION OF COVID-19
Interferon Signalling Pathway
Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) Pathway
JAK/STAT Pathway
ACE-2/ANG-(1-7)/MAS Signalling Pathway
Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) and Autophagy Pathways
MAJOR COMPONENTS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM INVOLVED IN COVID-19
Neurons
Movement Disorders in the World of COVID-19
Nervous System Involvement after Infection with COVID-19
Multidisciplinary Research Priorities for the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Call for Action for Mental Health Science
Lack of Dyspnea in COVID-19 Patients
Neuroinfection May Potentially Contribute to the Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations of COVID-19
Neurological Manifestations in COVID-19 Caused by SARS-CoV-2
ACE- 2
Organ-Protective Effect of ACE- 2 and its Effect on the Prognosis of COVID-19
COVID-19 and ACE Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs)
Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System Inhibitors in Patients with COVID-19
Mitochondria of Brain Cells
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Risk Factors and Complications Associated with COVID-19
Gagandeep Maan and Awanish Mishra*
INTRODUCTION
POSSIBLE RISK FACTORS FOR SUSCEPTIBILITY OF COVID-19
Age
Gender and Sex
Medical Conditions
Hypertension
Diabetes Mellitus
Cardiovascular Disorders
Pregnancy
Lifestyle Issues
Smoking
Crowding
Occupation
COVID-19 ASSOCIATED COMPLICATIONS
Pneumonia and Respiratory Complications/Failure
Nephritis and Acute Renal Failure
Myocarditis and Cardiac Failure
Hepatic Malfunctions/Failure
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Possible Mechanism of Deaths Due to COVID-19
Aakriti Garg1 and Anoop Kumar2,*
INTRODUCTION
DISTRIBUTION OF DEATH CASES DUE TO COVID-19
POSSIBLE MECHANISM OF DEATHS WITHOUT TREATMENT
POSSIBLE MECHANISM OF DEATHS DURING TREATMENT
Patients with Pre-existing Medical Conditions
Patients without Any History of Pre-existing Medical Conditions
ROLE OF CONCOMITANT MEDICATIONS AND POSSIBLE MECHANISM OF DEATHS
MEASURES TO MINIMIZE DEATH DUE TO COVID-19
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Possible Targets of SARS-CoV-2
Navyashree V. Gowda and Anoop Kumar*
INTRODUCTION
POTENTIAL DRUG TARGETS
Potential SARS-CoV-2 Targets
Blocking Critical Viral Proteins
Potential Targets Inhibiting the Self-Assembly Process
Potential Human Cell Targets
Targeting of Virulence Factor
Targeting of Host-specific Receptor or Enzymes
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Repurposing of Drugs for COVID-19 Infections
Aakriti Garg1 and Anoop Kumar2,*
INTRODUCTION
REPURPOSING OF DRUGS AGAINST SARS-COV-2
Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine
Lopinavir/Ritonavir
Ribavirin
Umifenovir
ACE Inhibitors and Angiotensin Inhibitors
Remdesivir
Favipiravir
Corticosteroids
Anti-cytokines or Immunomodulatory Agents
Rapamycin
Ivermectin
Camostat and Nafamostat
CURRENT CHALLENGES AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Herbals for COVID-19 Infection
Amit Gupta1, Vipin Bhati2 and Anoop Kumar1,*
INTRODUCTION
HERBALS AGAINST SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME (SARS)
In-Silico Studies
In-Vitro Studies
In Vivo Studies
HERBALS AGAINST MIDDLE EAST RESPIRATORY SYNDROME (MERS)
In-Silico Studies
In-Vitro Studies
In-Vivo Studies
HERBALS AGAINST COVID-19
In-Silico Studies
In-Vitro Studies
POSSIBLE ANTIVIRAL MECHANISM OF HERBALS AGAINST SARS, MERS, AND COVID-19
Possible Mechanism of Herbals Against SARS
Possible Mechanism of Herbals Against MERS
Possible Mechanism of Herbals Against COVID-19
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Current Challenges and Future Prospects of COVID-19
Ruchika Sharma*
INTRODUCTION
FORTHCOMING CHALLENGES AGAINST COVID-19
CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVE
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Subject Index
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