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Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19): A Clinical Guide

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CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019 (COVID-19)

CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019 (COVID-19)

Provides comprehensive coverage of all key aspects of COVID-19, including: etiology, diagnosis, symptomatology, management, and treatment

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Clinical Guide provides healthcare professionals at all levels with up-to-date knowledge about the clinical, epidemiological, genomic, virological, and radiologic features of COVID-19. Consolidating multiple systematic reviews and meta-analyses into a single volume, this comprehensive textbook also addresses health policies, mass casualty planning, healthcare worker safety, economic impact, lessons for future outbreaks, and other para-clinical and social aspects of the COVID-19 pandemic.

The text presents a thorough summary and critical analysis of COVID-19 based on an exhaustive review of recently published literature and data. Topics include the virologic characteristics of SARS-CoV-2, pulmonary and extrapulmonary manifestations and consequences of COVID-19, prevention and transmission control, the pandemic’s indirect impact to the care and management of other diseases, passive immunotherapy and its implications, diagnostic and treatment approaches for critically ill patients, and more. Edited by leading ­practitioners at the forefront of COVID-19 research, this invaluable resource:

  • Integrates clinical, radiological, and epidemiological data and discussion of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment
  • Reviews the epidemiology, mechanisms of action, manifestations, and management of cardiovascular, neurological, and pulmonary diseases associated with COVID-19
  • Covers diagnostic technologies, includes radiologic imaging, and RT-PCR testing
  • Explores therapeutic approaches for managing a variety of complications
  • Discusses post-vaccination symptom management and implications of immunization
  • Addresses COVID-19 in pediatrics, in cancer patients, and in patients with lung disease, diabetes, ­hypertension, obesity, and other underlying conditions

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Clinical Guide is an indispensable source of information for all clinicians, researchers, epidemiologists, nurses, radiologists, and healthcare managers working to address any aspect of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Author(s): Ali Gholamrezanezhad (editor)
Edition: 1
Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell
Year: 2023

Language: English
Pages: 704

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
List of Contributors
Preface
Chapter 1 COVID-19: Epidemiology
Origin
Animal Host
Infectivity and Incubation
Modes of Transmission
Overview
Respiratory Droplets
Aerosolization
Direct Surface Contact and Fomites
Fecal-Oral
Bloodborne
Semen and Vaginal Secretions
Asymptomatic Transmission
Virulence and Mortality
Case Fatality Rate
Serial Interval
Reproduction Number/Reproduction Ratio
Excess Mortality
Demographics
Overview
Age
Sex
Race and Ethnicity
Disease Prevention
Vaccinations
Personal Protective Equipment: Respirators and Masks
Physical Distancing
Hand and Surface Sanitation
Adequate Ventilation of Indoor Spaces
Use of Outdoor Spaces
Global Impacts
Distribution
International Response
Future Outbreaks
Conclusions
References
Chapter 2 COVID-19: Virology
Coronaviruses
Taxonomy
Morphology
Nucleic Acid
Antigenicity
SARS-CoV-2
Morphology and Nucleic Acid
Spike Protein
Origin
Viral Transmission
Variants
References
Chapter 3 COVID-19: Laboratory/Serologic Diagnostics
Molecular Diagnostics for COVID-19
Nucleic Acid Amplification Testing
RT-qPCR
RT-LAMP
CRISPR-Based Techniques
Sequencing Techniques
Antigen Testing
Viral Culture
Antibody Testing for COVID-19
Principles of Antibody Testing
Antibody Assays for SARS-CoV-2
Assay Target Selection
Binding Assays
Neutralization Assays
Antibody Assay Sensitivity and Specificity
Humoral Response to SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Kinetics of Antibody Response
Antibody Response and Disease Severity
Duration of Immunity
Current and Potential Applications of Antibody-Based Tests in SARS-CoV-2
Management of Individual Disease and Sequelae Monitoring
Contact Tracing
Vaccine Efficacy
Conclusions and Future Directions
References
Chapter 4 COVID-19: Radiologic Diagnosis
Current Guidelines on When to Image
Fleischner Society
World Health Organization
Practical Points
Technical Considerations to Limit Spread While Imaging
Chest Radiography
Cross-Sectional Imaging
Ultrasound
Imaging by Modality
X-Ray
Computed Tomography
Ultrasound
PET
MRI
Guidelines for Reporting
RSNA
COVID-19 Reporting and Data System
COVID-19 Imaging Reporting and Data System
References
Chapter 5 COVID-19: Pathology Perspective
Gross and Histopathologic Findings in the Respiratory System
Gross and Histopathologic Findings in the Cardiovascular System
Histopathologic Findings in Kidney
Histopathologic Findings in the Gastrointestinal Tract and Liver
Histopathologic Findings in Brain
Histopathologic Findings in Skin
References
Chapter 6 COVID-19: Immunology
Anatomic Progression of COVID-19
Adaptive Immune Response in the Nasal Passages and the Lungs
Immune Response to Immunization
Immune Correlates of Protection from Infection
Decline in Vaccine-Induced Immune Responses over Time
Immune Consequences of Virologic Dissemination
Autoantibodies Against Type I IFN
Viral Evasion
Immune Dysregulation
Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity
Cytokine Storm
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 7 COVID-19: Presentation and Symptomatology
Pulmonary Manifestations of COVID-19
Atypical Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Otolaryngologic Manifestations of COVID-19
Sense of Smell
Voice Disorders
Hearing, Tinnitus, and Facial Nerve
Gastrointestinal Manifestation of COVID-19
Coronavirus and Pregnancy
Physiologic Changes and Effect of SARS-CoV-2 Infection
General Symptoms of COVID-19 in Obstetric Patients
Impact of COVID-19 on Gestation: Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes
Vertical Transmission and Possible Fetal Complications
COVID-19 and Delivery
Breastfeeding
Vaccination
Urologic Manifestations of COVID-19
Kidneys
Genital and Lower Urinary Tract Infection
Disorders of Genital Organ Function
Infertility
References
Chapter 8 COVID-19: Risk Stratification
Potential Biomarkers for COVID-19 Detection, Severity, and Mortality
Host Risk Factors for COVID-19
ABO Blood Type as an Additional Risk Factor
ABO Blood Group and Rh Factor
Association of Blood Group with Viral Respiratory Diseases
Association of Blood Type with Higher Susceptibility to COVID-19 Infection and Outcomes
Genetic Association and Underlying Molecular Mechanisms
ML Methods for X-Ray and CT Image Classification and Prediction
References
Chapter 9 COVID-19: Outpatient Management in Adults
Potential Conflicts of Interest
Initial Diagnosis
Prognosis and Choice of Admission Versus Outpatient Management
Home Monitoring
Telehealth Diagnosis and Follow-up
Pulse Oximetry Monitoring
Post–Hospital Discharge Care
General Management Issues
Isolation
Hydration and Nutrition
Continuation of Ongoing Therapies
Nutritional Supplements
Anticoagulation
Use of Home Supplemental Oxygen
Antivirals and Anti-inflammatory Treatments
Anti-SARS-CoV-2 mAbs
Selection of Outpatients to Receive Anti-SARS-CoV-2 mAbs
Bamlanivimab Plus Etesevimab
Casirivimab Plus Imdevimab
Sotrovimab
Bebtelovimab
Side Effects of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 mAbs
Distribution of mAbs
Oral Antivirals
Molnupiravir
Nirmatrelvir (PF-07321332)/Ritonavir
Outpatient Anti-inflammatory Interventions
Inhaled Budesonide
Fluvoxamine
Dexamethasone
Drugs That Are Not Recommended for Outpatient Use
Janus Kinase Inhibitors/Anti-IL-6 Therapies
Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine
Ivermectin
Azithromycin
Lopinavir/Ritonavir
Convalescent Plasma
Colchicine
Summary
References
Chapter 10 COVID-19: Inpatient Management
Respiratory Support for Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19
Noninvasive Respiratory Support
Prone Positioning in Awake Patients
Caring for the Critically Ill Patient with COVID-19
Practical Considerations for Intubating Patients
Mechanical Ventilation of Patients with COVID-19
Rescue Therapies for Refractory Hypoxemia of Ventilated Patients
Pharmacologic Therapies for Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19
Use of Antivirals in Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19
Anti-inflammatory Therapies for Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19
Therapies that Have No Benefit in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19
Extrapulmonary Disease in Acutely Ill Patients with COVID-19
Thromboembolic Disease
Cardiac Complications
Renal Complications
Infectious Complications
Performing Aerosol-Generating Procedures in Patients with COVID-19
Bronchoscopy in COVID-19
Tracheostomy in Patients with COVID-19
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation of the Patient with COVID-19
Coordinating Patient Placement and Care in COVID-19 Units
Increasing ICU Capacity
Additional Management Considerations
References
Chapter 11 COVID-19: ICU and Critical Care Management
Epidemiology of Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia
Risk Factors for Severe Disease
Mortality
Infection Prevention and Control of COVID-19 in the ICU
Aerosol-Generating Procedures
Visitation
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in COVID-19
Hemodynamic Support in COVID-19
Management of Respiratory Failure from COVID-19
Intubation
Ventilator Management
Prone Positioning
Treatment of COVID-19-Associated ARDS with Corticosteroids
Tocilizumab for Critical COVID-19 Illness
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for COVID-19 ARDS
Venous Thromboembolism and Anticoagulation in COVID-19
After the ICU: Challenges for Survivors of COVID-19 Critical Illness
References
Chapter 12 COVID-19 in Pediatrics
Epidemiology
Epidemiology of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children
Transmission in Children
Neonatal Transmission
Breastfeeding
Clinical Manifestations
Disease Severity
Infection in Infants (Age <1 Year)
Cutaneous Manifestations
COVID Toes
Neurologic Symptoms
Atypical Clinical Manifestations
Imaging Findings
MIS-C Clinical Manifestations
Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC) in Children
Approach to Diagnosis
Screening and Diagnosis in Symptomatic Patients
Screening and Diagnosis in Asymptomatic Patients
Neonatal Testing
COVID-Recovered Patients
Retesting of COVID-Recovered Patients
Testing of COVID-19 Fully Vaccinated Persons
MIS-C Diagnosis
Hyperinflammation in COVID-19 Versus MIS-C
Management
Outpatient Management
Inpatient Management
Special Populations
Antiviral Therapy
Glucocorticoids
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs
Convalescent Plasma
Adjunctive Therapy
Kinase Inhibitors
Superimposed Infections
Management of MIS-C
Guidance for Return to Sports After SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Vaccines
References
Chapter 13 Pharmacologic Therapeutics for COVID-19
Virus Life Cycle
Drug Development for SARS-CoV-2
Immune Responses that Contribute to COVID-19 Pathology
Challenges to Discover and Deploy Drugs for a New Infectious Agent
Therapeutic Classes
Antivirals
Camostat (Foipan)
Nafamostat
Upamostat
Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine
Angiotensin Receptor Blockers
Valsartan
Losartan
Telmisartan
Recombinant ACE2
Ang(1–7)
Viral Replication Inhibitors
Favipiravir (Avigan)
Molnupiravir (MK-4482or EIDD-2801)
Remdesivir (Veklury)
Ribavirin
Oseltamivir
Umifenovir
Viral Protein Process Inhibitors
Lopinavir/Ritonavir
Disulfiram (Antabuse)
Antibiotics and Antiparasitic
Immunotherapy
Recombinant Cytokine Therapy
Type I IFNs
GM-CSF
Anticytokine Therapy
IL-1 Receptor Antagonism
IL-6 Receptor Antagonism
IL-6 Antagonism
GM-CSF Antagonism
Neutralizing Antibody Therapy
Recombinant Monoclonal Antibodies
Convalescent Plasma Therapy
Other Anti-inflammatory Therapies
Steroids
Cyclosporine
Acalabrutinib
Baricitinib
Lenzilumab
Experimental Therapeutics
PAC-MAN
Single-Domain Antibody
Exo-CD24
Fluvoxamine
Clofazimine (Lamprene)
References
Chapter 14 Co-infections and Secondary Infections in COVID-19 Pneumonia
Bacterial Co-infections
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Klebsiella
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Legionella
Fungal Superinfection
Pulmonary Aspergillosis
Mucormycosis
Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia
Trichosporon asahii Fungemia
Histoplasmosis
Parasitic
Strongyloidiasis
Viral
Influenza
Dengue
Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Summary
References
Chapter 15 COVID-19: Neurology Perspective
Epidemiology and Transmission Mode
Route to the Nervous System
Retrograde Pathway Through Neurons
Direct Infection Through ACE-2 Expression
Mechanisms for CNS Complications
Neuronal Infection
Neuroinflammation
Other Mechanisms
Neurologic Manifestations
Guillain–Barré Syndromes
Skeletal Muscle Injury
Encephalopathy
Acute Myelitis
Acute Cerebrovascular Events
Therapeutic Strategies
Conclusion
References
Chapter 16 COVID-19: Cardiology Perspective
Epidemiology
Potential Mechanisms of Cardiovascular System Involvement in COVID-19
Direct Viral Myocardial Injury
Microvascular Injury
Acute Coronary Syndrome
Oxygen Supply and Demand Mismatch
Systemic Hyperinflammatory Response
Myocardial Injury in Acute COVID-19
Acute Coronary Syndrome
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Management
Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism
Acute Myocarditis and Cardiogenic Shock
Pericarditis
Kawasaki Disease, Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children, Pediatric Multisystem Syndrome, Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Adults, and Acute COVID-19 Cardiovascular Syndrome: Overlapping Post-COVID-19 Inflammatory Cardiac Syndromes
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Management
Arrhythmias in Acute COVID-19
Management
Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Management
Postacute Sequelae of SARS-COV-2 Infection
Long-Term Management of COVID-19 Cardiovascular Disease
Cardiovascular Effects of COVID-19 Treatments
COVID-19 in Special Populations
Chronic Heart Failure
Heart Transplant Recipients
Conclusion
References
Chapter 17 COVID-19: Oncologic and Hematologic Considerations
The Natural History of COVID-19 in Patients with Cancer
Diagnosing COVID-19 in Patients with Cancer: Clinical, Serologic, and Imaging Considerations
COVID-19 Therapeutics in Patients with Cancer
Monoclonal Antibodies (Casirivimab/Imdevimab, Sotrovimab, and Bamlanivimab/Etesevimab)
Remdesivir
Glucocorticoids
Baricitinib and Other Janus Kinase Inhibitors
Tocilizumab and Other Interleukin-6 Inhibitors
Convalescent Plasma
Molnupiravir
Practical Considerations in the Management of Patients with Cancer
Cancer Screening and Diagnosis
Cancer Therapy: Cytotoxic Chemotherapy
Cancer Therapy: Immunotherapy, Targeted Agents, and Biologics
Cancer Therapy: Radiation Therapy
Cancer Therapy: Cellular Therapy and Hematopoietic Transplantation
Oncologic Surgery
Thromboembolism in Patients with Cancer and COVID-19
Clinical Trials
COVID-19 and Other Vaccinations
Supportive Care
Use and Impact of Telemedicine on Caring for Patients with Cancer
Survivorship and Surveillance After Cancer Therapy
Palliative Care and Advance Care Planning
After COVID-19: The Natural History of Cancer in the Postpandemic Era
References
Chapter 18 COVID-19: Dermatology Perspective
Cutaneous Manifestations of COVID-19
Exanthem Group
Vascular Lesions
Miscellaneous Cutaneous Manifestations
Treatment
Cutaneous Adverse Effects Caused by Use of Personal PMs against SARS-CoV-2
Challenges Posed by the COVID-19 Pandemic for Dermatology: Impact on Dermatological Diseases, Dermatology Services, and Dermatology Practice
Dermatology Registries in Response to COVID-19
Conclusion
References
Chapter 19 COVID-19: Ophthalmology Perspective
Conjunctiva and Sclera
Conjunctivitis
Episcleritis
Anterior Segment
Uveitis
Corneal Graft Rejection
Neuro-ophthalmic Complications
Clinical Findings and Evaluation
Management and Prognosis
Optic Nerve
Active COVID-19 Infection
Optic Nerve and Retinal Changes After COVID-19 Infection
Retina
Retinal Microangiopathy
Central Retinal Vein Occlusion
Central Retinal Artery Occlusion
Orbit
Orbital Cellulitis
Orbital Inflammation
Rhino-orbital Mucormycosis
Orbital Emphysema
Conclusions
References
Chapter 20 COVID-19: Nutrition Perspectives
Safety Considerations for Nutrition Processes and Practice When Caring for Patients with COVID-19
Nutrition in the Noncritically Ill Hospitalized Patient with COVID-19
Treatment for COVID-19 and Associated Nutrition Impacts
Steroids
Other Treatments
Nutrition Screening and Assessment in Noncritically Ill Patients
Nutrition Interventions and Monitoring of Nutrition Progress
Nutrition in the Critically Ill Patient with COVID-19
Nutrition Screening and Assessment in Critically Ill Patients
Guidelines
Therapies for COVID-19 and Associated Nutrition Impacts
Nutrition Provision, Choice of Nutrition Mode, and Monitoring
Energy and Protein Requirements
Estimation of Energy Expenditure
Nonnutritional Energy
Protein
Micronutrients and Trace Elements
Management of Complications
Post-ICU Acute Care Management, Including Dysphagia and Multidisciplinary Care
Dysphagia: Features and Recovery
Multidisciplinary Care
Organization and System Considerations for Nutrition Management
Workforce and Stock/Supply Considerations
Food Service Considerations
Considerations in an Overwhelmed Hospital System
Follow-up for COVID-19-Related Nutrition Issues After Hospital Discharge
Conclusion
References
Chapter 21 COVID-19: Nursing Perspective
Care of the Patient in the Inpatient Setting
Resources
Nursing Interventions
Prone Positioning Intubated Patients
Modes of Oxygen Delivery: High-Flow Nasal Cannula, Bilevel Positive Airway Pressure, and Mechanical Ventilation
Pressure-Related Injuries and Other Nursing Interventions
Medications
Nutritional Management
Advance Care Planning
Interdisciplinary Care
Discharge Planning: Transition to Outpatient/Specialty Care
Home Services and Transition to Home
Humanization of Care
Moral and Ethical Distress
Building Resilience
Conclusion
References
Chapter 22 COVID-19 Vaccination: A Clinical Perspective
Terminologies
Storage and Handling
Reactogenicity
Efficacy and Immunogenicity
Contraindication
Precaution
Authorized Candidate Vaccines
BNT162b2/Comirnaty (BioNTech/Pfizer/Fosun Pharma)
mRNA-1273 (Moderna)
AZD1222/ChAdOx1/Covishield (University of Oxford and AstraZeneca)
Sputnik V (Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Russia)
CoronaVac (Sinovac Research and Development co., Ltd)
Unnamed (Sinopharm/Wuhan Institute of Biological Products co., Ltd.)
BBIBP-CorV (Sinopharm/Beijing Institute of Biological Products)
EpiVacCorona (State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Russia)
Symptom Management
Prioritization and Acceptance
Passive Immunotherapy
Convalescent Plasma
Monoclonal Antibody
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 23 Post-COVID-19 Vaccine Imaging Findings
Vaccines and Imaging: Past Experience
What We Know from Previous Vaccines
Local Reactions
Lymphadenopathy
Systemic Inflammation
Neurologic Complications
COVID-19 Vaccine: Types and Mechanisms
Expected Findings Post-COVID-19 Vaccination
Lymphadenopathy
Vaccine-Related Imaging Misinterpretation
Special Considerations for Oncologic Imaging with COVID-19 Vaccination
Other COVID-19 Vaccine–Induced Side Effects
Injection-Site Reaction
Musculoskeletal Complications
Neurologic Complications
Thrombotic Complications
Myocarditis
Summary of Recommendations and Conclusion
References
Chapter 24 COVID-19: Long-Term Pulmonary Consequences
Long-Term Pulmonary Complications from Past Viral Pandemics
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome
Monitoring for Long-Term Pulmonary Consequences of COVID-19 Infection
Imaging Modalities for the Diagnosis and Follow-Up of COVID-19
Timeline of Chest CT Findings During Different Phases of COVID-19 Infection
Long-Term Clinical Sequelae of COVID-19
Pathophysiology
Clinical Management
Summary Points
References
Chapter 25 Psychological Effects and Neuropsychiatric Sequelae in COVID-19 Patients
Depression and Anxiety
Cause or Consequence
Mitigating Factors and Management Strategies
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Sleep Dysfunction
The Bidirectional Relationship of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Sleep Dysfunction
Factors Associated with Sleep Dysfunction
Management of Sleep-Associated Disorders
Neuropsychiatric Sequelae
Pathophysiology of Neuropsychiatric Complications Associated with COVID-19
Cognitive Impairment Associated with COVID-19
Long COVID Syndrome
Management of Delirium and Long COVID Syndrome
Conclusions
References
Chapter 26 Mental Health Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Healthcare Professionals
Overview of Psychological Impact on Healthcare Professionals
Impact on Healthcare Workers by Country
China
United States of America
United Kingdom
India
Iran
Southeast Asia
COVID-19 Impact by Occupation and Healthcare Setting
Frontline Healthcare Workers
Different Medical Professionals
Nursing Staff
Non-frontline Healthcare Workers
Nonclinical Healthcare Personnel
Identifying Risk/Predisposing Factors
Gender
Age
Underlying Medical Conditions
Risk for Infection and Level of Precaution at Home
Living Circumstances
Infection Rate Among Peers
Time Spent Focusing on COVID-19
Demand for Personal Protective Equipment
Mental Health Interventions and Strategies for HCWs
Interventions and Strategies at the International, National, and Regional Levels
Interventions and Strategies at the Institutional Level
Interventions and Strategies at the Individual Level
Conclusion
References
Chapter 27 COVID-19: Ethical Considerations in Clinical Practice
Crisis Standard of Care
Resource Allocation and the Pandemic
The Duty of Healthcare Providers
The Problem of Pseudoscience
Off-Label Use of Medications
Contact Tracing
Conclusions
References
Chapter 28 Racial, Ethnic, and Other Disparities in the Epidemiology and Care of COVID-19
Disparities in Risk for Exposure in the United States
Racial and Ethnic Disparities
Neighborhood and Environment
Tribal and Rural Communities
Unemployment and Occupational Risk
The American Prison and Correctional System
Access to Education and the American School System
International Risk for Exposure to COVID-19
China
Italy
India
Brazil
Iran
Diagnostic Disparities
Diagnostic Disparity in COVID-19 Testing
Diagnostic Workup of COVID-19 and the Role of Imaging Utilization
Clinical Disparities
Hospitalizations and Inpatient Admissions
ICU Admission
Treatment Disparities
Disparities in Patient Outcome
Disparities in Vaccination
Combating These Disparities
Conclusion
References
Chapter 29 Global Impact of COVID-19 on Healthcare Systems
Healthcare Systems Before COVID-19
International Trends and Collaboration
Africa
West Africa
East Africa
Southern Africa
Central Africa
Future Directions for Africa
Asia Pacific
East Asia
Central Asia
South Asia
Southeast Asia
Oceania/Pacific
Future Directions for the Asia-Pacific Region
Europe
Future Directions for Europe
Middle East and North Africa
Further Directions for MENA Countries
Americas
North America
Central America
South America
Caribbean
Further Directions for the Americas
Conclusion
References
Chapter 30 COVID-19: Mass Casualty Planning
Viral Pandemic
The Surge
Prehospital Planning
Mitigation
Emergency Medical Service Preparedness
Field Hospitals
Hospital Planning
Triage and Emergency Department Capacity
Infection Control
Conversion of Inpatient Units
Staff and Equipment Shortages
Outpatient Planning
Telemedicine
Recovery Phase
References
Index
EULA