Core Principles of Maritime Navigation introduces the main navigation concepts required by trainees and professionals involved in maritime operations. The book covers a wide range of subjects from wind, waves and depths to navigational marks and buoys, navigational techniques and equipment, passage planning, duties of the Officer of the Watch, berthing and anchorage. It is not intended to be a technical publication; rather, it aims to introduce core ideas and concepts in an accessible way for general readers, university students, cadets and for the continuous professional development of experienced seafarers.
Author(s): Alexander Arnfinn Olsen
Publisher: Routledge
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 198
City: London
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
List of figures
List of tables
Image Attributions
List of abbreviations
Preface
Acknowledgements
Author’s note
Chapter 1: Wind, depth and waves
Underway with the wind from right astern
Underway with wind from abeam
Underway with the wind on the bow
Underway with the wind on the quarter
Under sternway
Ocean currents
Ship’s squat
Shallow waters
How waves are formed
Types of waves
Chapter 2: Navigation marks and buoys
Lateral marks
Cardinal marks
Isolated danger marks
Safe water marks
Special marks
Emergency wreck marking buoy
Traffic separation schemes
Notes
Chapter 3: Navigation systems and equipment
Navigation equipment and aids
Gyro compass
Magnetic compass
Binnacle
Navigational Telex (NAVTEX)
How NAVTEX works
Format of NAVTEX messages
Practical advice
Automatic Radar Plotting Aid (ARPA)
Automatic tracking aid
Speed and distance log device
Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver
Echo sounder
Long-Range Identification and Tracking System (LRIT)
Rudder angle indicator
Rate of turn indicator
Voyage Data Recorder (VDR)
Transmitting Heading Device
Sound reception system
Ship’s whistle
Daylight signalling lamp
Pilot card
Fo’c’sle bell
Manoeuvring booklet
Record of navigational activities
Record of maintenance of navigational equipment
Ships’ flags and indicators
Celestial navigation
Sextant
Navigational lighting
Wind indicators
Chapter 4: Virtual aids to navigation
Automatic Identification System (AIS)
Types of AIS
How AIS works
Types of data transmitted by AIS
AIS as a surveillance tool
AIS as an aid to avoid collisions
Limitations of AIS
Vessel Tracking System (VTS)
Vessel Monitoring System (VMS)
Integrated Bridge System (IBS)
IBS alarm system
IBS power supply
IBS and INS
Bridge Navigational Watch and Alarm System (BNWAS)
Autopilot
Rate of turn and rudder limits
Steering gear pumps
Off-course alarm
Manual mode
Traffic density
Speed
Weather conditions
Gyro compass
Important alarms and signals
Important limitations
Chapter 5: Marine radar
How marine radar is used
How radar and ARPA complement each other
Working of ARPA
SOLAS requirements for radar and ARPA
Principles of radar watchkeeping
Basic radar settings and configurations
The OOW duties when handling the ship’s radar
Effective radar techniques
Adjusting the radar settings to personal preference
Range measurement
Bearing measurement
Gain
Off-centre display
Target trails
Parallel index lines
Heading, speed and course
Brilliance
Watch alarm
Vector mode
Last position
Marks
Target tracking and AIS data box
Presentation modes
Chapter 6: Electronic chart and display information system
Benefits of ECDIS
Disadvantages of ECDIS
Regulations and IMO performance standards for ECDIS
Types of ECDIS charts
Basic ECDIS settings and system requirements
Keeping ECDIS up to date
Procuring ECDIS charts
Using ECDIS
Importing and downloading the permit
Updating ECDIS
Using the Admiralty Information Overlay (AIO)
Setting the safety contour
Safety depth settings
Zones of Confidence
Shallow contour
Water contour setting
Daytime and night-time settings
Watch vector and anti-grounding function
Chapter 7: Ship handling in challenging conditions
Factors that make navigating congested waters difficult
Duties of the OOW when navigating congested waters
Maritime chokepoints
Narrow channels and specific hazards for ships
Responding to prevailing traffic
Bank effect and suction
Current
Effective communications
Effective bridge-to-VTS communications
Effective bridge-to-bridge communications
Effective bridge-to-engine control room communications
Accurate plotting when transiting narrow channels
Turning points
High and low speeds
Using the bow thrusters
Restricted visibility
Main actions when transiting through limited visibility
Heavy weather and rough seas
Parametric rolling
Effects of parametric rolling
What to do in the event of parametric rolling
Tropical Revolving Storms (TRS)
Course of actions to be taken in case of a storm
Northern hemisphere
Southern hemisphere
In port
Icepacks and icy waters
Manoeuvring in ice
Posting a lookout
Caring for the engine
Navigating through ice at night
Anchoring in ice
Navigational warnings
Navigational warnings from Inmarsat C
Navigational warnings from Chartco
Rogue waves
Rogue waves and the effects on ships
Bow slamming
Propagation of cracks
Buckling of plates
Ultimate failure
Inclusion of rogue wave behaviour in structural formulae
Navigational measures and bridge actions
Chapter 8: Passage planning
Navigational charts
UKHO and foreign charts
Chart scales
Small-scale charts
Large-scale charts
Chart notes
Chart symbols
Chart corrections
Steps to passage planning
Appraise the passage plan
Preparation
Execution
Monitoring
Dead reckoning
Parallel indexing
GPS fixes
Radar fixes
Visual fixes
Position circle and position line
Chart corrections
Chart correction software and computerised charts
Notices to Mariners
Weekly Notices to Mariners
Cumulative Notices to Mariners
Annual Summary of Notices to Mariners
Navarea warnings
NAVTEX warnings
Notes
Chapter 9: Officer of the Watch
Taking over the watch
Checking traffic density
Weather conditions and night vision
Bridge equipment and dimmers
Logbooks, checklists, and daily orders
Readiness of the lookout and helmsman
Miscellaneous activities on deck or in the engine room
Duties of the OOW after taking over the watch
Different entries to be made in the ship’s logbook
Standing and night orders
Common mistakes ship navigators make that can lead to accidents
Operating the main engines from the bridge
Crash astern
Chapter 10: Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS)
Types of GMDSS communications equipment
SAR signalling equipment
Non-pyrotechnic distress signals
Chapter 11: Anchorage
Operating the windlass
Visually checking the anchor and its chain
Shackle tracking
Reporting
Safety considerations during anchoring operations
Duties of the OOW when anchoring
Calculating the swinging circle
Keeping a visual on traffic in the vicinity
Keep a constant check on the ship’s position
Display appropriate lights
Keep a constant VHF watch
Alert nearby vessels when required
Dragging anchor
How to assess whether the vessel is dragging anchor
What actions are to be taken if the vessel has started dragging anchor?
Chapter 12: Maritime pilot
Role and function of the maritime pilot
Preparing to receive the pilot on board
Maintain communications between the vessel, VTS and the pilot
Preparing for the pilot to board
Rigging the pilot ladder
Real Life Incident
Maintaining the pilot ladder
Once the pilot is on board
Duties of the OOW
Systems and tools used by the pilot
Electronic Nautical Charts (ENC)
Procedure for ‘Pilot Away’
Notes
Chapter 13: Mooring and berthing
Berthing plans
Objectives of the berthing plan
Factors that influence berthing plans
Sample berthing plan and detailed explanation
The digitisation and automation of berthing plans
Mooring operations
Anchoring
Mooring buoys
Types of mooring
Mediterranean mooring
Baltic mooring
Single point mooring
Conventional buoy mooring
Ship to Ship Mooring
Running and standing mooring
Tugboat operations
Conventional tugs
Tractor tugs
Azimuth Stern Drive (ASD) tugs
Other types of tugboats
Berthing manoeuvres
Turning the ship
Tug escort and support
Berthing the ship
Notes
Index
