Core-Mantle Co-Evolution: An Interdisciplinary Approach

Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
List of Contributors
Preface
Part I Structure and Dynamics of the Deep Mantle: Toward Core‐Mantle Co‐Evolution
Chapter 1 Neutrino Geoscience: Review, Survey, Future Prospects
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Neutrino Geoscience
1.2.1 Background Terms
1.3 Detectors and Detection Technology
1.3.1 Technical Details for Detecting Geoneutrinos
1.3.2 Detectors: Existing, Being Built, Being Planned
1.4 Latest Results from the Physics Experiments
1.5 Compositional Models for the Earth
1.6 The Geological Predictions
1.7 Determining the Radioactive Power in the Mantle
1.8 Future Prospects
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 2 Trace Element Abundance Modeling with Gamma Distribution for Quantitative Balance Calculations
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Problems
2.3 Method
2.4 Evaluation of the Method
2.5 Discussion
2.6 Conclusions
2.7 Supporting Examples and Proof
2.7.1 An Example Showing that the Median is Not Additive
2.7.2 An Example Showing that Log‐normal Models have Bias on the Mean Value
2.7.3 An Example Showing that Logistic‐normal Models have Bias on the Mean Value
2.7.4 Proof of the Conservation of the Mean Value in the Gamma Model
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 3 Seismological Studies of Deep Earth Structure Using Seismic Arrays in East, South, and Southeast Asia, and Oceania
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Seismic Arrays In East, South, and Southeast Asia, And Oceania that Contribute to Deep Earth Studies
3.2.1 Japan
Matsushiro Seismic Array System (MSAS) and Seismic Observation Networks of the Japan Meteorological Agency and Japanese Universities
J‐Array
Hi‐net
F‐net
3.2.2 China and Adjacent Areas
China Digital Seismograph Network (CDSN), China National Seismic Network (CNSN), and Chinese Regional Seismic Network (CRSN)
INDEPTH, Hi‐CLIMB, Namche Barwa, 2003MIT‐China, and GHENGIS
North China Craton
NECESSArray
3.2.3 Taiwan
3.2.4 Korea
3.2.5 Vietnam
3.2.6 India
3.2.7 Indonesia
3.2.8 Thailand
3.2.9 Australia
Warramunga and Alice Springs Arrays
SKIPPY and Others
3.2.10 Micronesia, Melanesia, and Polynesia
3.3 Discussion
3.3.1 Summary of the Achievements and Continuing Issues
3.3.2 Future Perspective with Consideration for Land and Sea Floor Observations
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 4 Preliminary Results from the New Deformation Multi‐Anvil Press at the Photon Factory: Insight into the Creep Strength of Calcium Silicate Perovskite
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The D111 Press on NE7A at KEK
4.3 The Rheological Behavior of Ca‐Pv
4.3.1 Experimental Details
4.3.2 Stress‐Strain Data Processing
4.4 Results
4.5 Discussion
4.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 5 Deciphering Deep Mantle Processes from Isotopic and Highly Siderophile Element Compositions of Mantle‐Derived Rocks: Prospects and Limitations
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Isotopic Compositions of OIBs
5.2.1 Previous Works on the Origin of Isotopic Convergent Areas and Their Issues
5.2.2 Modeling Parameters
Chemical Compositions of the Oceanic Crust
Recycling Ages
Dehydration Conditions of Oceanic Crust
Dehydration Conditions of Serpentinites
5.2.3 Results of Modeling: Possible Isotopic Range of Recycled Oceanic Crusts
5.2.4 FOZO as a Candidate for the Detection of Core‐Mantle Interactions
5.3 Os and 182W Isotope Systematics of Rocks Derived from the Deep Mantle
5.3.1 Os Isotope Systematics of Deep Mantle‐Derived Rocks
5.3.2 W Isotopes as a Tracer of Deep Mantle Processes
5.3.3 182W Isotope Variations of OIBs and Kimberlites
5.3.4 Possible Effect of Crustal Recycling on 182W Isotopes of OIBs
5.4 HSE Geochemistry of the Mantle
5.4.1 HSE Composition of the Primitive Mantle
5.4.2 HSE Behavior in Partial Melting of the Mantle
Experimental Constraints on the Fractionation of HSEs During Partial Melting of Peridotite
Melt Extraction Trends of HSEs in the Mantle: Experimental Constraints Versus Natural Peridotites
5.4.3 Influence of Metasomatism
5.4.4 Validity of the Chondritic HSE “Overabundance” in the Mantle
5.5 Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 6 Numerical Examination of the Dynamics of Subducted Crustal Materials with Different Densities
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Modeling Density
6.3 Geodynamics Modeling
6.3.1 Model Setup
6.3.2 Numerical Results
6.4 Discussion and Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Part II Core‐Mantle Interaction: An Interdisciplinary Approach
Chapter 7 Some Issues on Core‐Mantle Chemical Interactions: The Role of Core Formation Processes
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Core Formation and the Composition of the Core and the Mantle
7.2.1 A Core Formation Model
7.2.2 Siderophile Elements
7.3 Core‐Mantle Chemical Interaction
7.3.1 Is the Core a Source or a Sink of Volatile and Siderophile Elements?
7.3.2 Meso‐Scale Material Transport: The Morphological Instability
7.4 Discussions
7.4.1 Plausibility of the Proto‐Core Model for Highly Siderophile Elements (HSE)
7.4.2 Hydrogen in the Core
7.4.3 Other Factors Controlling the Element Transport Across the Core‐Mantle Boundary
7.5 Summary and Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 8 Heat Flow from the Earth's Core Inferred from Experimentally Determined Thermal Conductivity of the Deep Lower Mantle
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Modeling of Lower Mantle Thermal Conductivity with Brief Reviews
8.3 Temperature Profiles in the Thermal Boundary Layer and Core‐Mantle Boundary Heat Flux
8.3.1 Temperature Profiles in the Thermal Boundary Layer
8.3.2 Core‐Mantle Boundary Heat Flux and its Implications
8.4 Future Perspectives of Thermal Conductivity Measurements on Lower Mantle Minerals
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 9 Assessment of a Stable Region of Earth's Core Requiring Magnetic Field Generation over Four Billion Years
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Geophysical Observations of a Stable Layer at the Top of the Earth's Outer Core
9.1.2 Mineral Physics Interpretations
9.1.3 Interpretations Using Theoretical/Numerical Models: Which Origin gives a Better Understanding of the Geophysical Observation Incorporating Mineral Physics?
9.1.4 What do We Investigate Here?
9.2 Model and Analysis Strategy
9.2.1 Reference Structure
9.2.2 Global Energy and Mass Balance
9.2.3 Magnetic Evolution
9.2.4 Analysis Strategy
9.3 Results
9.3.1 One‐Dimensional Convective Structure
9.3.2 Back Trace of Core Evolution
9.3.3 Exceptional Cases: A Stable Region with Long‐Term Magnetic Field Generation
9.4 Discussion
9.5 Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 10 Inner Core Anisotropy from Antipodal PKIKP Traveltimes
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Data and Their Volumetric Coverage
10.2.1 Waveform Data
10.2.2 Absolute PKIKP Traveltime Measurements
10.2.3 Global Coverage of the Inner Core
10.3 Results
10.3.1 Mantle Heterogeneity Corrections
10.3.2 Outer Inner Core (OIC) Anisotropy Corrections
10.3.3 Interpreting PKIKP Residuals with Anisotropy
10.3.4 Bayesian Approach to the PKIKP Residuals Modeling
10.4 Discussion
10.5 Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
Availability Statement
References
Chapter 11 Recent Progress in High‐Pressure Experiments on the Composition of the Core
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Structure of the Earth's Core
11.1.2 Light Elements in the Core
11.1.3 Chemical Evolution of the Core
11.1.4 Trace Elements and Isotopic Chemistry of the Core
11.2 High‐Pressure Experiments
11.2.1 High‐Pressure Apparatuses
11.2.2 Diamond Anvil Cell (DAC)
11.2.3 Large Volume Press
11.2.4 Shock Compression
11.3 Experimental Results and Implications for the Core
11.3.1 Measurements Using Synchrotron X‐ray
11.3.2 Melting Temperature
11.3.3 Chemical Analysis and the Melting Phase Relationships
11.3.4 Density of Liquid Iron
11.3.5 Sound Velocity of Iron Alloys
11.3.6 Candidate of the Core Light Elements
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 12 Dynamics in Earth's Core Arising from Thermo‐Chemical Interactions with the Mantle
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Material Properties of the Core
12.2.1 Bulk Composition of the Core and Basal Magma Ocean
12.2.2 Core Temperature and Energy Balance
12.2.3 Core Thermal Conductivity
12.3 Mass Transfer at the CMB
12.3.1 Chemical Equilibrium at the CMB
12.3.2 Partitioning of MgO at the CMB
12.3.3 Partitioning of FeO at the CMB
12.3.4 Partitioning of Multiple Species at the CMB
12.4 Stratification below the CMB
12.4.1 Modern‐Day Observations of Stratification
12.4.2 Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) and Theory
12.4.3 Evolution of Thermal Stratification
12.4.4 Evolution of Chemical Stratification
12.5 Chemical Precipitation
12.6 Toward Resolving the New Core Paradox
12.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
INDEX
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