Cooling System Selection

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Publisher: CSV

Language: English
Pages: 288

Home......Page 1
Retrofit Example......Page 4
Efficiency Upgrade......Page 5
Economizer Cycles......Page 6
Heat Recovery......Page 7
Double Bundle Condenser......Page 9
Auxiliary Condenser......Page 11
Chiller Sequencing......Page 12
Parallel Chiller Sequencing......Page 13
Chiller Sequencing - Decoupler Systems......Page 14
Lighting......Page 15
HVAC Design......Page 17
Energy Management......Page 18
Energy Prices......Page 19
Electric Rate Schedules......Page 20
Fuel Rate Schedules......Page 22
Vapor conpression......Page 23
The Evaporator......Page 24
Evaporator Control......Page 26
The Condenser......Page 28
Once Through Cooling......Page 31
Chilled Water Temperature......Page 32
Cooling Capacity......Page 33
Guidelines......Page 34
ASHRAE Equipment Testing Standards......Page 35
ASHRAE Ventilation Standards and Indoor Air Quality......Page 36
ASHRAE Ventilation Guidelines......Page 37
ARI......Page 38
ARI Certification......Page 39
System Economics......Page 41
Critical Parameters......Page 42
Chiller Efficiency......Page 43
Running Hours......Page 45
Equivalent Full Load Hours......Page 46
Operating Hours and EFLH......Page 47
Installed Costs......Page 48
Installed Costs - Chillers......Page 49
Owning Costs......Page 52
Evaluating Alternatives......Page 53
Integrated Part Load Value (IPLV)......Page 54
Operating and Maintenance Costs......Page 55
Operating and Maintenance Costs......Page 58
Pressure-Enthalpy......Page 57
System Performance......Page 59
Performance of Electric Systems......Page 60
Coefficient of Performance (COP) for Electric Systems......Page 62
Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) and Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio......Page 63
Heating Season Performance Factor (HSPF)......Page 64
Performance of Fueled Systems......Page 65
Coefficient of Performance (COP) with Fueled Systems......Page 66
Higher Heating Value (HHV) and Lower Heating Value (LHV)......Page 67
Condenser Water Temp......Page 68
Compressor Capacity......Page 69
Cooling Comfort......Page 70
Cooling Systems......Page 71
Hospital Operating Rooms......Page 72
Clean Rooms......Page 73
Particle Control......Page 75
Air Pattern Control......Page 76
Cooling Loads Makeup Air......Page 77
Temperature and Humidity Control......Page 74
Data Processing......Page 78
Data Processing - Cooling Loads......Page 79
Data Processing - Air Conditioning Systems......Page 80
Data Processing - Supply Air......Page 81
Single Zone Systems......Page 83
Description......Page 85
Advantages......Page 86
Disadvantages......Page 87
Fan Coil Systems......Page 88
Fan Coil/Unit Ventilator Systems - Description......Page 89
Two-Pipe/Four-Pipe Systems......Page 90
Fan Coil/Unit Ventilator Systems - Application Considerations......Page 91
Differences Between Unit Ventilator and Fan Coil Systems......Page 92
Fan Coil System Advantages......Page 95
Fan Coil System Disadvantages......Page 96
Unit Ventilator System Advantages......Page 97
Unit Ventilator System Disadvantages......Page 98
Dual Duct System......Page 99
Description......Page 100
Retrofit Concepts......Page 101
Advantages......Page 102
Disadvantages......Page 103
Design Objectives......Page 104
PTAC......Page 105
Description......Page 106
Advantages......Page 107
Disadvantages......Page 108
Water Source Ht.Pump......Page 109
Description......Page 110
Application Considerations......Page 111
Advantages......Page 112
Disadvantages......Page 113
VAV Systems......Page 114
Description......Page 115
Application Considerations......Page 116
Changeover/Bypass VAV Systems......Page 117
Description......Page 118
Application Considerations......Page 119
Reheat VAV......Page 120
Description......Page 121
Advantages......Page 122
Disadvantages......Page 123
Parallel Fan Powered VAV......Page 124
Description......Page 125
Advantages......Page 126
Disadvantages......Page 127
Series VAV......Page 128
Description......Page 129
Advantages......Page 130
Disadvantages......Page 131
Dual Duct VAV......Page 132
Induction System......Page 133
Description......Page 134
Retrofit Considerations......Page 135
Advantages......Page 136
Disadvantages......Page 137
Problems......Page 138
Abs.Crystallization......Page 139
Causes of Crystallization......Page 140
Absorption Anti-Crystallization & De-crystallization Devices......Page 141
Special Considerations for Light Load Control......Page 142
Power Reliability......Page 143
Water Towers......Page 144
High kW/ton and/or Inadequate Tonnage......Page 145
Faulty Or Missing Nozzles......Page 146
Faulty Or Missing Fill......Page 147
Silt, Sediment, Or Slime In The Tower Basin......Page 148
Air Flow Problems......Page 149
Tower Size......Page 150
Hydraulic Problems......Page 151
High Power Costs......Page 152
Failing Chillers......Page 153
Poor Operational Planning......Page 154
Multiple Chillers: Absorption & Electric Hybrids......Page 155
Chillers......Page 156
Plate and Frame......Page 157
Refrigerant Migration......Page 158
Strainer Cycle......Page 159
Evaporative Cooling......Page 161
Evaporative Cooling - Direct......Page 162
Evaporative Cooling - Indirect......Page 164
Desiccant Systems......Page 166
Absorption......Page 168
Absorption Cycle......Page 169
Two Stage Absorption Chillers......Page 171
Direct-Fired Absorption Chillers......Page 173
Advantages......Page 174
Disadvantages......Page 175
Waste Heat Fired Absorption Chillers......Page 176
Hot Water......Page 177
Steam......Page 178
Hot Air......Page 179
Absorption Chillers - Maintenance Considerations......Page 180
Mechanical Components......Page 181
Mechanical Components Heat Transfer Components......Page 182
Pump Maintenance......Page 183
Prolonged or Seasonal Shutdown......Page 184
Purging Non-condensable Gases......Page 185
Screw Compressors......Page 186
Description......Page 187
Performance......Page 190
First Cost......Page 191
Emissions......Page 192
Operation and Maintenance......Page 194
Recip.Compressor......Page 195
Description......Page 196
Power Requirements......Page 198
First Cost......Page 199
Operating Costs......Page 200
Emissions......Page 201
Heat Pumps......Page 203
Description......Page 204
Unitary Heat Pumps......Page 205
Advantages of Unitary Heat Pumps......Page 206
Advantages of Water-Loop Heat Pumps......Page 207
Disadvantages of Water-Loop Heat Pumps......Page 208
Unitary Air and Water Heat Pumps......Page 209
Water Heaters......Page 211
Pool Heaters......Page 212
Packaged Terminal Heat Pumps (PTHP)......Page 215
Closed Water-Loop Heat Pump......Page 216
Ground Water-Source Heat Pump......Page 217
Open Loop Systems......Page 218
Ground Source Closed-Loop Heat Pumps......Page 219
Low Temp.Air......Page 220
Low Temp Air - Application Considerations......Page 221
Thermal Storage......Page 222
Chilled Water......Page 223
Series Storage Tanks......Page 225
Parallel Storage Tanks......Page 224
Stratified Storage Tanks......Page 226
Pros and Cons......Page 227
Modular Tanks vs. Encapsulated Ice......Page 228
Ice-On-Pipe......Page 230
Pros and Cons......Page 235
Ice Harvesters......Page 233
Cost......Page 236
Advantages......Page 237
Disadvantages......Page 238
Cost......Page 239
Advantages......Page 240
Disadvantages......Page 241
Cogeneration......Page 242
Economics......Page 243
Designs......Page 244
Centri.Compressors......Page 245
Description......Page 246
Performance......Page 249
Power Requirements......Page 250
First Cost......Page 251
Scroll Compressors......Page 252
Mechanical Drives......Page 254
General Design Attributes......Page 255
Electric Motors......Page 256
Steam Turbines (Back Pressure & Condensing)......Page 257
Reciprocating Engines......Page 259
Gas Turbine Designs......Page 261
Retrofit Example......Page 263
Major Eq.Retrofit......Page 264
Chiller Retrofit......Page 266
Alternatives......Page 267
R-11......Page 268
Phaseout Schedule......Page 269
Refrig.Pricing......Page 270
Recommendations......Page 271
Retrofit Procedures......Page 272
Low Cost Retrofit......Page 274
Action Steps......Page 275
R-12......Page 276
Regulations......Page 277
Regulatory History......Page 278
Refrig.Properties......Page 279
Compare......Page 281
Central and Unitary Systems......Page 282
Installed Costs - Chillers......Page 283
Operating and Maintenance Costs - Chillers......Page 286