Contemporary Ideas on Ship Stability: From Dynamics to Criteria

Foreword
Contents
Introduction
Contemporary Ideas on Ship Stability: From Dynamics to Criteria—An Overview
1 Introduction
2 Development of Second Generation IMO Intact Stability Criteria
3 History of Stability Criteria
4 Improvements on Current Methods of Probabilistic Assessment of Ship Stability
5 Evaluation of Probabilistic Methods and Interpretation of Results
6 Parametric Roll, Operational Measures and Stability Monitoring
7 Surf-Riding and Broaching-To
8 Roll Damping
9 Damaged Stability
10 Model Experiments
11 Accident Investigation
12 Cargo Liquefaction
13 Offshore Structures
14 Special Craft
References
Development of Second-Generation IMO Intact Stability Criteria
The Second Generation Intact Stability Criteria—Achievements and Remaining Issues
1 Introduction
2 Pure Loss of Stability
3 Parametric Roll
4 Surf-Riding/Broaching
5 Stability in Dead Ship Condition
6 Excessive Acceleration
7 Operational Limitation and Guidance
8 Guidelines for Direct Stability Assessment
9 Implementation of the Second Generation Intact Stability Criteria and of the Related Explanatory Notes for the Second Generation Intact Stability Criteria
10 Conclusions
References
Safety Level of the IMO Second Generation Intact Stability Criteria
1 Introduction
2 Probabilistic Framework
3 Dead Ship Condition
4 Excessive Accelerations
5 Pure Loss of Stability
6 Parametric Roll
7 Surf-Riding and Broaching
8 Final Remarks
References
Second Generation Intact Stability Criteria—Robustness and Consistency Analysis
1 Introduction
1.1 Subsequent Discussions in IMO
2 Sample Ships
3 Analysis
3.1 Construction of Limiting GM Curves
3.2 Inconsistency Between Level 1 and Level 2
3.3 Loading Condition Analysis
4 Discussions
4.1 Inconsistency Analysis
4.2 GM Limit Curves and Approved Loading Condition Check
4.3 Evaluating Stability Criteria Based on Current Loading Condition
5 Conclusions
References
On Regulatory Consistency of Criteria for Dead Ship Condition and Pure Loss of Stability
1 Introduction
2 Dead Ship Condition
2.1 Application Consistency
2.2 Probabilistic Consistency
2.3 Physical Consistency
2.4 Controlled Inconsistency
2.5 Factoring-In Applicability of the Linear Assumptions
2.6 Setting a Standard with Controlled Inconsistency
3 Pure Loss of Stability
3.1 Probabilistic Consistency
3.2 Physical Consistency
4 Consistent Criteria
5 Summary and Conclusions
References
Simplifications in Direct Stability Assessment
1 Introduction
2 Poisson Process Assumption
3 Extrapolation Over Wave Height
4 Design Situations
5 Conclusions
References
Regulatory Use of Nonlinear Dynamics: An Overview
1 Introduction
2 The Description of the Failure Model
2.1 General
2.2 Surf-Riding Equilibria
3 Mathematical Model of Ship Motions
3.1 Mathematical Model of Resistance and Propulsion
3.2 Mathematical Model of Wave Surging Force
4 The Physics Behind the Criterion
4.1 The Mechanics of Surging
4.2 Stability of Surf-Riding Equilibrium
4.3 Attraction to Surf-Riding Equilibrium
4.4 Influence of the Commanded Speed
5 The Reasoning Behind the Criterion
5.1 Choice of the Criterion
5.2 Evaluation of the Criterion
5.3 Wave Parameters
6 Summary and Concluding Comments
References
History of Stability Criteria
Rahola Criterion and the Development of the Intact Stability Code
1 Introduction
2 The Situation of Intact Stability Provisions at the Beginning of the 1960s and the Solas’60 Conference
3 The Statistical Approach and the Development of the General Stability Criterion
4 The Energy Balance and the Development of the Weather Criterion
5 The Code of Intact Stability for All Ships Covered by IMO Instruments, the International Intact Stability Code 2008 and Beyond
6 Conclusions
References
Improvements on Current Methods of Probabilistic Assessment of Ship Stability
Study on Short-Term Prediction of Roll in Beam Sea
1 Introduction
2 Probability Density Function of Roll
2.1 Gaussian Distribution
2.2 Non-Gaussian Distribution
3 Subject Ships
3.1 Principal Particulars of Model Ships
3.2 Characteristics of Roll Restoring
3.3 Characteristics of Roll Damping
3.4 Validation of Non-Gaussian PDF for Subject Ships
4 Roll Measurement in Beam Waves
4.1 Measuring Device and Coordinate System
4.2 Roll Measurement in Irregular Beam Waves
4.3 Results
5 Conclusions
Appendix
References
An Efficient Formulation of the Critical Wave Groups Method for the Assessment of Ship Stability in Beam Seas
1 Introduction
2 A Simplified “Critical Wave Groups” Method
2.1 Mathematical Formulation
2.2 Wave Groups Construction Method
2.3 Equation of Roll Motion
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Ship Model 1
3.2 Ship Model 2
4 Concluding Remarks
References
On Extending Multifidelity Uncertainty Quantification Methods from Non-rare to Rare Problems
1 Introduction
2 Basic Setting and Notation
3 Methods for Non-rare Problems
4 Illustration for Non-rare Problems
5 Methods for Rare Problems
6 Illsutration for Rare Problems
7 Conclusions
References
Evaluation of Probabilistic Methods and Interpretation of Results
Review of Probabilistic Methods for Direct Dynamic Stability of Ships in Random Seaway
1 Introduction
2 Example Case
2.1 Simulations Conditions
2.2 Construction of the Linear Process
3 Distribution of Instantaneous Values
4 Mean Upcrossing Rate
5 Time to First Event Distribution
6 Time Between Events Distribution
7 Cycle Amplitudes Distribution
8 Maximum Value Over an Interval
9 Relation Between Distributions
9.1 Upcrossing Rate Versus Maximum Over an Interval
9.2 Time to First Event Versus Maximum Over an Interval
9.3 Time Between Events Versus Upcrossing Rate
9.4 Cycle Amplitudes Distribution Versus Maximum Over an Interval
9.5 Instantaneous Roll Angle Distribution Versus Upcrossing Rate
10 Assumption of Independence of Events
10.1 Case of Parametric Resonance Process
10.2 Linear Process Case
11 Conclusions
References
Verification, Validation and Accreditation in the Context of the IMO Second Generation Intact Stability Criteria and the Role of Specific Intended Uses in This Process
1 Introduction
2 IMO Second Generation Intact Stability Criteria
3 Verification, Validation and Accreditation
4 V&V from the User's Perspective
4.1 Direct Assessment
4.2 Level 2 Criteria
4.3 Level 1 Criteria
5 V&V from the Criteria Developer's Perspective
6 Role of SIUs in Accreditation
6.1 Example of an SIU
6.2 Requirements Flow-Down Table
7 Summary
References
Statistical Validation of the Split‐Time Method with Volume‐Based Numerical Simulation
1 Introduction
2 Estimation of “True Value”
3 Essence of the Split-Time Method
4 Results of Statistical Validation
5 Discussion
6 Summary and Conclusions
References
Effectiveness of the Generalized Pareto Distribution for Characterizing Ship Tendency for Capsize
1 Introduction
2 Mathematical Background
2.1 The Principle of Separation
2.2 The Generalized Pareto Distribution (GPD)
2.3 Threshold Selection
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Sea State Scenario A
3.2 Sea State Scenario B
4 Summary and Conclusions
References
Envelope Peaks Over Threshold (EPOT) Application and Verification
1 Introduction
2 Estimation of “True” Value
3 Essence of the EPOT Method
4 Results of Statistical Validation
5 Discussion
6 Summary and Conclusions
Appendix
References
Interpretation of Results of Numerical Simulation
1 Introduction
2 The Non-rare Problem
2.1 The Process in the Linear Regime
2.2 The Process in the Nonlinear Regime
3 The Rare Problem
4 Summary
References
Parametric Roll, Operational Measures and Stability Monitoring
A Case Study on Operational Measures for Avoiding Parametric Rolling
1 Introduction
2 Operational Measures
2.1 Operational Limitations Related to Significant Wave Height
2.2 Simplified Operational Guidance
2.3 Level 2 Vulnerability Criteria for Parametric Rolling
2.4 Subject Ship
3 Ocean-Going Voyage Simulation
3.1 Simulation Model
3.2 Level 2 Vulnerability Assessment and Operability
3.3 Condition for Voyage Simulation
3.4 Validation of Voyage Simulation
4 Results and Discussions
4.1 Preparation of Operational Limitations Related to Significant Wave Height
4.2 Voyage Simulation with Simplified Operational Guidance
4.3 Voyage Simulation with Operational Limitations Related to Maximum Significant Wave Height
5 Conclusions
References
Wave Radar Application to the Simplified Parametric Roll Operational Guidance at Actual Sea
1 Introduction
2 Subject Ship and Used Wave Radar
3 Simplified Estimation Method for Parametric Rolling for a Short-Term Sea State
4 Results and Discussion
5 Concluding Remarks
References
On the Application of Artificial Neural Networks for the Real Time Prediction of Parametric Roll Resonance
1 Introduction
2 Model Tests
3 Mathematical Model
3.1 Restoring Arm
3.2 Roll Damping
3.3 Model Validation
4 Parametric Roll Forecasting System
5 Conclusions
References
Application of Real-Time Estimation Techniques for Stability Monitoring of Fishing Vessels
1 Introduction
2 Estimation of Roll Natural Frequency Through EMD-HHT
3 Test Cases
3.1 Test Vessel
3.2 Test Conditions
4 Comparative Analysis
4.1 Mathematical Model Tests
4.2 Towing Tank Tests
5 Change Detection-Based Stability Monitoring System
6 Conclusions
References
Real-Time Estimation of Natural Roll Frequency for the Stability Guidance of Fishing Vessels
1 Introduction
2 Real Time Estimation of Natural Roll Frequency
2.1 Proposed Methodology
3 Test Environment
3.1 Fishing Vessel Model
3.2 Test Condition
4 Results
5 Discussion
6 Conclussions
References
Surf-Riding and Broaching-to
Estimates of the Probability of Surf-Riding in Irregular Seas
1 Introduction
2 Notion of Surf-Riding in Irregular Sea
3 Mathematical Model
4 Identification Scheme
5 Identification of High-Runs
5.1 Definitions
5.2 Simulation Settings
5.3 Results
6 Cross-Comparison of Calculated Time Ratios
7 Concluding Remarks
References
Abnormal High Speed Ship Motions in Two-Frequency and Multi-Frequency Following Waves
1 Introduction
2 Description of the Approach
3 Principal Features of the Unsteady Phase Flow for Bi-Chromatic Waves
4 Behavior for Irregular Wave Excitation
5 Characterization of High-Runs
6 Conclusions
References
Critical Distance on a Phase Plane as a Metric for the Likelihood of Surf-Riding in Irregular Waves
1 Introduction
2 Mathematical Model of Surf-Riding in Irregular Waves
3 Definition of Critical Distance in Phase Plane
4 Critical Distance in Bi-Chromatic Waves
5 Critical Distance in Tri-Chromatic Waves
6 Critical Distance in Full-Band Irregular Waves
7 Discussion
8 Summary and Conclusions
References
Modeling Broaching-to and Capsizing with Extreme Value Theory
1 Theory of Extreme Values
2 Nonlinearity and Statistics
3 Capsizing in Waves
4 Broaching-to in Irregular Waves
5 Formulation of the Metric
6 Numerical Examples: Regular Wave Case
7 Bi-Chromatic Wave Case
8 Tri-Chromatic Wave Case
9 Full-Band Irregular Wave Case
10 Discussion
11 Summary and Conclusions
References
Roll Damping
Estimation of Force Coefficients for Bilge Keel and Skin Friction Roll Damping of Ships by CFD Simulations
1 Introduction
1.1 Normal Forces on Bilge Keels
1.2 Skin Friction Roll Damping
2 FVM Simulations
3 Normal Forces on Bilge Keels
4 Skin Friction Roll Damping
5 Conclusion
Appendix
References
Study on Bilge Keel Component of Roll Damping for Non-periodic Motion
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 Geometry of Hull Section with Bilge-Keels
2.2 Experimental Method
2.3 Computational Method
2.4 Rolling Damping Analysis for Sinusoidal and Irregular Rolling
2.5 Prediction Method for Normal Force Component of the Bilge-Keel
3 Results
3.1 Roll Damping Moment in Sinusoidal Roll Motions
3.2 Roll Moments Acting the Bilge-Keels in Irregular Roll Motions
3.3 Flow Physics Around the Hull and Bilge-Keels
3.4 Modification Factor Considering the Flow Memory Effect
4 Time-Domain Simulation of Irregular Roll Motion
4.1 The Sample Calculation in the Irregular Motions
4.2 Simulated Results
5 Conclusions
References
On Application of Standard Methods for Roll Damping Prediction to Ships with High Block Coefficient
1 Introduction
2 Application of the Simplified Ikeda’s Method to Sample Ships
3 A Possible Adjustment of Simplified Formula for Eddy Making Component of Damping
4 Further Extension of Simplified Formula for Eddy Damping to Inland Vessels
5 Conclusions
References
A Pragmatic Approach to Roll Damping
1 Motivation
2 The Experiment
3 Mathematical Modelling
4 Analysis
4.1 Hydrodynamic Coefficients
4.2 Phase Difference Between Roll and Roll-induced Sway
4.3 Axis of Rotation
5 Synthesis
6 Errors and Uncertainty
7 Concluding Remarks
References
Damaged Stability
Regulatory, Design, Operational and Emergency Response Measures for Improving the Damage Survivability of Existing RoPax
1 Introduction
2 Background
3 Life-Cycle Risk Management
4 Workshop—Brainstorming Session
5 Identification of Hazards
6 Flooding Risk Mitigation Options
7 Workshop Outcome
8 Conlcuding Remarks
Reference
The Inertia Contributions Due to Floodwater Mass
1 Introduction
2 Floodwater Domain
3 Inertia of Floodwater
3.1 Partially Flooded Compartments
3.2 Fully Flooded Compartments
4 Inertia of Floodwater Entering Ship
5 Conclusions
References
Air Pressure Scale Effects During Damage Model Tests
1 Introduction
2 Model Test and Scale Factor
3 Scale Effects in Air Pressure
4 Conclusions
References
A Framework for Probabilistic Damage Stability Assessment of Passenger Ships Considering Collision, Grounding and Contact Accidents
1 Introduction
2 Non-zonal Approach for Collision
3 Safety Metrics for the Combined Impact of Collision, Grounding and Contact Accidents
3.1 Risk-Based Safety Metric—SM
3.2 Combined Attained Subdivision Index—A
3.3 Discussion on Selection and Use of the Safety Metric
4 Software Implementation for Practical Application
5 Application Examples
6 Conclusions
References
Cruise Ship Survivability in Waves
1 Introduction
2 Statistical Approach to Damage Stability (A-Index)
3 Direct Approach to Survivability Assessment of Cruise Ships
4 Concluding Remarks
References
Model Experiments
Overview of Model Test Procedures for Stability Under Dead Ship Condition and Pure Loss of Stability in Astern Waves
1 Introduction
2 Draft Guidelines of Direct Stability Assessment Procedures in 2013
3 Stability Failure in Irregular Beam Wind and Waves
3.1 Experimental Procedures
3.2 Numerical Modelling
3.3 Comparison of Experiment and Simulation
4 Stability Failure Due to Pure Loss of Stability
5 Concluding Remarks
References
Model Experiments of an Offshore Supply Vessel Running in Astern Waves
1 Introduction
2 Subject Ship and Model Experiments
3 Experimental Results and Discussions
3.1 2015 Model Experiment
3.2 2019 Model Experiments
4 Numerical Simulations
4.1 Free Running Simulations
4.2 Effect of Weather Deck Length
5 Conclusions
References
Characteristics of Capsizing Phenomena of Fishing Vessels
1 Introduction
2 Model Experiments
2.1 Instrumentation and Procedures
2.2 Subject Ships
3 Experimental Results
3.1 Capsizing Modes
3.2 Pure Loss of Stability
3.3 Broaching-to
3.4 Bow-Diving
3.5 Sub-harmonic Roll
4 Characteristics of Sub-hamonic Roll
5 Conclusions
References
Accident Investigation
Experimental Investigations into Accidents of Two Japanese Fishing Vessels
1 Introduction
2 135GT Purse Seiner Accident
2.1 Outline of the Accident
2.2 Model Experiment
2.3 Experimental Results
2.4 Consideration on Factors Related to the Accident
2.5 Conclusions for Experimental Investigation into the Purse Seiner Accident
3 113GT Stern Trawler Accident
3.1 Outline of the Accidents
3.2 Free Running Model Experiments
3.3 Flooded Water
3.4 Model Experiments with Flooding Water
3.5 Stability Calculations
3.6 Conclusions for Experimental Investigation Along with Stability Calculation into the Stern Trawler Accident
4 Conclusions
References
Cargo Liquefaction
Liquefaction of Sand and Olive Pomace Cargo and Its Effect on the Stability of a Bulk-Carrier
1 Introduction
2 Investigation Through Experiments
2.1 Facility
2.2 Used Materials and Procedure of Investigation
2.3 Results for Sand
2.4 Results for Olive Pomace
3 Stability Analysis
3.1 Heavy Cargoes
3.2 Light Cargoes
4 Concluding Remarks
References
Offshore Structures
Experimental and Numerical Investigation on Parametrically-Excited Motions of a Mono-Column Platform in Waves
1 Introduction
2 Mono-Column Particulars and Test Set-Up
2.1 Test Matrix
3 Experimental Results and Analyses
3.1 Regular Waves
3.2 Irregular Waves
4 Numerical Analysis
5 Conclusions
References
Special Craft
Validation of Simulation Tools for a RHIB Operating in Heavy Seas
1 Introduction
2 Model and Test Program
3 Model Test Results
4 Simulation Tools
5 Validation Results
5.1 Regular Waves
5.2 Irregular Waves
6 Concluding Remarks
References
Impulsive Loads on and Water Ingress in a Landing Craft: Model Tests and Simulations
1 Introduction
2 Model Tests
3 Model Test Results
4 Simulation Tools
5 Simulation Results
5.1 Motions
5.2 Wave Loads
5.3 Water Entry
5.4 Slamming
6 Operational Guidance
7 Concluding Remarks
References