Contemporary Endoscopic Spine Surgery, Volume 2: Lumbar Spine

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Title
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License
Endorsements
Contents
Preface
List of Contributors
Lumbar Endoscopy: Historical Perspectives, Present & Future
Kai-Uwe Lewandrowski1,2,3,*, Jin-Sung Kim4, Friedrich Tieber6 and Anthony Yeung
INTRODUCTION
THE TRANSFORMATION
HISTORY PERSPECTIVES OF ENDOSCOPIC SPINAL SURGERY
THE NITZE-LEITER MUSEUM FOR ENDOSCOPY
THE EVOLUTION OF LASERS IN SPINAL ENDOSCOPY
RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION
NEW LANDMARK CLINICAL OUTCOME STUDIES
THE ASIAN LEADERSHIP ROLE
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy – Anatomy, Indications and Techniques
Ji-Yeon Kim1,*, Hyeun sung Kim2, Kai-Uwe Lewandrowski2,3,4 and Tae Jang1
INTRODUCTION
ANATOMICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Anatomical Classification of Percutaneous Endoscopic Approach (Fig. 1) [27]
Types of Percutaneous Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy System Working Channel (Fig. 3)
DIAGNOSIS
PREPARATION
Set-up
Position
ANESTHESIA
< Anesthetic Methods for Percutaneous Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy >
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Patient Reported Outcome Measures, Nomenclature & Classifications in Clinical Research of Endoscopic Spine Surgery
Kai-Uwe Lewandrowski1,2,3,*, Álvaro Dowling4,5, Said G Osman6, Jin-Sung Kim7, Stefan Hellinger8, Nimar Salari9, Rômulo Pedroza Pinheiro10, Ramon Torres11 and Anthony Yeung12
INTRODUCTION
WIDELY USED CLINICAL OUTCOME TOOLS
MINIMAL CLINICALLY IMPORTANT DIFFERENCE SCORE
ENDOSCOPIC CLASSIFICATION OF STENOSIS
THE NOMENCLATURE MAZE
LUMBAR DISEASE CLASSIFICATION FOR ENDOSCOPIC SPINE SURGERY
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFEERENCES
Transforaminal Percutaneous Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy
Ji-Yeon Kim1,*, Hyeun sung Kim1, Kai-Uwe Lewandrowski2,3,4 and Il-Tae Jang1
INTRODUCTION
INDICATIONS AND APPLICATIONS
1. Common Indications for Percutaneous Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy
2. Indications for Difficult Cases of Percutaneous Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy
1. General Structural Anatomy: Posterolateral PELD Approach
2. General Operative Anatomy: Posterolateral PELD Approach
Operative Anatomical Structures in PELD
3. Special Operative Anatomy: Posterolateral PELD Approach
4. Exiting Nerve Root Approach
5. Traversing Nerve Root Approach
6. Operative Safety Zone Anatomy
7. SURGICAL PITFALLS
7.1. Position of the Working Cannula
7.2. Anatomical Limitation
• Foraminal Space
• Iliac Crest
8. Accessible Surgical Access Area
9. TECHNIQUES FOR AN INFERIOR MIGRATED DISC
9.1. Epidural Exposure
9.1.1. Extreme Lateral Approach [2]
9.1.2. Suprapedicular Approach
9.1.3. Foraminoplastic Technique
9.1.4. Contralateral approach [45]
9.2. Entry Point
9.2.1. MRI Length Measurement Method
9.2.2. MRI Marker Method
10. INTRAOPERATIVE EXAMINATION METHOD
11. PROCEDURAL STEPS
11.1. Positioning & Skin Marking
11.2. Skin Incision & Anesthesia
11.3. Needle Insertion & Provocative Chromodiscography
11.4. Guide Needle Insertion
11.5. Evocative Chromodiscography
11.6. Working Cannula Insertion
11.7. Working Cannula Placement
11.7.1. Outside-In Approach
11.7.2. Inside-Out Approach
11.8. Decompressive Discectomy
11.8.1. Foraminal Work
11.8.2. Annulus Fenestration
11.8.3. Discectomy
11.9. Assessing the Decompression
11.9.1. Exiting Root Approach
11.9.2. Epidural Central Approach
11.9.3. Epidural Inferior Approach
11.9.4. Major Concerns in the PELD for Inferior Migrated Disc
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Structural Preservation Interlaminar Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy (IELD) For L5-S1 Herniated Disc
Ravindra Singh1, Hyeun Sung Kim2,* and Il-Tae Jang2
INTRODUCTION
ANATOMY & RATIONALE
THE CONCEPT OF V-POINTS
PRESERVATION OF THE MOTION SEGMENT
SURGICAL STEPS
Ipsilateral Discectomy Technique
Indications
Anaesthesia
Position
Discography
Skin Incision & Markings
Docking of Working Channel and Endosope
Splitting of Lgamentum Flavum
Discectomy
Annular Sealing
Skin Closure
Contraleteral Discectomy Technique
Indications
Anaesthesia
Position
Discography
Skin Incision & Markings
Docking of Working Channel and Endoscope
Ligamentum Flavum Splitting
Discectomy
Annular Sealing
Skin Closure
POTENTIAL RISKS
Dural Tear
Incomplete Discectomy
Nerve Root Injury
Epidural Hematoma
Infection
Recurrence
Less Common Complications
POSTOPERATIVE AND REHABILITATION PROTOCOL
CLINICAL SERIES
DISCUSSION
TECHNICAL PEARLS
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Hybridized Inside-Out/Outside-In Approach for Treatment of Endstage Vacuum Degenerative Lumbar Disc Disease
Kai-Uwe Lewandrowski1,2,3,* and Anthony Yeung4
INTRODUCTION
TECHNIQUE DESCRIPTION
1. Preoperative Planing
2. Patient Positioning
3. Access Planning and Marking
4. Local Anesthesia & Monitored Anesthesia Care (MAC) Sedation
5. Placement of the Working Cannula
6. Initial Foraminoplasty
OUTSIDE-IN PORTION
7. Pain Generators in the Epidural Space
8. Target the Center of the Disc Space
INSIDE-OUT PORTION
9. Discectomy
10. Intradiscal Assessment of Painful Pathology
CLINICAL SERIES
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Full Endoscopic Interlaminar Contra-Lateral Lumbar Foraminotomy
Harshavardhan Dilip Raorane1, Hyeun-Sung Kim1,* and Il-Tae Jang1
INTRODUCTION
SURGICAL ANATOMY
SURGICAL INDICATIONS
CONTRAINDICATIONS
SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
Preoperative Planning
Anaesthesia
Patient Preparation & Position
Surface Marking & Docking
Contralateral Approach
Foraminal & Extraforaminal Decompression
Final Check
Postoperative Protocol
CLINCIAL SERIES
COMPLICATIONS AND AVOIDANCE
Intraoperative Bleeding
Dural Tear & Nerve Injury
Incomplete Decompression
Recurrence
Iatrogenic Instability
Infection
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Mobile Outside In, SCOT (Suprapedicular Circumferential Opening Technique) Approach for Highly Inferior Migrated HNP
Nitin Maruti Adsul1, 2, Hyeun Sung Kim1,* and Il-Tae Jang1
INTRODUCTION
RATIONALE FOR SCOT
SURGICAL STEPS
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Over-The-Top versus Transforaminal Lumbar Endoscopic Techniques
Álvaro Dowling1,2 and Kai-Uwe Lewandrowski3,4,5,*
INTRODUCTION
TRANSFORAMINAL APPROCHES
INSIDE-OUT TECHNIQUE
OUTSIDE-IN TECHNIQUE
FROM INTERLAMINAR TO OVER-THE-TOP TECHNIQUES
UNILATERAL AND BILATERAL ENDOSCOPIC OVER THE TOP TECHNIQUES
OVER-THE-TOP LUMBAR DECOMPRESSION FOR CENTRAL CHANNAL STENOSIS
OVER THE TOP SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
PATIENT SELECTION PROTOCOLS FOR LUMBAR SPINE DECOMPRESSION
CLINICAL SERIES
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Endoscopic Treatment of Lumbar Facet Cysts
Stefan Hellinger1,* and Kai-Uwe Lewandrowski2,3,4
INTRODUCTION
ETIOLOGY
CLINICAL COURSE
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
NON-OPERATIVE CARE
INTERVENTIONAL PROCEDURES
SURGICAL TREATMENT
ENDOSCOPIC MANAGEMENT
Transforaminal Approach
Interlaminar Approach
CLINICAL SERIES
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Transforaminal Endoscopic Lumbar Foraminotomy TELF for Lumbar Stenosis in Patients Aged Over 80 Years
Jorge Felipe Ramírez León1,2,*, José Gabriel Rugeles Ortíz1,2, Carolina Ramírez Martínez1,2, Nicolás Prada Ramírez3 and Gabriel Oswaldo Alonso Cuéllar4
INTRODUCTION
RADICULOPATHY
TRANSFORAMINAL ENDOSCOPIC LUMBAR FORAMINOTOMY
TELF EVOLUTION
TELF INDICATIONS
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF TELF
SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
TELF POSTOPERATIVE CARE
CLINICAL SERIES
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Safety and Effectiveness of the Endoscopic Rhizotomy for the Treatment of Facet-Related Chronic Low Back Pain
Ralf Rothoerl1,*, Stefan Hellinger2, Anthony Yeung3 and Kai-Uwe Lewandrowski4,5,6
INTRODUCION
ANATOMICAL BASIS FOR ANTERIOR & POSTERIOR COLUMN DENERVATION
DIAGNOSTIC BLOCKS AS PROGNOSTICATOR OF OUTCOME
RADIOFREQUENCY RHIZOTOMY
ENDOSCOPIC FACET DEINNERVATION
CLINICAL SERIES
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Visualized Endoscopic Radiofrequency Ablation of Sinuvertebral Nerve and Basivertebral Nerve for Chronic Discogenic Back Pain
Pang Hung Wu1, 2, Hyeun Sung Kim1,* and Il-Tae Jang1
INTRODUCTION
RATIONALE
Pathoanatomical and Pathophysiological Considerations of Degenerated Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Structural Degeneration
Inflammatory Cascade, Neuronal Sensitization and Pathologic Neuronization of the Disc
Anatomy of Sinuvertebral Nerve and Basiverebral Nerve (BVN)
Current Radiofrequency Ablation Approaches For Denervation
Diagnostic Procedure For Candidates Suitable For Radiofrequency Ablation Of Pathological Nerves
Anesthesia and Positioning
SURGICAL STEPS
Transforaminal Approach
Interlaminar Approach
Thermal Shrinkage Of Bulging Degenerative Disc.
Skin Closure And Postoperative Rehabilitation Protocol
Key Feature Of Radiofrequency Ablation Technique
POTENTIAL RISKS
CLINICAL SERIES
DISCUSSION
TECHNICAL PEARLS
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Endoscopic Resection of Schwannoma in the Psoas Major Muscle
Yan Yuqu1, Bu Rongqiang1, Zhang Xifeng1,* and An Sixing1
INTRODUCTION
EXEMPLARY CASE
SURGICAL PROCEDURE
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Endoscopic Uninstrumented Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion with Allograft for Surgical Management of Endstage Degenerative Vacuum Disc Disease
Álvaro Dowling1,2,*, James Gerald Hernández Bárcenas3 and Kai-Uwe Lewandrowski4,5,6
INTRODUCTION
POSITION, ANESTHESIA & ACCESS PLANING
PEARLS OF THE SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
CLINICAL SERIES
FUSION ASSESSMENT
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Full Endoscopic Endplate Decortication and Vertebral Mobilization Technique of Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion for Degenerative Spondylolisthesis
Ji-Yeon Kim1, Hyeun Sung Kim1,* and Jang Il-Tae1
INTRODUCTION
RATIONALE
Anatomical Considerations During Endo-TLIF Surgery
Direct Bilateral and Contralateral Decompression of Central Spinal Canal and Nerve Roots with Endo-TLIF
Concepts of Full Endoscopic Adhesion Releasing Technique with Endoscopic Drill
Concepts of Full Endoscopic Endplate Denudation Technique
Concepts of Large-sized Interbody Cage Insertion Using the Harrison Cage Glider
Reduction of the Spondylolisthesis and Correction of the Focal Scoliosis by Endo-TLIF
SURGICAL STEPS
Preoperative Preparation
Anesthesia and Skin Incision
Insertion of Endoscope
Surgical Procedures
Pedicle Screw and Rod Insertion with Appropriate Compression and Distraction
Post-Operative Care
Potential Risks
CLINICAL SERIES
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Technical Pearls for Difficult Cases, Controversies and Complications of Lumbar Endoscopy
Ji-Yeon Kim1, Hyeun sung Kim1,*, Kai-Uwe Lewandrowski2,3,4 and Tae Jang1
INTRODUCTION
1. Early Recurrence
2. VASCULAR INJURY
3. NEURAL INJURY
4. INFECTION
CASES EXAMPLES
1. Paracentral Lumbar HNP
2. Upward Migrated Lumbar HNP
3. Foraminal Lumbar HNP
4. Far Lateral Lumbar HNP
5. Severe Canal Compromise Type Lumbar HNP
6. Severe Canal Compromised, Epidural Migrated Lumbar HNP
7. Downward Migrated Lumbar HNP
8. Recurred HNP After Open Lumbar Discectomy
9. Recurrent HNP After Transforaminal PELD
10. Recurrent HNP after Intradiscal Therapy
11. Focal Calcification within Lumbar HNP
12. Combined Foraminal Stenosis and HNP
13. Discal Cyst
14. Two-level Lumbar HNP
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Treatment of Degenerative Lumbar Spondylolisthesis with Endoscopic Decompression of the Lumbar Spinal Canal
Zhang Xifeng1,2,*, Yan Yuqiu2, Yuan Huafeng3, Cong Qiang3 and Wu Shang4
INTRODUCTION
CASE PRESENTATIONS
Case 1
Case 2
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Subject Index
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