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Contact Lenses: Chemicals, Methods, and Applications

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CONTACT LENSES

The book focuses on the chemistry and properties of contact lenses and their fabrication methods.

With research & development continuing in the field, this comprehensive book takes a look at the last 10 years in terms of new materials, chemistry methods, applications, and fabrication techniques. New applications include drug delivery, lenses for augmented reality, electronic contact lenses, and wearable smart contact lenses.

In addition, the book discusses simulation methods for contact lenses, such as ocular topography parameters, gas permeable lenses, and computerized videokeratography. On the fabrication front, several common fabrication methods for contact lenses are detailed, including the computer-aided contact lens design, methods for the fabrication of colored contact lenses, and the fabrication of decentered contact lenses. Special processes are reviewed, including, mold processes, reactive ion etching, electrospinning, and others. Also discussed are the properties of contact lenses and methods for the measurement. Many of the standard methods are discussed, but other issues are taken up too including a discussion on the assessment of cytotoxic effects, the Schirmer tear test, and others. The book concludes with a chapter detailing the possible medical problems related to contact lenses and how to avoid them. These include eye diseases, allergic and toxic reactions, as well as methods for medical treatment such as disinfection agents.

Audience

The book will be used by chemists, polymer scientists, ophthalmologists, engineers in the contact lens industry as well as polymer industries.

Author(s): Johannes Karl Fink
Publisher: Wiley-Scrivener
Year: 2022

Language: English
Pages: 447
City: Beverly

Cover
Half-Title Page
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
1 Types of Lenses
1.1 History of Contact Lenses
1.2 Materials
1.3 Monomers
1.3.1 Monomers for Block Copolymers
1.3.2 Silicone Acrylamides
1.4 Soft Lenses
1.4.1 Hydrogels
1.4.2 PVA Hydrogel
1.4.3 Clear Contact Lenses
1.5 Water Absorbable Formulations
1.6 Bandage Contact Lenses
1.6.1 Antimicrobial Bandage Contact Lens
1.7 Functional Contact Lenses
1.7.1 Remote Health Monitoring
1.7.2 Graphene Oxide Nanocolloids
1.7.3 Diabetic Diagnosis
1.7.4 Target Analyte Sensing
1.7.5 Adaptive Tuning
1.7.6 Wireless Communication
1.7.7 Glucose Biosensors
1.7.8 Cancer Detection
1.8 Scleral Contact Lenses
1.8.1 Fabrication of Scleral Lenses
1.8.2 Scleral Lens Fitting
1.8.3 Ocular Drug Delivery Systems
1.9 Multifocal Contact Lenses
1.9.1 Bifocal Contact Lenses
1.9.2 Silicone Hydrogels
1.9.3 Non-Silicone Hydrogels
1.9.4 Tilted-Wear Type Contact Lenses
1.9.5 Neutral Density Filters
1.10 Augmented Reality Contact Lens Systems
1.10.1 Electronic Contact Lenses
1.10.2 Smart Contact Lenses
1.10.3 Wearable Smart Contact Lenses
1.10.4 Collimated Light-Emitting Diodes
1.11 Siloxane Macromers
1.11.1 Silicone Urethane Polymers
1.12 Oxygen-Permeable Lenses
1.12.1 ExtendedWear Lenses
1.12.2 Structures for Thick Payloads
1.13 Natural Protein Polymer Contact Lenses
1.14 Ultrathin Coating
1.15 Anti-Biofouling Contact Lenses
1.15.1 Phosphorylcholine
1.15.2 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate
1.15.3 Chitosan
1.16 Drug Delivery via Hydrogel Contact Lenses
1.16.1 Hydrogels with Phosphate Groups
1.16.2 Ophthalmic Drug Delivery
1.17 Simulation Methods
1.17.1 Ocular Topography Parameters
1.17.2 Rigid Gas-Permeable Lenses
1.17.3 Computerized Videokeratography
References
2 Fabrication Methods
2.1 Computer-Aided Contact Lens Design and Fabrication
2.1.1 Spline-Based Mathematical Surfaces
2.1.2 Corneal Refractive Therapy Program
2.2 Contact Lenses with Selective Spectral Blocking
2.3 Colored Contact Lenses
2.3.1 Hard Colored Contact Lenses
2.4 Decentered Contact Lenses
2.5 Stabilized Contact Lenses
2.6 Additive Manufacturing
2.7 Mold Process
2.7.1 Injection Molding
2.7.2 Cast Molding
2.7.3 Two-Part Mold Assembly
2.8 Reactive Ion Etching
2.9 Electrospinning
2.9.1 Creating Electrospun Contact Lens Structures
2.9.2 Electrospinning Controlled Polymer Fibril Matrices
2.9.3 Electrospinning of a Prepolymer Solution
2.10 Rigid Plastic Lenses
2.10.1 Rigid Gas-Permeable Contact Lenses
2.11 Soft Plastic Lenses
2.11.1 Layer-by-Layer Deposition
2.11.2 Electron-Beam Irradiation Polymerization
2.11.3 Shaping and Cutting
2.12 Coating Methods
2.12.1 Zwitterionic Coating
2.12.2 Antibacterial Nanocoating
2.13 Disinfection of Contact Lenses
2.13.1 Hydrogen Peroxide and Fibrous Catalyst
2.13.2 Hydrogen Peroxide and Metal Catalyst
2.13.3 Removing Hydrogen Peroxide
2.14 Integrated Microtubes
2.15 Injection Molding
2.15.1 Aspheric Contact Lenses
2.16 Handling Tools
2.16.1 Insertion Tool
2.16.2 Insertion Tool
References
3 Properties
3.1 Ophthalmic Compatibility Requirements
3.2 Standards
3.2.1 Tensile Properties of Plastics
3.2.2 Tear-Propagation Resistance
3.2.3 Oxygen Gas Transmission Rate
3.2.4 Biomaterials
3.2.5 Eye Protectors
3.3 Eye Model with Blink Mechanism
3.4 Assessment of Cytotoxic Effects
3.4.1 Draize Eye Irritation Test
3.4.2 Acute Eye Irritation Testing
3.4.3 Benzalkonium Chlorides
3.4.4 Residual Monomer Content
3.5 Special Functions
3.5.1 Intraocular Pressure
3.5.2 Coating Thickness
3.6 Cleaning of Contact Lenses
3.7 Biofouling
3.8 Wettability
3.8.1 Blister Pack Solutions
3.8.2 Captive Bubble Method
3.8.3 Tethered Hyaluronic Acid-Based Coatings
3.9 Material Properties and Antimicrobial Efficacy
3.10 Microscopic Examination
3.10.1 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
3.10.2 Atomic Force Spectroscopy
3.10.3 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
3.10.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy
3.11 Schirmer Tear Test
3.12 Ocular Surface Disease Index Test
3.13 Corneal Fluorescein Staining Test
3.14 Ion Permeability
3.14.1 Ionoflux Technique
3.14.2 Ionoton Measurement Technique
3.15 Hydrodell Water Permeability Technique
3.16 Oxygen Permeability and Transmissibility
3.16.1 Contact Lens Solutions
3.17 Optical Biometer
3.17.1 Ophthalmologic Apparatus
3.17.2 Ophthalmologic Information Processing
3.17.3 Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography
References
4 Drug Delivery
4.1 Basic Issues
4.2 Methodologies for the Design of Therapeutic Contact Lenses
4.2.1 Soaking Method
4.2.2 pH-Sensitive Lenses
4.2.3 Magnetic Micropump
4.2.4 Molecular Imprinting
4.2.5 Colloidal Nanoparticles
4.2.6 Polymeric Nanoparticles
4.2.7 Cyclodextrins
4.2.8 Liposomes
4.2.9 Microemulsion and Micelles
4.2.10 Vitamin E
4.2.11 Supercritical Fluid Technology
4.2.12 Hydrophobic Drug Loading
4.2.13 Cationic Drugs
4.3 Hydrogels
4.3.1 Salt-Induced Modulation
4.3.2 Polymeric Hydrogels
4.3.3 Colloid-Laden Hydrogels
4.3.4 Ligand-Containing Hydrogels
4.3.5 Amphiphilic Polymers
4.3.6 Silicone Hydrogel Contact Lenses
4.3.7 Zwitterionic Hydrogels
4.3.8 Surface-Modified Hydrogels
4.3.9 Cyclodextrin-Hyaluronan Hydrogels
4.3.10 Bioinspired Hydrogels
4.3.11 Tobramycin Release
4.4 Contact Lens Gels
4.5 Molecularly Imprinted Contact Lenses
4.5.1 Molecular Imprinting Technology
4.5.2 Molecularly Imprinted Contact Lenses
4.5.3 Hydrogels
4.5.4 Supercritical Fluid-Assisted Preparation
4.6 Special Drugs
4.6.1 Timolol
4.6.2 Dexamethasone
4.6.3 Ketotifen Fumarate
4.6.4 Ciprofloxacin
4.6.5 Ofloxacin
4.6.6 Polymyxin B and Vancomycin
4.6.7 Epinastine
4.6.8 Lactoferrin
4.6.9 Bimatoprost
4.6.10 Dipicolylamine
4.6.11 Gatifloxacin
4.6.12 Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose
4.6.13 Dorzolamide
4.6.14 Ethoxzolamide
4.6.15 Hyaluronic Acid
4.6.16 Lifitegrast
4.6.17 Diclofenac Sodium
4.6.18 Moxifloxacin
4.6.19 Norfloxacin
4.6.20 Sparfloxacin
4.6.21 Latanoprost
4.6.22 Loteprednol
4.6.23 Release of Multiple Therapeutics
References
5 Medical Problems
5.1 Eye Diseases
5.2 Corneal Edema
5.2.1 PMMA Lenses
5.2.2 Thickness Changes
5.2.3 Corneal Swelling
5.2.4 Acanthamoeba Keratitis
5.3 Presbyopia and Myopia Control
5.4 Toxic Soft Lenses
5.4.1 Allergic and Toxic Reactions
5.5 Disinfection Agents
5.5.1 Polymeric Biguanide and Vinylimidazole
5.5.2 Saccharides
5.5.3 Amphipathic Peptides
5.5.4 Antibacterial Properties
5.6 Silicone Hydrogels
5.7 Limbal Stem Cell Deficiency
5.8 Computer Vision Syndrome
5.8.1 Tests and Analysis
5.8.2 Pathophysiology
5.8.3 Problems for Radiologists
5.9 Dry Eye Problems
5.9.1 Ions in Tears
5.9.2 Treatment Methods
5.9.3 Comparative Study of the Reasons for Dry Eyes
5.10 Orthokeratology
5.10.1 Myopia
References
Index
Acronyms
Chemicals
General Index
Also of Interest