Consultative Hemostasis and Thrombosis

Copyright Page......Page 2
Consultative Hemostasis and Thrombosis......Page 4
Dedication......Page 6
Contributors......Page 7
Preface......Page 10
Contents......Page 11
1 The Consultative Process......Page 13
Keywords......Page 14
Confirmatory Consultation......Page 15
“Undiagnosing” Consultation......Page 16
Curbside Consultation......Page 18
Second Opinion Requested by the Patient......Page 19
Inappropriate Consultations......Page 20
Duties of the Referring Physician and the Consultant......Page 21
Timing......Page 22
Recommendations......Page 23
Supporting Consultation......Page 24
Major Disagreements Between Physicians......Page 25
End-of-Life Issues......Page 26
When Should a Consultant Request Consultation?......Page 27
References......Page 28
Clinical Evaluation......Page 29
Key Words......Page 30
Have You Ever Experienced a Serious Hemorrhagic Complication During or After a Surgical Procedure?......Page 31
Have You Experienced Persistent Menorrhagia in the Absence of Fibroids or Other Uterine Abnormalities?......Page 32
Has Any Member of Your Family Experienced Severe Bleeding Complications, Perhaps Requiring Transfusion of Packed Red Blood Cells?......Page 33
Do You Take Any Prescription Medications, Over-the-Counter Medications, or Homeopathic Remedies on a Regular Basis?......Page 34
Objective Findings on the Physical Examination......Page 35
Basic Laboratory Evaluation of Coagulation and Hemostasis......Page 36
Basic Laboratory Tests to Distinguish Between Platelet and Coagulation Defects......Page 38
Laboratory Assessment of the Procoagulant System......Page 42
Laboratory Monitoring of the Direct Oral Specific Anti–Factor Iia and Anti–Factor Xa Anticoagulants......Page 43
Tests for Lupus Anticoagulants......Page 44
Global Hemostatic Assessment Instruments......Page 45
Formulating Treatment Strategies for Managing Acute Hemorrhagic Episodes: How to Use Coagulation Laboratory Data......Page 46
References......Page 48
Epidemiology and Genetics......Page 51
Keywords......Page 52
Postnatal Diagnosis......Page 53
Intraarticular Bleeding: Hemarthroses and Hemophilic Arthropathy......Page 54
Hematuria/Hemospermia......Page 55
Gastrointestinal and Oropharyngeal Bleeding......Page 56
Laboratory Characteristics......Page 57
Clotting Factor Replacement Therapy With Coagulation Factor Concentrates......Page 58
Antifibrinolytic Agents......Page 64
Inhibitors......Page 65
Infectious Complications of Replacement Therapy in Hemophilia......Page 66
Gene Therapy......Page 67
References......Page 68
Clinical Manifestations......Page 72
Keywords......Page 73
Treatment......Page 75
Diagnosis......Page 76
Pathogenesis and Genetics......Page 77
Treatment......Page 78
Differential Diagnosis......Page 79
Clinical Manifestations......Page 80
Clinical Manifestations......Page 81
Factor XI Deficiency......Page 82
Treatment......Page 83
High-Molecular-Weight Kininogen Deficiency......Page 84
Familial Combined Factor Deficiencies......Page 85
Differential diagnosis.......Page 86
Treatment......Page 87
Medical-Legal Issues......Page 88
References......Page 89
Laboratory Assessment of Inhibitors......Page 94
Keyword......Page 95
Clinical Presentation......Page 96
FVIII replacement.......Page 97
Other Immunosuppressants......Page 98
Epidemiology and Associated Conditions......Page 99
Factor II (Prothrombin) Inhibitors......Page 100
Hemostatic Therapy and Inhibitor Eradication......Page 101
Factor XIII Inhibitors......Page 102
References......Page 103
Physiology, Genetics, and Structure-Function Relationships......Page 108
Keywords......Page 109
Platelet-Related Functions of von Willebrand Factor......Page 110
Clinical Presentation......Page 111
Laboratory Evaluation......Page 112
Assays Used for the Classification of von Willebrand Disease......Page 113
Mild von Willebrand Disease Versus Low von Willebrand Factor—Diagnostic Levels for von Willebrand Disease......Page 114
Type 1......Page 115
Type 2N......Page 116
Desmopressin......Page 117
Replacement Therapy With von Willebrand Factor......Page 118
Treatment of Heavy Menstrual Bleeding in Patients With von Willebrand Disease......Page 119
References......Page 120
Introduction......Page 124
Keywords......Page 125
Relation of Bleeding Risks to Platelet Count......Page 126
The Biology of Platelet Production......Page 128
Causes of Thrombocytopenia......Page 130
Evaluation of the Thrombocytopenic Patient......Page 132
Laboratory Investigations......Page 133
Platelet Transfusion......Page 134
Which Platelet Product Should Be Used?......Page 135
Thrombopoietic Growth Factors......Page 136
Recombinant Thrombopoietin and Thrombopoietin Receptor Agonists......Page 137
References......Page 138
Thrombocytopenia......Page 144
Keywords......Page 145
Evaluation of a Patient With Suspected Immune Thrombocytopenia......Page 146
Incidental Thrombocytopenia of Pregnancy (Gestational Thrombocytopenia)......Page 147
Familial Thrombocytopenias......Page 148
Immune Thrombocytopenia Associated With Infections......Page 149
Management of Primary Immune Thrombocytopenia......Page 150
Corticosteroids......Page 151
Splenectomy......Page 152
Thrombopoietin Receptor Agonists......Page 153
Combination Therapy......Page 154
Management of Immune Thrombocytopenia in Pregnancy......Page 155
References......Page 156
Does the Patient Have a Platelet-Related Bleeding Disorder?......Page 163
Key Words......Page 164
Acquired Platelet Disorders......Page 165
Uremia......Page 166
Congenital Platelet Disorders......Page 167
Glanzmann Thrombasthenia......Page 169
Hermansky–Pudlak Syndrome......Page 170
Chédiak–Higashi Syndrome......Page 171
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome/X-Linked Thrombocytopenia......Page 172
Congenital Amegakaryocytic Thrombocytopenia......Page 173
ETV6 Thrombocytopenia......Page 174
MYH9-Related Thrombocytopenia (May-Hegglin, Sebastian, Fechtner, and Epstein Syndromes)......Page 175
GATA1-Related Thrombocytopenia......Page 176
Gray Platelet Syndrome......Page 177
Treatment of Platelet-Related Bleeding (General Guidelines)......Page 178
References......Page 179
Molecular Biology......Page 186
Keyword......Page 187
Pathogenesis......Page 188
Clinical Manifestations......Page 189
Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformations......Page 190
Cerebral and Spinal Arteriovenous Malformations......Page 191
Screening for Visceral Arteriovenous Malformations......Page 193
Epistaxis......Page 194
Anemia......Page 196
Brain Arteriovenous Malformations......Page 198
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia Centers of Excellence......Page 199
References......Page 200
Historical Overview......Page 204
Key Words......Page 205
Physiology and Pathophysiology......Page 206
Initiation of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation......Page 207
Placental Abnormalities......Page 209
Acute Decompensated Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation With Dermal Necrosis Syndrome......Page 210
Diagnosis of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation......Page 211
Differential Diagnosis of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation......Page 212
Consequences of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation......Page 216
Treatment of Patients With Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation......Page 217
Consultation Considerations......Page 218
References......Page 219
General Aspects of Primary Hemostasis, Coagulation, and Fibrinolysis......Page 224
Keywords......Page 225
Endothelial Activation and Its Effects on Coagulation During Inflammation......Page 226
Modulation of Inflammation by Coagulation in vivo......Page 227
Inflammatory Networks in Gram-Negative Sepsis......Page 228
Early and Late Effects Merge in Models of Sepsis and Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation......Page 229
Viral Infections......Page 230
Hantavirus......Page 231
Plasma and Platelet Substitution Therapy......Page 232
Restoration of Anticoagulant Pathways......Page 233
References......Page 234
Should All Patients With Unprovoked Venous Thromboembolism Receive Lifelong Anticoagulation?......Page 240
Keywords......Page 241
What Are the Pitfalls of Genetic Testing?......Page 243
Estrogen Use......Page 244
Major Surgery......Page 245
Background......Page 246
Acquired Antithrombin III Deficiencies......Page 247
Acquired Protein C Deficiency......Page 248
Epidemiology and Clinical Manifestations......Page 249
Epidemiology and Clinical Manifestations......Page 250
Epidemiology and Clinical Manifestations......Page 251
Acquired Factor VIII Elevation......Page 252
Thrombophilia Testing of Null, Minimal, or Uncertain Value......Page 253
References......Page 254
Developmental Hemostasis......Page 265
Keywords......Page 266
Inherited Thrombophilia......Page 267
Pulmonary Embolism......Page 268
Treatment......Page 269
Antiplatelet Therapy......Page 270
References......Page 271
Risk Factors for Venous Thromboembolism......Page 273
Key Words......Page 274
Venous Thromboembolism Prevention......Page 276
Diagnosis......Page 278
Cost-Effective Approach to Venous Thromboembolism Diagnosis......Page 280
Acute Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism......Page 281
Initial Venous Thromboembolism Management—Inpatient Versus Outpatient......Page 283
Thrombolytic Therapy......Page 285
Oral Anticoagulants: Warfarin......Page 286
Venous Thromboembolism in Pregnancy......Page 287
Superficial Venous Thrombosis......Page 288
Duration of Anticoagulation......Page 289
Complications of Anticoagulation......Page 291
References......Page 292
Historical Aspects......Page 301
Keywords......Page 302
Importance to The Patient and The Clinician......Page 303
Overview......Page 304
Signs and Symptoms......Page 305
Treatment......Page 306
Overview......Page 307
Diagnosis......Page 308
Treatment......Page 309
Causes......Page 310
Overview......Page 311
Causes......Page 312
Treatment......Page 313
Overview......Page 314
Diagnosis......Page 315
Treatment......Page 316
Causes......Page 318
Overview......Page 319
Causes......Page 320
Treatment......Page 321
Overview......Page 322
Treatment......Page 323
Treatment......Page 324
Adrenal Gland......Page 325
Consultation Considerations......Page 326
References......Page 327
Distinguishing Postthrombotic Syndrome From Recurrence of Acute Ipsilateral Deep Vein Thrombosis......Page 340
Keywords......Page 341
Impact of Postthrombotic Syndrome on Quality of Life......Page 342
Current Understanding of the Pathophysiology of Postthrombotic Syndrome......Page 343
Prevention of Postthrombotic Syndrome After an Episode of Deep Vein Thrombosis......Page 344
Exercise Training......Page 345
References......Page 346
Reactive Thrombocytosis......Page 349
Keywords......Page 350
Essential Thrombocythemia......Page 352
Pathogenesis of Essential Thrombocythemia......Page 353
Criteria for the Diagnosis of Essential Thrombocythemia......Page 355
Coagulation Laboratory Features of Essential Thrombocythemia: the Paradox of in Vivo Platelet Activation and Impaired Platelet Function......Page 357
Acquired Von Willebrand Syndrome in Essential Thrombocythemia......Page 359
Prognostic Indicators for Thrombosis and Hemorrhage in Essential Thrombocythemia......Page 361
Transformation of Essential Thrombocythemia to Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Other Malignancies......Page 362
Risk Assessment in Essential Thrombocythemia......Page 363
Hydroxyurea Therapy......Page 364
Anagrelide Therapy......Page 366
Recombinant Interferon-α......Page 367
Aspirin......Page 368
Pregnancy and Essential Thrombocythemia......Page 369
References......Page 370
Normal Pregnancy......Page 378
Keywords......Page 379
Patients With Thromboembolic Disorders......Page 380
Anti-Prothrombin Antibodies......Page 381
Complement Activation......Page 382
Who Should Be Tested for Antiphospholipid Antibodies?......Page 383
Lupus Anticoagulant......Page 384
Venous Thromboembolism......Page 385
Dermatologic Manifestations......Page 386
Catastrophic Antiphospholipid Syndrome......Page 387
Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus......Page 388
Patients With Obstetric Antiphospholipid Syndrome......Page 389
Patients With Arterial Thromboembolism......Page 390
Patients With Catastrophic Antiphospholipid Syndrome......Page 391
References......Page 392
Arterial Thrombogenesis......Page 401
Keywords......Page 402
Primary prevention.......Page 403
Vascular disease.......Page 405
Acute coronary syndromes.......Page 406
Acute coronary syndromes: prepercutaneous coronary intervention treatment, duration of therapy, and clinical benefit.......Page 407
Pharmacokinetics.......Page 408
Safety.......Page 409
On-treatment platelet reactivity testing.......Page 410
Pharmacogenomics and P2Y12 inhibitor therapy.......Page 411
Protease-activated receptor 1 antagonist.......Page 412
Clinical experience.......Page 413
Clinical experience.......Page 414
References......Page 415
Evaluation......Page 421
Key Words......Page 422
Clinical Consequences......Page 424
Clinical Consequences......Page 425
Risk factor for arterial thromboembolism.......Page 426
Tissue plasminogen activator.......Page 427
How to Diagnose It......Page 428
Key details.......Page 429
Key details.......Page 430
Key details.......Page 431
Cocaine and Other Illicit Drugs......Page 432
References......Page 433
Idiopathic Venous Thromboembolism and Occult Cancer......Page 437
Keywords......Page 438
Venous Thromboembolism as a Complication of Cancer......Page 439
Clinical Impact of Cancer-Associated Venous Thromboembolism......Page 440
Biomarkers......Page 441
Cancer and Inflammation......Page 442
Guidelines on the Prevention and Treatment of Cancer- Associated Thrombosis......Page 443
Hospitalized Medical Patients......Page 444
Cancer Patients in the Outpatient Setting......Page 445
Treatment of Cancer- Associated Thrombosis......Page 447
Direct Oral Anticoagulants for Treatment of Cancer-Associated Venous Thromboembolism......Page 448
Summary and Conclusions......Page 449
References......Page 450
Historical Review......Page 456
Keywords......Page 457
Laboratory Findings......Page 458
Causes and Pathophysiology of Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura......Page 459
Von Willebrand Factor, ADAMTS13, and Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura......Page 460
ADAMTS13 Assays......Page 465
Differential Diagnosis of Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura......Page 466
Distinction Between Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura and Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome......Page 467
2011 Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome Outbreak in Europe......Page 468
Treatment of Patients With Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura......Page 469
New Approaches to Therapy......Page 471
References......Page 473
Membrane-Bound Complement Regulators......Page 482
Keywords......Page 483
Activation of the Alternative Pathway of Complement......Page 484
Pathophysiology......Page 485
What Tests Should Be Ordered?......Page 486
Treatment......Page 487
Pathophysiology......Page 488
What Tests Should Be Ordered?......Page 489
Treatment......Page 490
Transplant-Associated Thrombotic Microangiopathy......Page 492
Novel Complement Inhibitors......Page 493
References......Page 494
Terminology......Page 501
Key Words......Page 502
Pathogenesis......Page 503
Frequency......Page 505
Severity of Thrombocytopenia......Page 507
Venous Thrombosis......Page 508
Heparin-Induced Skin Lesions......Page 509
Spontaneous Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia Syndrome......Page 510
Overdiagnosis of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia......Page 511
Platelet Activation Assays......Page 512
Washed Platelet Activation Assays......Page 513
Rapid Immunoassays: Particle Gel Immunoassay......Page 514
Interpreting Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia Test Results: Iceberg Model and Enzyme-Immunoassay Optical Densities......Page 515
Treatment of Patients With Thrombosis Associated With Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia......Page 516
Argatroban......Page 517
Bivalirudin......Page 518
Direct Thrombin Inhibitor–Warfarin Overlap......Page 519
Danaparoid......Page 520
Fondaparinux......Page 521
Caveats in the Management of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia......Page 522
Reexposure to Heparin After Previous Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia......Page 524
Cardiac Surgery......Page 525
Hemodialysis......Page 526
Prevention of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia......Page 527
References......Page 528
Administration and Monitoring......Page 539
Keywords......Page 540
Adverse Effects......Page 542
Mechanism and Pharmacology......Page 543
Indications and Clinical Use......Page 544
Indications and Clinical Use......Page 545
Administration and Monitoring......Page 546
Reversal of Effect......Page 547
References......Page 548
Traditional Blood Components......Page 551
Keywords......Page 552
Red Blood Cells......Page 553
Platelets......Page 554
Cryoprecipitate......Page 555
Adverse Effects of Blood Transfusion Therapy......Page 556
Background......Page 558
Dose and Administration......Page 559
Indications......Page 560
Pharmaceutical Agents......Page 562
Mechanisms of Action and Tachyphylaxis......Page 563
Hemophilia and von Willebrand disease.......Page 564
Acquired platelet dysfunction.......Page 565
Background......Page 566
Cardiac Surgery......Page 567
Obstetric and Gynecologic Indications......Page 568
Toxicity......Page 569
Mechanism of Action, Dose, and Administration......Page 570
Indications......Page 571
Estrogens......Page 573
Protamine......Page 574
Management of Patients Who Refuse Transfusion or Are “Untransfusable”......Page 575
References......Page 576
Targets and Goals for Therapy......Page 585
Keywords......Page 586
Replacement Fluids......Page 588
Extracorporeal Anticoagulation......Page 591
Posttransfusion Purpura......Page 592
Coagulation Factor Inhibitors......Page 593
Multiple Factor Deficiencies due to Sepsis-Associated Multiorgan Dysfunction and Acute Liver Failure......Page 594
Pulmonary-Renal Syndromes With Bleeding as a Complication......Page 595
Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura......Page 596
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome......Page 597
Thrombotic Microangiopathy......Page 598
Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia......Page 599
References......Page 600
Historical Perspective......Page 607
Keywords......Page 608
Permanent Filters......Page 610
Optional Filters......Page 612
Technical Aspects......Page 613
Studies on Efficacy of Inferior Vena Cava Filters......Page 614
Permanent Filters......Page 616
Optional (Retrievable) Filters......Page 617
Should Patients With Permanent Vena Cava Filters Receive Prophylactic Anticoagulation?......Page 619
Failure of Anticoagulant Therapy......Page 620
Trauma......Page 622
Patients With Cancer......Page 623
Bariatric Surgery......Page 624
Other Indications......Page 625
Areas of Future Research......Page 626
Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, and Management......Page 627
Occlusive Venous Thrombosis......Page 628
Superior Vena Cava Occlusion......Page 632
Prevention of Venous Access Device–Related Thrombosis......Page 634
References......Page 636
Basic Science......Page 650
Keywords......Page 651
Venous Thromboembolism......Page 652
Stroke......Page 653
Counseling Thrombophilic Women in Hormonal Contraception Use......Page 654
Hormone Replacement Therapy and Cardiovascular Disease......Page 656
Hormone Replacement Therapy and Venous Thromboembolic Disease......Page 657
Aromatase Inhibitors......Page 659
References......Page 660
Obstetric Bleeding......Page 665
Keywords......Page 666
Bleeding After the First Trimester of Pregnancy......Page 667
Thrombocytopenia......Page 668
Hematologic Management of Massive Postpartum Hemorrhage......Page 671
Other Hemostatic Agents......Page 672
Pregnancy and Childbirth in Women With Bleeding Disorders......Page 673
Management of Pregnancy and Childbirth in Women With Bleeding Disorders......Page 674
References......Page 675
Heparin and Heparinoid Compounds......Page 680
Key Words......Page 681
Oral Direct Thrombin and Factor Xa Inhibitors (Direct Oral Anticoagulants [DOACs])......Page 682
Acute Venous Thromboembolism During Pregnancy......Page 683
Diagnosis of Deep Vein Thrombosis......Page 684
Diagnosis of Pulmonary Embolism......Page 685
Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism During Pregnancy......Page 688
Prevention of Pregnancy-Associated Venous Thromboembolism......Page 689
Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism in Pregnant Women With Thrombophilia and No History of Venous Thrombosis......Page 690
Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism in Pregnant Women With Prior Deep Vein Thrombosis or Pulmonary Embolism......Page 691
Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism During the Postpartum Period......Page 692
Placenta-Mediated Pregnancy Complications in Women With Antiphospholipid Syndrome......Page 694
Placenta-Mediated Pregnancy Complications in Women Without Antiphospholipid Antibodies or Known Inherited Thrombophilias......Page 696
Placenta-Mediated Pregnancy Complications in Women With Inherited Thrombophilias......Page 698
Peripartum Anticoagulant Management......Page 699
References......Page 700
Surgery for Patients With Congenital Hemostatic Defects......Page 711
Keywords......Page 712
Thrombotic Signals as a Result of Surgery......Page 715
Prophylaxis Against Thrombosis......Page 717
Cardiopulmonary Bypass Surgery......Page 718
Screening for Hemostatic Defects......Page 721
Screening for Thrombotic Disorders......Page 723
Invasive Procedures in Patients With Abnormal Coagulation Tests......Page 724
Consultation on Patients With Intraoperative or Postoperative Hemorrhage......Page 725
Closing Comments and Opinions......Page 728
References......Page 729
Atrial Fibrillation......Page 737
Key Words......Page 738
Mechanical Prosthetic Valves......Page 739
Vorapaxar......Page 740
Bridging......Page 741
Direct Oral Anticoagulants......Page 742
Percutaneous Coronary Interventions......Page 743
Drug Eluting Stents......Page 744
Antiplatelet Agents......Page 745
Heparin......Page 746
References......Page 747
Cholestatic Liver Disease......Page 751
Keywords......Page 752
Difficulty in Interpreting Hemostasis Test Results in Patients With Liver Disease......Page 753
The Concept of Rebalanced Hemostasis in Liver Disease......Page 754
Prophylactic Preprocedural Correction of a Prolonged International Normalized Ratio Is Not Indicated......Page 755
Prophylactic Preprocedural Correction of Moderate Thrombocytopenia Is Not Indicated......Page 756
Treatment of Spontaneous Bleeding......Page 757
Venous Thrombosis......Page 758
Hemostatic Management During Liver Transplantation......Page 759
References......Page 760
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics......Page 765
Key Words......Page 766
Warfarin and Drug Interactions......Page 767
Therapeutic Range and Monitoring......Page 768
Initiation and Maintenance Dosing......Page 769
Management of Nontherapeutic International Normalized Ratios......Page 770
Management of Oral Anticoagulation During Invasive Procedures......Page 771
Diagnostic Evaluation of Bleeding......Page 772
Anticoagulation Management Services......Page 773
Patient Self-Testing and Patient Self-Management......Page 774
Dabigatran......Page 775
Apixaban......Page 780
Betrixaban......Page 782
Initiation of Direct, Target- or Factor-Specific Oral Anticoagulants Therapy (Atrial Fibrillation and Venous Thromboembolism)......Page 783
Monitoring or Measuring Direct, Target- or Factor-Specific Oral Anticoagulants Activity......Page 785
Managing Drug–Drug Interactions......Page 786
Managing Bleeding or Urgent Surgery......Page 787
Limitations of the Direct Oral Anticoagulants......Page 790
References......Page 791
Antiplatelet Agents......Page 797
Keywords......Page 798
Cardioembolism......Page 799
Thrombolytic Therapy......Page 800
Consultation Strategies......Page 801
Overview of Central Nervous System Bleeding......Page 802
Consultation Strategies......Page 803
Oral Vitamin K Antagonists......Page 804
Direct Oral Anticoagulants......Page 805
Oral Antiplatelet Agents......Page 806
GPIIb/IIIa Inhibitors......Page 807
Treatment of Vasospasm and Delayed Cerebral Ischemia......Page 808
Traumatic Brain Injury–Related Coagulopathy......Page 809
Correction of Coagulation Test Results Before Neurosurgical Procedures......Page 810
Antithrombotic Therapy in Patients After Intracerebral Hemorrhage......Page 811
References......Page 813
Pathogenesis......Page 822
Keywords......Page 823
Treatment of Postinjury Coagulopathy......Page 825
Patients With Acquired Bleeding Diatheses and Comorbid Conditions......Page 826
Thrombocytosis in Trauma Patients......Page 827
References......Page 828
The Red Blood Cell and Hemoglobin S Polymerization......Page 831
Keywords......Page 832
Leukocytes......Page 833
Endothelium......Page 834
Hemostatic Changes......Page 835
Pathogenesis......Page 836
The Role of Hemostatic Abnormalities in Vaso-Occlusion......Page 837
Hydroxyurea Therapy......Page 839
Etiology and Pathophysiology......Page 840
Clinical Management......Page 841
Pathophysiology......Page 842
Clinical Management......Page 843
Stroke......Page 844
New Drugs in Sickle Cell Disease......Page 845
References......Page 846
A......Page 856
B......Page 859
C......Page 860
D......Page 862
E......Page 863
F......Page 864
H......Page 865
I......Page 868
L......Page 869
N......Page 870
P......Page 871
R......Page 874
S......Page 875
T......Page 876
V......Page 880
W......Page 881
Z......Page 882