Construction and Demolition Debris

Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction to Construction and Demolition Debris
1.1 The Built Environment
1.2 Defining CDD
1.3 Debris from Building Construction
1.4 Debris from Building Demolition
1.5 Debris from Transportation Infrastructure
1.6 Other Sources of CDD
1.7 Environmental Hazards Of CDD
1.8 The Role of CDD in Sustainable Materials Management
1.9 Objective, Scope, and Organization of This Book
References
Chapter 2: Construction Materials and Their Properties
2.1 The Universe of Construction Materials
2.2 Buildings
2.2.1 Foundations
2.2.2 Framing
2.2.3 Roofing
2.2.4 Sheathing and Exterior Siding
2.2.5 Interior Components
2.3 Transportation Infrastructure
2.3.1 Roads
2.3.2 Bridges
2.4 Cement and Concrete Materials
2.5 Masonry Construction Materials
2.6 Asphalt Construction Materials
2.6.1 Asphalt Cement
2.6.2 Asphalt Pavement
2.6.3 Asphalt Roofing
2.7 Wood Construction Materials
2.7.1 Sawn Lumber
2.7.2 Engineered Wood Products
2.7.3 Treated Wood Products
2.8 Metal Construction Products
2.9 Gypsum Construction Products
2.10 Other Construction Materials
References
Chapter 3: CDD Composition
3.1 Material Composition in CDD
3.2 Factors Affecting CDD Composition
3.3 Methods for Estimating CDD Composition
3.3.1 Challenges of Measuring CDD Composition
3.3.2 Weight-Based Sorting
3.3.3 Volume-Based Sorting
3.3.4 Large-Scale CDD Composition Estimation
3.4 Composition Estimates for Individual CDD Projects
3.4.1 Residential Construction
3.4.2 Non-residential Construction
3.4.3 Renovation
3.4.4 Demolition
3.4.5 Infrastructure
3.5 Regional Composition Studies
3.5.1 Construction
3.5.2 Demolition
3.5.3 Mixed CDD from Construction and Demolition
3.6 National CDD Composition Studies
References
Chapter 4: Generation
4.1 CDD Generation
4.2 Factors Affecting CDD Generation
4.3 CDD Generation Methodology
4.4 US CDD Generation Estimation Approaches
4.4.1 Construction Statistics Approach
4.4.2 Consumption Statistics Materials Flow Analysis Approach
4.4.3 Disposal Statistics Materials Flow Analysis Approach
4.5 Global CDD Generation Estimation Approaches
References
Chapter 5: Hazardous and Dangerous Materials in CDD
5.1 Materials of Concern in CDD
5.2 Regulatory Approaches for Managing CDD Hazards
5.2.1 Fundamental US Laws and Regulations
5.2.2 Regulations and Frameworks in the European Union
5.3 Hazardous Waste in CDD
5.3.1 CDD Hazardous Waste Determination
5.3.2 Lead in CDD
5.3.3 Lamps, Batteries, and Electronic Devices
5.3.4 Treated Wood
5.3.5 Fuels, Fluids, Refrigerants and Chemical Products
5.3.6 Contaminated Soil and Debris
5.4 Asbestos
5.5 Polychlorinated Biphenyls
5.6 Abatement of Hazardous Materials Prior to Demolition and Renovation
References
Chapter 6: CDD Recycling Approaches and Policies
6.1 CDD Recovery and Recycling
6.2 Recycling Drivers
6.3 Separation of Debris Components at the Construction Site
6.4 Separation of Debris Components at the Demolition Site
6.4.1 Considerations for Materials Separation at the Demolition Site
6.4.2 Deconstruction, Dismantling, and Soft Stripping
6.4.3 Processing of Separated Materials at the Demolition Site
6.5 Materials Separation at Centralized Processing Facilities
6.6 Regulations, Policies, and Practices to Promote CDD Recycling
References
Chapter 7: Processing CDD for Recycling
7.1 CDD Processing
7.2 Size Reduction and Densification Equipment
7.2.1 Crushing Equipment
7.2.2 Slow-Speed Shredders
7.2.3 High-Speed Grinders
7.2.4 Balers
7.2.5 Tools and Attachments for Mobile Size Reduction
7.3 Separation Equipment
7.3.1 Screens
7.3.2 Ballistic Separators
7.3.3 Electromagnetic Separation
7.3.4 Density Separation
7.3.5 Optical and Robotic Separation
7.4 Material Recovery Facilities
7.4.1 Mixed CDD Facilities
7.4.2 Crushing Plants
7.4.3 Other Processing Facilities
7.5 Facility Permitting, Operation, and Compliance
References
Chapter 8: Markets for Materials Recovered from CDD
8.1 Importance of Markets
8.2 Outlets for Recovered CDD Materials
8.3 Markets for Wood
8.4 Markets for Concrete
8.5 Markets for Asphalt Pavement
8.6 Markets for Asphalt Shingles
8.7 Markets for Gypsum Drywall
8.8 Markets for Conventional Recovered Waste
8.9 Markets for CDD Fines
8.10 Beneficial Use of CDD Products to the Land
References
Chapter 9: CDD Landfills
9.1 Land Disposal of CDD
9.2 Safety and Environmental Concerns at CDD Landfills
9.3 CDD Landfill Fundamentals
9.3.1 Siting and Permitting
9.3.2 Landfill Design and Construction
9.3.3 Landfill Operation
9.3.4 Landfill Closure and Post-closure Care
9.4 CDD Landfill Leachate
9.4.1 Leachate Issues at CDD Landfills
9.4.2 CDD Leachate Properties
9.4.3 Potential Impacts of CDD Landfills on Groundwater Quality
9.5 CDD Landfill Gas
9.5.1 An Introduction to Gas Related Issues at CDD Landfills
9.5.2 H2S in CDD LFG
9.5.3 Measuring CDD LFG
9.5.4 Preventing H2S Gas Generation at CDD Landfills
9.5.5 Controlling H2S Gas at CDD Landfills
References
Chapter 10: Managing Disaster Debris
10.1 Debris from Natural and Manmade Disasters
10.2 Disaster Debris Fundamentals
10.2.1 Debris Types
10.2.2 Debris Magnitude
10.3 Disaster Debris Management
10.3.1 Debris Staging and Collection
10.3.2 Debris Disposal
10.3.3 Debris Recovery Options
10.4 Disaster Debris Hazards
10.5 Planning for Disaster Debris Management
10.5.1 Disaster Debris Management Plans
10.5.2 Disaster Debris Estimation and Measurement
10.6 Debris from Accident and Terrorist Incidents
References
Chapter 11: Sustainable Construction Materials Management
11.1 Sustainable CDD Management
11.2 Construction Material Lifecycle
11.2.1 Portland Cement Concrete
11.2.2 Gypsum Drywall
11.3 Sustainable CDD Management: Environmental Considerations
11.3.1 The Concept of Environmental Footprint
11.3.2 Life Cycle Assessment
11.3.2.1 Goal and Scope
11.3.2.2 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis
11.3.2.3 Life Cycle Impact Assessment
11.3.2.4 Interpretation
11.3.3 Life Cycle Data for Construction Materials
11.4 Sustainable CDD Management: Economic Considerations
11.5 Sustainable CDD Management: Societal Considerations
11.6 Expanding the CDD Lifecycle Beyond End-of-Life
References